WINDMILL (MOLEN DE ROOS)
Originally there were 15 windmills within the old defensive walls of Delft, but only one survives today This is called Molen De Roos ("The Rose Windmill") It is located a short walk from the Oude Kerk ("Old Church") It was used for grinding grain for bakers and barley, oats and corn for farmers It needed extensive restoration work between 1988 and 1990, but is now back in full working order When it is open to visitors a blue flag flies from the top of the windmill There is no entrance charge, but voluntary donations help the Vereniging De Hollandsche Molen ("The Dutch Windmill Association") to maintain the building
http://wwwukstudentlifecom/Travel/Tours/Netherlands/Delfthtm#Windmill
Take a Virtual Windmill Tour of Windmills - by by Peter Melville
Holland is famous for its windmills, so no one will be surprised to learn that the world’s tallest windmills are to be found here However, few Dutch, let alone tourists, will be able to tell you where they stand And people might not even believe it when told that they are not out in the fields, but in heart of the most densely populated areas on the globe, near the second largest port in the world
Schiedam lies to the west of Rotterdam, from where it is easily reached by public transport Surrounded by 20th-century commercial and residential areas is the small yet charming 18th century town center, looking like a pocket-size Amsterdam At the western edge of Schiedam’s old center, lined up along the former outer canal, stand the world’s five tallest windmills
Their location explains their height
When the windmills were built, between 1770 and 1803, they stood in what was then the edge of town and the industrial area They were built for the grinding of grain needed for the distillation of gin, then Schiedam’s main industry To catch as much wind as possible, they were made to stand high above the city, which came to lie at their feet
In those days the canal was a moat, and the other side of the moat only flat farmland That area started being built early in the 20th century, and now it is a semi-urban area of little architectural distinction The result of this development for the windmills is that they are now surrounded by buildings and are part of the urban landscape The highest windmills in the world stand in the middle of town
These five windmills are what remain of an original twenty, the others having been made redundant by steam engines In 1880, those twenty mills ground grain for the nearly 400 distilleries that made the famous jenever of Schiedam, where more gin was produced than in any other city in the world Schiedam can no longer make that claim, but two of the five remaining windmills do still grind grain for the jenever industry The blades of the other three windmills still turn as well, but only for show Three of the five can be visited to see the interior: one houses a shop, one a museum and the third a restaurant
In 1981 the Schiedam Windmills Society was founded The Society’s aim is to assist in the operation and maintenance of these unique windmills, which had previously been badly neglected In celebration of the Society’s 25th anniversary, on April 28 and 29 the blades of all five windmills will turn non-stop for 25 hours
Let’s take a walk along the five windmills in Schiedam Join us for the World's Tallest Windmills Virtual Tour
Holland Travel Resources
Holland - The Netherlands - Travel
Rotterdam Travel Information
http://goeuropeaboutcom/od/thenetherlands/a/tall_windmillshtm
上不是都有啊
人们常把荷兰称为“风车之国”,荷兰是欧洲西部一个只有一千多万人口的国家。它的真正国名叫“尼德兰”。“尼德”是低的意思,“兰”是土地,合起来称为“低洼之国”。荷兰全国三分之一的面积只高出北海海面l米,近四分之一低于海平面,真是名符其实的“尼德兰”。
荷兰坐落在地球的盛行西风带,一年四季盛吹西风。同时它濒临大西洋,又是典型的海洋性气候国家,海陆风长年不息。这就给缺乏水力、动力资源的荷兰,提供了利用风力的优厚补偿。
荷兰的风车,最早从德国引进。开始时,风车仅用于磨粉之类。到了十六、七世纪,风车对荷兰的经济有着特别重大的意义。当时,荷兰在世界的商业中,占首要地位的各种原料,从各路水道运往风车加工,其中包括:北欧各国和波罗的海沿岸各国的木材,德国的大麻子和亚麻子,印度和东南亚的肉桂和胡椒。在荷兰的大港--鹿特丹和阿姆斯特丹的近郊,有很多风车的磨坊、锯木厂和造纸厂。
随着荷兰人民围海造陆工程的大规模开展,风车在这项艰巨的工程中发挥了巨大的作用。根据当地的湿润多雨、风向多变的气候特点,他们对风车进行了改革。首先是给风车配上活动的顶篷。此外,为了能四面迎风,他们又把风车的顶篷安装在滚轮上。这种风车,被称为荷兰式风车。
荷兰风车,最大的有好几层楼高,风翼长达20米。有的风车,由整块大柞木做成。十八世纪末,荷兰全国的风车约有一万二千架,每台拥有6000匹马力。这些风车用来碾谷物、粗盐、烟叶、榨油,压滚毛呢、毛毡、造纸,以及排除沼泽地的积水。正是这些风车不停地吸水、排水,保障了全国三分之二的土地免受沉沦和人为鱼鳖的威胁。
二十世纪以来,由于蒸汽机、内燃机、涡轮机的发展,依靠风力的古老风车曾一度变得暗淡无光,几乎被人遗忘了。但是,因为风车利用的是自然风力,没有污染、耗尽之虞,所以它不仅被荷兰人民一直沿用至今,而且也成为今日新能源的一种,深深地吸引着人们。
目前,荷兰大约有两千多架各式各样的风车。荷兰人很喜爱他们的风车,在民歌和谚语中常常赞美风车。风车的建筑物,总是尽量打扮得漂漂亮亮的。每逢盛大节日,风车上围上花环,悬挂着国旗和硬纸板做的太阳和星星。
有一种风景,静静地竖立在地平线上,远远望见,仿佛童话世界一般,那一刻便注定你不能忘记,不能忘记她底衬的国度:这就是风车,荷兰的风车。
很久以前,位于欧洲西部的荷兰是处于原始森林和沼泽树木的覆盖之中。一种生动的形容是,直到一千年前,一只松鼠从一个地方“跑”到另一个很远的地方,不是在地面上,而是在树顶上。靠近北海的荷兰,地势低洼,沼泽湖泊众多,是一个“低地之国”,很多很多的土地是在海平面6米以下。比方说,今天的阿姆斯特丹国际机场就位于低于北海海平面以下约4米处。于是,荷兰的故事不是别的,就是人与自然编串在一起的传奇:风车、木鞋、奶酪,还有郁金香……
因为地势低洼,荷兰总是面对海潮的侵蚀,生存的本能给了荷兰人以动力,他们筑坝围堤,向海争地,创造了高达9米的抽水风车,营造生息的家园。1229年,荷兰人发明了世界上第一座为人类提供动力的风车。漫长的时期,人们采用原始的方法加工辗磨谷物,最初是手工体力操作,以后是马拉踏车和以水力推动的水车,之后才是借风力运转的风车。因为荷兰平坦、多风,因而风车很快便得到普及。需求的迅速增加,又带动了风车技术的改造。风车的用途也不再局限于辗磨谷物,而是发展为加工大麦,把原木锯成桁条和木板,制造纸张,还从各种油料作物如亚麻籽、油菜籽中榨油,还把香料磨碎制成芥末。尽管用途多多,人们还是更愿意记住从前欧洲流传的这句话:“上帝创造了人,荷兰风车创造了陆地。”的确,如果没有这些高高耸立的抽水风车,荷兰无法从大海中取得近乎国土三分之一的土地,也就没有后来的奶酪和郁金香的芳香……
虽然荷兰已是一个现代化的国家,令人惊奇的是它并未失去它的古老传统,象征荷兰民族文化的风车,仍然忠实地在荷兰的各个角落运转。在这个“风车之国”,数百年前的全盛时期,风车有近万个,但是其它动力机械的问世,如蒸汽机、内燃机和电动机,把这些风车都给淘汰了,现在还剩下近千个。荷兰人感念风车是他们发展的“功臣”,因而确定每年5月的第二个星期六为“风车日”,这一天全国的风车一齐转动,举国欢庆。因为风车已不多见,因此荷兰人也得同世界各地蜂拥而至的游客一样,要到风车村保护区或风车博物馆去参观才能一饱眼福。
在距阿姆斯特丹仅20公里的地方,有一个桑达姆风车民俗村。这里还保留着16、17世纪的旧式建筑、传统工艺,并融合了现代化生产方式。它的环境与建筑富有特色,房屋和小桥均为木制,完全保留早期工业化时期的木制结构和风格。民俗村集生活与旅游于一体,以其恬静优美的自然环境、庄重古朴的老式建筑传统的工艺展示和古老的风车每年吸引了大量游客。在民俗村,有现场使用传统工艺制作木鞋、奶酪的作坊。比如说木鞋,现在荷兰人已经很少穿了,只是在一些乡下,偶尔还见到在田里或马厩工作的农夫还穿它,让人忆起木鞋所具有的保暖与抗潮湿的特性。在一大群好奇的中国游客面前,民俗村的演示者说着“烘干”、“磨光”和“荷兰技术”等生硬而让你发笑的中国话,也就是这种让人惊叹的现场演示,让很“理性”的中国游客也疯狂地购买荷兰木鞋,尽管他们都笑着说回去不要给人送“小鞋”。荷兰人继续制造他们的木鞋,因为木鞋是很受欢迎的纪念品。几乎每个纪念品专卖店都卖那些色彩鲜艳、大小各异的木鞋。正是每年世界各地近千万的旅客让荷兰成为一个著名的旅游国,也让荷兰这个古老的木鞋制作传统还能继续下去。
金德代克—埃尔斯豪特村,距荷兰首都阿姆斯特丹约8千米,这里有19个建于18世纪30~40年代的风车,形成当今世界最大的风车群。每一个风车就是一个风车塔房,呈圆锥形,墙壁自上而下向里倾斜。风车的4l片长方形翼板固定在塔房顶部的风车上。塔房分几层,分别为睡觉、吃饭之用,有的家族在风车塔房里已生活了245年。每年七八月份的星期六对外开放的“童堤镇”风车,为荷兰旅游业的一大景观。
好久以来,人们无论从哪个角度观赏荷兰的风景,总是看到地平线上竖立的风车。风车是荷兰那有着宽广地平线和飘满迷人云朵风景中的佼佼者。风车是荷兰民族的骄傲与象征,也是荷兰文化的传承与张扬。从正面看,风车呈垂直十字形,即使它休息,看上去也仍是充满动感,仿佛要将地球转动。这种印象给亲临此地的人,都留下无法消逝的记忆,终于明白了为什么人们称风车是荷兰的“国家商标”。
在荷兰,风车、木鞋、乳酪和郁金香,还有运河和凡高的绘画艺术,串起如织美景,带给游人无数的梦幻与想象。虽然风车已是风光不再,但是现在现代化的风力电站又出现在地平线上,尤其是在大坝沿岸或开阔平坦的地区。荷兰先人靠风车变沧海为桑田,建设了美丽的家园;荷兰后人不知在前人智慧的传递下,在与其所处的“与海斗”的特殊的自然环境中,又会制造出什么样的传奇……
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