Words to Live by 生活的忠告
I’ll give you some advice about life
给你生活的忠告
Eat more roughage;
多吃些粗粮;
Do more than others expect you to do and do it pains;
给别人比他们期望的更多,并用心去做;
Remember what life tells you;
熟记生活告诉你的一切;
Don’t take to heart every thing you hear Don’t spend all that you have Don’t sleep as long as you want;
不要轻信你听到的每件事,不要花光你的所有,不要想睡多久就睡多久;
Whenever you say” I love you”, please say it honestly;
无论何时说“我爱你”,请真心实意;
Whevever you say” I’m sorry”, please look into the other person’s eyes;
无论何时说“对不起”,请看对方的眼睛;
Fall in love at first sight;
相信一见钟情;
Don’t neglect dreams;
请不要忽视梦想;
Love deeply and ardently, even if there is pain, but this is the way to make your life complete;
深情热烈地爱,也许会受伤,但这是使人生完整的唯一方法;
Find a way to settle, not to dispute;
用一种明确的方法解决争议,不要冒犯;
Never judge people by their appearance;
永远不要以貌取人;
Speak slowly, but think quickly;
慢慢地说,但要迅速地想;
When someone asks you a question you don’t want to answer, simle and say, “Why do you want to know”
当别人问你不想回答的问题时,笑着说:“你为什么想知道?”
Remember that the man who can shoulder the most risk will gain the deepest love and the supreme accomplishment;
记住:那些敢于承担最大风险的人才能得到最深的爱和最大的成就;
Call you mother on the phone If you can’t, you may think of her in your heart;
给妈妈打电话,如果不行,至少在心里想着她;
When someone sneezes say, “God bless you”;
当别人打喷嚏时,说一声“上帝保佑”;
If you fail, don’t forget to learn your lesson;
如果你失败了,千万别忘了汲取教训;
Remember the three “ respects” Respect yourself, respect others, stand on dignity and pay attention to your behavior;
记住三个“尊”: 尊重你自己; 尊重别人; 保持尊严, 对自己的行为负责;
Don’t let a little dispute break up a great friendship;
不要让小小的争端损毁了一场伟大的友谊;
Whenever you find your wrongdoing, be quick with reparation!
无论何时你发现自己做错了,竭尽所能去弥补;动作要快!
Whenever you make a phone call smile when you pick up the phone, because someone can feel it!
无论什么时候打电话,摘起话筒的时候请微笑,因为对方能感觉到!
Marry a person who likes talking; because when you get old, you’ll find that chatting to be a great advantage;
找一个你爱聊的人结婚;因为年纪大了后,你会发觉喜欢聊天是一个人最大的优点;
Find time for yourself
找点时间,单独呆会儿;
Life will change what you are but not who you are;
欣然接受改变,但不要摒弃你的个人理念;
Remember that silence is golden;
记住:沉默是金;
Read more books and watch less television;
多看点书,少看点电视;
Live a noble and honest life Reviving past times in your old age will help you to enjoy your life again;
过一种高尚而诚实的生活。当你年老时回想起过去,你就能再一次享受人生。
Trust God, but don’t forget to lock the door;
相信上帝,但是别忘了锁门;
The harmonizing atmosphere of a family is valuable;
家庭的融洽氛围是难能可贵的;
Try your best to let family harmony flow smoothly;
尽你的能力让家平顺和谐;
When you quarrel with a close friend, talk about the main dish, don’t quibble over the appetizers;
当你和你的亲近的少吵嘴时候,试着就事论事,不要扯出那些陈芝麻、烂谷子的事;
You cannot hold onto yesterday;
不要摆脱不了昨天;
Figure out the meaning of someone’s words;
多注意言下之意;
Share your knowledge to continue a timeless tradition;
和别人分享你的知识,那才是永恒之道;
Treat our earth in a friendly way,don’t fool around with mother nature;
善待我们的地球,不要愚弄自然母亲;
Do the thing you should do;
做自己该做的事;
Don’t trust a lover who kisses you without closing their eyes;
不要相信接吻时从不闭眼的伴侣;
Go to a place you’ve never been to every year
每年至少去一个你从没去过的地方。
If you earn much money,the best way to spend it is on charitable deeds while you are alive;
如果你赚了很多钱,在活着的时候多行善事,这是你能得到的最好回报;
Remember,not all the best harvest is luck;
记住有时候,不是最好的收获也是一种好运;
Understand rules completely and change them reasonably;
深刻理解所有的规则,合理地更新他们;
Remember,the best love is to love others unconditionally rather than make demands on them;
记住,最好的爱存在于对别人的爱胜于对别人的索求这上;
Comment on the success you have attained by looking in the past at the target you wanted to achieve most;
回头看看你发誓取得的目标,然后评价你到底有多成功;
In love and cooking,you must give 100% effort……but expect little appreciation;
无论是烹饪不是爱情,都用百分之百的负责态度对待,但是不要乞求太多的回报
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I Have a Dream
by Martin Luther King, Jr
I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity
But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition
In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds"
But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice
We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children
It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual And there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges
But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force
The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom
We cannot walk alone
And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead
We cannot turn back
There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream"
I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells And some of you have come from areas where your quest -- quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality You have been the veterans of creative suffering Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed
Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends
And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal"
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together"
This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with
With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day
And this will be the day -- this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning:
My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing
Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride,
From every mountainside, let freedom ring!
And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true
And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire
Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York
Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of
Pennsylvania
Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado
Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California
But not only that:
Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia
Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee
Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi
From every mountainside, let freedom ring
And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:
Free at last! free at last!
Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!
我有一个梦想
马丁·路德·金
今天,我高兴地同大家一起,参加这次将成为我国历史上为了争取自由而举行的最伟大的示威集会。
100年前,一位伟大的美国人——今天我们就站在他象征性的身影下——签署了《解放宣言》。这项重要法令的颁布,对于千百万灼烤于非正义残焰中的黑奴,犹如带来希望之光的硕大灯塔,恰似结束漫漫长夜禁锢的欢畅黎明。
然而,100年后,黑人依然没有获得自由。100年后,黑人依然悲惨地蹒跚于种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。100年后,黑人依然生活在物质繁荣翰海的贫困孤岛上。100年后,黑人依然在美国社会中向隅而泣,依然感到自己在国土家园中流离漂泊。所以,我们今天来到这里,要把这骇人听闻的情况公诸于众。
从某种意义上说,我们来到国家的首都是为了兑现一张支票。我们共和国的缔造者在拟写宪法和独立宣言的辉煌篇章时,就签署了一张每一个美国人都能继承的期票。这张期票向所有人承诺——不论白人还是黑人——都享有不可侵犯的生存权、自由权和追求幸福权。
然而,今天美国显然对她的有色公民拖欠着这张期票。美国没有承兑这笔神圣的债务,而是开始给黑人一张空头支票——一张盖着“资金不足”的印戳被退回的支票。但是,我们决不相信正义的银行会破产。我们决不相信这个国家巨大的机会宝库会资金不足。
因此,我们来兑现这张支票。这张支票将给我们以宝贵的自由和正义的保障。
我们来到这块圣地还为了提醒美国:现在正是万分紧急的时刻。现在不是从容不迫悠然行事或服用渐进主义镇静剂的时候。现在是实现民主诺言的时候。现在是走出幽暗荒凉的种族隔离深谷,踏上种族平等的阳关大道的时候。现在是使我们国家走出种族不平等的流沙,踏上充满手足之情的磐石的时候。现在是使上帝所有孩子真正享有公正的时候。
忽视这一时刻的紧迫性,对于国家将会是致命的。自由平等的朗朗秋日不到来,黑人顺情合理哀怨的酷暑就不会过去。1963年不是一个结束,而是一个开端。
如果国家依然我行我素,那些希望黑人只需出出气就会心满意足的人将大失所望。在黑人得到公民权之前,美国既不会安宁,也不会平静。反抗的旋风将继续震撼我们国家的基石,直至光辉灿烂的正义之日来临。
但是,对于站在通向正义之宫艰险门槛上的人们,有一些话我必须要说。在我们争取合法地位的过程中,切不要错误行事导致犯罪。我们切不要吞饮仇恨辛酸的苦酒,来解除对于自由的饮渴。
我们应该永远得体地、纪律严明地进行斗争。我们不能容许我们富有创造性的抗议沦为暴力行动。我们应该不断升华到用灵魂力量对付肉体力量的崇高境界。
席卷黑人社会的新的奇迹般的战斗精神,不应导致我们对所有白人的不信任--因为许多白人兄弟已经认识到:他们的命运同我们的命运紧密相连,他们的自由同我们的自由休戚相关。他们今天来到这里参加集会就是明证。
我们不能单独行动。当我们行动时,我们必须保证勇往直前。我们不能后退。有人问热心民权运动的人:"你们什么时候会感到满意?"只要黑人依然是不堪形容的警察暴行恐怖的牺牲品,我们就决不会满意。只要我们在旅途劳顿后,却被公路旁汽车游客旅社和城市旅馆拒之门外,我们就决不会满意。只要黑人的基本活动范围只限于从狭小的黑人居住区到较大的黑人居住区,我们就决不会满意。只要我们的孩子被"仅供白人"的牌子剥夺个性,损毁尊严,我们就决不会满意。只要密西西比州的黑人不能参加选举,纽约州的黑人认为他们与选举毫不相干,我们就决不会满意。不,不,我们不会满意,直至公正似水奔流,正义如泉喷涌。
我并非没有注意到你们有些人历尽艰难困苦来到这里。你们有些人刚刚走出狭小的牢房。有些人来自因追求自由而遭受迫害风暴袭击和警察暴虐狂飙摧残的地区。你们饱经风霜,历尽苦难。继续努力吧,要相信:无辜受苦终得拯救。
回到密西西比去吧;回到亚拉巴马去吧;回到南卡罗来纳去吧;回到佐治亚去吧;回到路易斯安那去吧;回到我们北方城市中的贫民窟和黑人居住区去吧。要知道,这种情况能够而且将会改变。我们切不要在绝望的深渊里沉沦。
朋友们,今天我要对你们说,尽管眼下困难重重,但我依然怀有一个梦。这个梦深深植根于美国梦之中。
我梦想有一天,这个国家将会奋起,实现其立国信条的真谛:"我们认为这些真理不言而喻:人人生而平等。"
我梦想有一天,在佐治亚洲的红色山岗上,昔日奴隶的儿子能够同昔日奴隶主的儿子同席而坐,亲如手足。
我梦想有一天,甚至连密西西比州--一个非正义和压迫的热浪逼人的荒漠之州,也会改造成为自由和公正的青青绿洲。
我梦想有一天,我的四个小女儿将生活在一个不是以皮肤的颜色,而是以品格的优劣作为评判标准的国家里。
我今天怀有一个梦。
我梦想有一天,亚拉巴马州会有所改变--尽管该州州长现在仍滔滔不绝地说什么要对联邦法令提出异议和拒绝执行--在那里,黑人儿童能够和白人儿童兄弟姐妹般地携手并行。
我今天怀有一个梦。
我梦想有一天,深谷弥合,高山夷平,歧路化坦途,曲径成通衢,上帝的光华再现,普天下生灵共谒。
这是我们的希望。这是我将带回南方去的信念。有了这个信念,我们就能从绝望之山开采出希望之石。有了这个信念,我们就能把这个国家的嘈杂刺耳的争吵声,变为充满手足之情的悦耳交响曲。有了这个信念,我们就能一同工作,一同祈祷,一同斗争,一同入狱,一同维护自由,因为我们知道,我们终有一天会获得自由。
到了这一天,上帝的所有孩子都能以新的含义高唱这首歌:
我的祖国,
可爱的自由之邦,我为您歌唱。
这是我祖先终老的地方,
这是早期移民自豪的地方,
让自由之声,响彻每一座山岗。
如果美国要成为伟大的国家,这一点必须实现。因此,让自由之声响彻新罕布什尔州的巍峨高峰!
让自由之声响彻纽约州的崇山峻岭!
让自由之声响彻宾夕法尼亚州的阿勒格尼高峰!
让自由之声响彻科罗拉多州冰雪皑皑的洛基山!
让自由之声响彻加利福尼亚州的婀娜群峰!
不,不仅如此;让自由之声响彻佐治亚州的石山!
让自由之声响彻田纳西州的望山!
让自由之声响彻密西西比州的一座座山峰,一个个土丘!
让自由之声响彻每一个山岗!
当我们让自由之声轰响,当我们让自由之声响彻每一个大村小庄,每一个州府城镇,我们就能加速这一天的到来。那时,上帝的所有孩子,黑人和白人,犹太教徒和非犹太教徒,耶稣教徒和天主教徒,将能携手同唱那首古老的黑人灵歌:"终于自由了!终于自由了!感谢全能的上帝,我们终于自由了!"
1、典型容量:250 mL
适用鸡尾酒:马提尼(Martini)、曼哈顿(Manhattan)、大都会(Cosmopolitan)和边车(Sidecar)等。
马提尼杯(Martini Glass)是一种倒锥形(V 型)的带柄玻璃杯,是用来盛装“鸡尾酒之王”马提尼的一种典型杯子,也是最常见的鸡尾酒杯,因此它有时候也直接被称作“鸡尾酒杯”,它更是世界各地鸡尾酒杯的标准模板。马提尼杯的容量一般不大,因此并不适用于基酒调料众多的鸡尾酒。此外,由于形状独特,因而不宜倒太满,否则杯中的鸡尾酒很容易溢出来。
2、古典鸡尾酒杯
典型容量:180 mL-300 mL
适用鸡尾酒:古典鸡尾酒(Old Fashioned Cocktail)、金汤力(Gin and Tonic)、螺丝刀(Screwdriver)、白俄罗斯(White Russian)和自由古巴(Cuba Libre)等。
古典鸡尾酒杯(Old Fashioned Glass)又称平底杯、宽口矮脚杯,也是经典的杯型,在酒吧中非常常见。它的杯沿较宽,杯底较厚,因此一些非液体成分可以直接在杯中搅碎。古典杯适用于各种饮料,很多加冰鸡尾酒都会采用这种杯型(例如经典的加冰威士忌),还有一些适用于高球杯的鸡尾酒也可以采用这种杯型。还有一种杯子和古典杯非常相似,不过杯口直径没有那么大,经典鸡尾酒萨泽拉克(Sazerac)就是采用这种杯型。
3、高球杯
典型容量:240 mL-350 mL
适用鸡尾酒:血腥玛丽(Bloody Mary)、美态(Mai Tai)、新加坡司令(Singapore Sling)和莫吉托(Mojito Cocktail)等。
高球杯比古典鸡尾酒杯的杯身要高,比后文提到的柯林杯要矮但更宽更结实。它是高球鸡尾酒的经典杯型,几乎在每个酒吧都可以看到。高球杯的适用性很广,盛装的鸡尾酒一般也含有大量的冰块,混合了各种各样的饮料和其它调料。
4、柯林杯
典型容量:300 mL-410 mL
适用鸡尾酒:汤姆柯林斯(Tom Collins)、长岛冰红茶鸡尾酒(Long Island Iced Tea)和法兰西75(French 75)等。
柯林杯和高球杯非常相似,杯身也是呈圆柱形,一般瘦且长,不过柯林杯比高球杯的杯身更窄也更长,有点像烟囱或玻璃灯罩。这种杯型常用来盛装一些以气泡元素的原料(如苏打水或起泡酒)为基酒的鸡尾酒,这样可以更好地保持其气泡。柯林杯并不如高球杯那么常见,因为大多数时候,这两种酒杯都可以替换使用。
5、碟形香槟杯
典型容量:300 mL
适用鸡尾酒:曼哈顿、边车及以香槟为基酒的鸡尾酒。
碟形香槟杯(Champagne Saucer/ Coupe)是一种杯口宽而浅的碟形杯,1663 年,这种酒杯在英格兰诞生,从此成为了搭建香槟塔必不可少的一种酒杯。当然不少调酒师也会用这种杯子来盛装鸡尾酒,例如边车和曼哈顿鸡尾酒。
6、玛格丽特杯
典型容量:300 mL 以上
适用鸡尾酒:玛格丽特(Margarita)和得其利(Daiquiri)等。
玛格丽特有“鸡尾酒之后”的美誉,用来盛装这种鸡尾酒的酒杯类型非常多,不过其中最经典的当属上图这种杯型。这种杯型是碟形香槟杯的变体,杯柄较高,杯身下半部分小,上半部分大,杯口处还常抹有盐或酸橙等作装饰。它是专门为以龙舌兰(Tequila)为基酒的鸡尾酒所设计,所盛装的鸡尾酒经常混合各类水果。在正式场合,玛格丽特杯也常用做标准鸡尾酒杯;而在非正式场合,玛格丽特可能会用古典杯盛装。
7、飓风杯
典型容量:600 mL
适用鸡尾酒:椰林飘香(Pina colada)、新加坡司令、龙舌兰日出(Tequila Sunrise)、六月虫(June Bug)和蓝色夏威夷(Blue Hawaii)等。
飓风杯(Hurricane glass)也被称作旋风杯(Cyclone Glass),于 1940 年在美国新奥尔良(New Orleans)发明,然后迅速流行开来。飓风杯的杯柄很短,杯身很长(可以和高球杯交换使用),且呈曲线形,整体形状类似于一个花瓶,杯口顶部则类似于喇叭口,使其完全 hold 得住各种复杂的装饰。一般来说,这种杯型非常适合混合冰镇类饮料,在热带地区非常常见。
8、银制或锡镴制鸡尾酒杯
典型容量:350 mL
适用鸡尾酒:薄荷朱利普(Mint Julep)、莫斯科佬(Moscow Mule)
冰镇薄荷酒杯(Julep Cup)是一种桶状鸡尾酒杯,最好的材质是银,当然镀银的、锡镴制的或者不锈钢的也有。这种酒杯一般在美国肯塔基州(Kentucky)比较常见,多用来盛放含碎冰的鸡尾酒,而且它可以让鸡尾酒在很长一段时间保持冷冻状态,特别适合天热的时候使用。
9、爱尔兰咖啡杯
典型容量:250 mL -300 mL
适用鸡尾酒:爱尔兰咖啡(Irish Coffee Cocktail)和香甜热酒(Hot toddy)等。
爱尔兰咖啡杯(Irish Coffee Mugs)一般用于热饮鸡尾酒,因此采用抗热材质做成,带有杯脚和矮矮的杯柄,还带有一个手柄方便持杯。爱尔兰咖啡杯大多用于盛放以咖啡、威士忌为原料制成的鸡尾酒,热热的喝下去,可以帮助在冬天驱走寒意。
10、波士顿杯
典型容量:450 mL
作用:用于调制常见鸡尾酒。
波士顿杯(Boston Glass)是鸡尾酒界不可或缺的一种杯具,不过它一般不会用来盛装成品鸡尾酒,而是调制鸡尾酒过程中经常用到的一种杯子。经典的波士顿杯为平底玻璃杯,杯身和高球杯非常相似,不过波士顿杯不是圆柱形,而是从杯底到杯口直径逐渐变大。波士顿杯经常和波士顿调酒器搭配使用,上图正是调酒师调酒时的经典动作。
这是我考四级之前用过的甲流材料,希望可以帮到你The Swine Flu virus detected in Mexico is the H1N1 Swine Flu virus strain that has killed more than 152 people in Mexico , a Mexico government advised , citing results from tests done in report The Swiss government advised its citizens to avoid non-essential travel to Mexico on TuesdayA man admitted that all of the suspected patients, having recently been to Mexico, were already quarantined and received necessary medication, but a series of tests are needed to confirm whether they are really infected with swine flu virus We can overcome itWe has been urging citizens with symptoms of the flu -- a sharp increase in body temperature, headaches, muscular pains and breathing problems -- to visit their nearest medical center as soon as possible 如何预防猪流感? 例如写:1、我们已经在城市公共场所发放口罩The city has been giving out face masks on public transport 2、我们已经要求有流感症状包括: 发烧/ 头疼/ 肌肉疼(浑身疼)以及呼吸问题的市民尽早去附近医疗中心治疗We has been urging citizens with symptoms of the flu -- a sharp increase in body temperature, headaches, muscular pains and breathing problems -- to visit their nearest medical center as soon as possible it is known that after the human infects the Type A H1N1 flu's symptom and cold is similar, the patient will appear has a fever, the cough, wearily, to have a poor appetite and so on In the prevention aspect, Xu Ruiheng thought that the present stage necessity has not huddled together vaccinates the person influenza vaccine, because prevents the seasonal influenza vaccine to prevent the Type A H1N1 flu and not to have the effect Correct makes the law forms the good personal hygiene habit, sufficient sleep, attendance in exercise, reduced pressure, enough nutrition; The attendance washes the hands, after particularly has contacted the public goods, must wash the hands first touches own eye, the nose and the mouth again; Sneezes and cough time should use the paper goods to cover the oronasal; The indoor maintains ventilates and so on Prevention 1, to avoid contact with influenza-like symptoms (fever, cough, runny nose, etc) or pneumonia and other respiratory tract of patients 2, to observe good personal hygiene, frequent hand-washing with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing 3, to avoid contact with pigs or pig to have a place 4, to avoid going to crowded places 5, when coughing or sneezing, cover mouth and nose with tissue paper, tissue paper and then thrown into the trash 6, such as outside the influenza-like symptoms (fever, cough, runny nose, etc), should immediately seek medical treatment (medical treatment should be wearing masks), to the local public health agencies and description of inspection and quarantine departments 1 ,避免接触流感样症状(发热,咳嗽,流鼻涕等)或肺炎和其他呼吸道疾病患者。 2 ,注意个人卫生,经常用肥皂洗手和水,特别是在咳嗽或打喷嚏。 3 ,避免接触猪只或猪有发生。 4 ,请尽量避免前往人烟稠密的地方。 5 ,当咳嗽或打喷嚏,涵盖嘴和鼻子的纸巾,卫生纸,然后扔进垃圾桶。 6 ,如内外出现流感样症状(发热,咳嗽,流鼻涕等) ,应立即就医(医疗应戴口罩) ,向当地公共卫生机构和描述的检验检疫部门。We must take some safety measures to prevent and control the H1N1 fiu First,we must do exercises everyday to keep fit Second,we should make sure there is always fresh air in our roomsThird,we must wash our mouth and nose after coughing or sneezingFinally,keep away from infected peopleOnly in this way we can stay healthy 众所周知,人类感染后的类型A型H1N1禽流感的症状和感冒相似,患者会出现发烧,咳嗽,疲劳,有食欲不振等。在预防方面,许蕤桁认为,现阶段没有必要挤在一起vaccinates流感疫苗的人,因为防止季节性流感疫苗,以防止型A型H1N1禽流感,而不是有效果。正确的法律形式作出的良好个人卫生习惯,充足的睡眠,参加行使,减少压力,足够的营养;出席冲洗手后,特别是已与公共物品,必须先清洗双手触及自己的眼睛,鼻子和口再次;打喷嚏和咳嗽时应该使用文件的货物,以支付口鼻;室内保持通风等等。
it is known that after the human infects the Type A H1N1 flu's symptom and cold is similar, the patient will appear has a fever, the cough, wearily, to have a poor appetite and so on In the prevention aspect, Xu Ruiheng thought that the present stage necessity has not huddled together vaccinates the person influenza vaccine, because prevents the seasonal influenza vaccine to prevent the Type A H1N1 flu and not to have the effect Correct makes the law forms the good personal hygiene habit, sufficient sleep, attendance in exercise, reduced pressure, enough nutrition; The attendance washes the hands, after particularly has contacted the public goods, must wash the hands first touches own eye, the nose and the mouth again; Sneezes and cough time should use the paper goods to cover the oronasal; The indoor maintains ventilates and so on According to the World Health Organization circular, US and Mexico has the human to infect A/H1N1 the Type A H1N1 flu epidemic situation Up to April 24, Mexico has 3 epidemic situations successively, altogether reported that the case 882 examples, die 62 examples, the case fatality rate 7%, majority of cases for young adults crowd At the same time, the US reported that 7 example diagnosis case and 9 example suspected cases, the case symptom is light, does not have the death According to the laboratory examination's preliminary result, formerly not examined in the pig or the humanity causes this epidemic situation Type A H1N1 flu A/H1N1 virus
it is known that after the human infects the Type A H1N1 flu's symptom and cold is similar, the patient will appear has a fever, the cough, wearily, to have a poor appetite and so on In the prevention aspect, Xu Ruiheng thought that the present stage necessity has not huddled together vaccinates the person influenza vaccine, because prevents the seasonal influenza vaccine to prevent the Type A H1N1 flu and not to have the effect Correct makes the law forms the good personal hygiene habit, sufficient sleep, attendance in exercise, reduced pressure, enough nutrition; The attendance washes the hands, after particularly has contacted the public goods, must wash the hands first touches own eye, the nose and the mouth again; Sneezes and cough time should use the paper goods to cover the oronasal; The indoor maintains ventilates and so on 众所周知,人类感染后的类型A型H1N1禽流感的症状和感冒相似,患者会出现发烧,咳嗽,疲劳,有食欲不振等。在预防方面,许蕤桁认为,现阶段没有必要挤在一起vaccinates流感疫苗的人,因为防止季节性流感疫苗,以防止型A型H1N1禽流感,而不是有效果。正确的法律形式作出的良好个人卫生习惯,充足的睡眠,参加行使,减少压力,足够的营养;出席冲洗手后,特别是已与公共物品,必须先清洗双手触及自己的眼睛,鼻子和口再次;打喷嚏和咳嗽时应该使用文件的货物,以支付口鼻;室内保持通风等等。
例2:1避免前往人多拥挤的场所。2出现流感症状(发热、咳嗽、流涕)应该马上去看医生,尽量避免外出,防止传染他人。3咳嗽打喷嚏的时候用纸巾捂住口鼻,用后丢尽垃圾桶。4注意个人卫生,经常用洗手液吸收,保持室内通风。 What is swine flu猪流感是什么
It is a contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses Pigs are hit by regular outbreaks There are many different types of swine flu and the current cases involve the H1N1 strain of type A influenza virus
How do humans catch it
While people do not normally catch it, humans can contract the virus, usually if they have been in close contact with pigs It is also possible for the constantly changing infection to spread from person to person, which has happened in the latest outbreak Experts believe it spreads in the same way as seasonal flu - through coughing and sneezing
What are the symptoms猪流感的症状是什么?
The symptoms of swine influenza in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza infection and include fever, fatigue, lack of appetite, coughing and sore throat Some people with swine flu have also reported vomiting and diarrhoea
What is the difference between swine flu, avian flu and the flu commonly seen in the UK during the winter猪流感和禽流感How long should the national holiday beIt goes without saying that some people prefer long vacations because they can haveenough time to do things that cannot be finished within a short time During a longvacation, they may make a complicated experiment, carry out an involved investigation orgo to a faraway place for some necessary field work Taking a full time job to earn moneyfor one or two months is another benefit the long vacation provides and sometimes a goodacademic thesis with a considerable length needs a long vacation What is more, those who favor short vacations also have understandable reasons For twoor three weeks' rest is adequate for students to refresh themselves without forgetting thelessons that are to be continued next semester Short vacations also mean to rest threetimes a school year and short semesters To study in this way is easier than to study for along exhausting time with many courses and lessons crammed together As has been noted, either long or shortvacation has its advantages and disadvantagesWhat matters is how to make use of it
洋酒太烈,啤酒太苦……酒吧本是为男人们而生的地方。但都市的女人被工作的压力、婚姻的压力、生育的压力压得透不过气来,有时也需要酒精的力量来麻痹一下自己——鸡尾酒就是为不胜酒力的女人产生的。
以颜色品鸡尾酒:完全以白、黑为基调的“浮士德”餐厅中,顾客可以根据自己的口味来享受西餐或者是中餐西吃,可以亲尝一下作为一位风流倜傥的文人雅士,手拿着水晶杯,品尝着高雅的红酒、鸡尾酒;喝鸡尾酒的人,往往有不同的特殊偏爱,有些不追随知名度、也不喜欢畅销品牌的酒客,就是钟爱鸡尾酒活泼多变的颜色。喜爱蓝色的鸡尾酒以男性居多,在pub昏暗的灯光下,来一杯蓝色的鸡尾酒,往往会让人挑起不同的心情。“蓝色鸟”、“蓝魔鬼”、“蓝月”、“蓝色珊瑚礁”、“蓝外衣”、“蓝色星期一”、“蓝色玛格丽特”、都是这样的酒族经常点用的酒款。接近大自然的绿色,虽与环保扯不上关系,但桌上摆着一杯水绿色的鸡尾酒,往往能放松身心。“绿色蚱蜢”、“绿色龙”、“绿钞票”、“飞行蚱蜢”,都可称是绿的佳作。咖啡色的鸡尾酒大都是以咖啡香甜酒调制,普通一点的咖啡鸡尾酒酒名都像“咖啡品牌”,如:“爱尔兰咖啡”、“墨西哥咖啡”、“西班牙咖啡”、“牙买加咖啡”、“意大利咖啡”,都是以地名的命名为主。但若喝白兰地酒的咖啡鸡尾酒,酒精较浓味道较浓,诸如:“黑色玛利亚”、“卡布基诺”、“绿色蚱蜢咖啡”、“咖啡酸酒”、及“女王蜂”,酒味就如咖啡一般,可用“香醇”来形容。另外巧克力鸡尾酒,常见的有:“巧克力大兵”、“巧克力兰姆”、“巧克力雏菊”,虽然酒名有巧克力,用料却不放巧克力。红色鸡尾酒除了知名的“血腥玛丽”以外,“红磨坊”、“贵妃泪”、“往日情怀”、“曼哈顿”、“吸血鬼”,都是红色鸡尾酒的上选。此外,啤酒加西红柿汁调制的“汤姆男孩”,虽不属于纯红色,但也颇受欢迎。喝鸡尾酒有不同的心情,不同的心情就有不同的鸡尾酒。若是热恋时期的情侣,可点一杯由琴酒与樱桃白兰地制成的“黑夜之吻”,为了避免桌上放同样的酒款,一杯“黑夜之吻”可搭配一杯“天使之吻”。两杯“吻”酒上了桌,了解鸡尾酒的人一看就知道,这桌坐着一对情侣。用冰稀释的鸡尾酒:在什刹海这片方兴未艾的酒吧胜地里,特别喜欢一间在外面看不到名字的酒吧,在前海南沿,实际这间酒吧的名字叫南岸,据老板说来这里的都是回头客,所以名字对他们的意义不是太大。除了这里有让人看了就想坐上去的欧式沙发外,最有特色的当然还是这里的鸡尾酒了。有几款特别适合女士们,例如奶油味的百利甜酒bailey's,橙味的君度酒cointreau,这些酒都要加冰,否则酒是温的不好喝。加冰后,“君度”会由透明的金**变成乳白色。“君度”虽然有40度,但果味较浓,多加一些冰,一般5、6块稀释以后,喝起来并不像中国的白酒那样辣嗓子。在酒吧点鸡尾酒时,如果是净饮,女士们可点一些偏甜的或带有果味的鸡尾酒,这类酒在25—30度之间。小口品尝鸡尾酒:正在调酒的调酒师,一边调酒一边对记者说,品尝分为三个步骤,观色、嗅味、尝试。调好的鸡尾酒都有一定的颜色,观色可以断定配方分量是否准确,例如红粉佳人调好后呈粉红色,青草蜢调好后呈奶绿色,干马天尼调好后清澈透明如清水一般。更明显的如彩虹鸡尾酒,只从观色便可断定是否合格了。嗅味是用鼻子去闻鸡尾酒的香味,但在酒吧中进行时不能直接拿起整杯酒来嗅味,要用酒吧匙。凡鸡尾酒都有一定的香味,首先是基酒的香味。其次是所加进的辅料酒或饮料的香味如果汁、甜酒、香料等各种不同的香味。品尝鸡尾酒不能像喝开水那样,要一小口一小口地喝,喝入口中要停顿一下再吞咽,如此细细地品尝,才能分辨出多种不同的味道。1中文名称:白美人英文名称: White Lady提示:口味适中,29度,餐后饮用
2中文名称:破冰船 英文名称:Ice Breaker 3中文名称:巴拉莱卡 英文名称: Balalaika 提示:口味适中,26度,随时可饮 4中文名称:代基里 英文名称:Daiquiri 提示:口味适中,24度,随时可饮 5中文名称:螺丝锥 英文名称:Gimlet 提示:口味适中,30度,随时可饮 6中文名称:爱情追逐者 英文名称: Load Runner 提示:口味甜,23度,餐后可饮7中文名称:烈焰之吻 英文名称: Kiss Of Fire 提示:口味适中,25度,随时可饮 8中文名称:最后之吻 英文名称:Last Kiss 提示:口味辛辣,33度,随时可饮9中文名称:黑色龙卷风 英文名称:Black Tornado提示:品味适中,30度,随时可饮 10中文名称:香蕉狂喜 英文名称:Banana Blis 提示:口味甜,26度,餐前可饮。
几款女士:1中文名称:莫斯科之骡 英文名称: Moscow Mule
提示:口味适中,12度,随时可饮 2中文名称:冰代基里英文名称:Frozzen Daiquiri 提示:口味适中,8度,随时可饮3中文名称:白绸缎 英文名称:White Satin 提示:口味甜,17度,餐后可饮鸡尾酒 英语名称:cocktail 或 flip 西班牙语:Cóctel
鸡尾酒名称由来
鸡尾酒(Cocktails) 在1776年,Betsy Flanagan发明了美国式的“鸡尾酒”。在纽约爱默斯福特,她的酒吧“Halls Corners”里,她用公鸡的尾部羽毛来搅拌每种饮料,然后她就用色彩鲜艳的公鸡羽毛来装饰,从而得到“鸡尾酒”这一名称。这是在美洲被认可的起源。
鸡尾酒——想象力的杰作
鸡尾酒的本性,已经决定了它必将是一种最受不得任何约束与桎梏的创造性事物。至于在未来的日子里究竟还有多少种鸡尾酒将会被研制出来,这个问题似乎也只是和人类自身的想象力有关。对照起永远缺乏变化的现实生活来说,这样的一种美就自然也就显得更加弥足珍贵了。
鸡尾酒的来源
一天,一次宴会过后,席上剩下各种不同的酒,有的杯里剩下1/4,有的杯里剩下1/2 。有个清理桌子的伙计,将各种剩下的酒,三、五个杯子混在一起,一尝味儿却比原来各种单一的酒好。接着,伙计按不同组合一连几种,种种如此。这后将这些混合酒分给大家喝,结果评价都很高。于是,这种混合饮酒的方法便出了名,并流传开来。至于为何称为“鸡尾酒”而不叫伙计酒,便不得而知了。第二种说法是1775年,移居于美国纽约阿连治的彼列斯哥,在闹市中心开了一家药店,制造各种精制酒卖给顾客。一天他把鸡蛋调到药酒中出售,获得一片赞许之声。从此顾客盈门,生意鼎盛。当时纽约阿连治的人多说法语,他们用法国口音称之为“科克车”,后来衍成英语“鸡尾”。从此,鸡尾酒便成为人们喜爱饮用的混合酒,花式也越来越多。其三,说的是19世纪的事。美国人克里福德在哈德逊河边经营一间酒店。克家有三件引以自豪的事,人称克氏三绝。一是他有一只膘肥体壮、气宇轩昂的大雄鸡,是斗鸡场上的名手;二是他的酒库据称拥有世界上最杰出的美酒;第三,他夸耀自己的女儿艾恩米莉是全市第一名绝色佳人,似乎全世界也独一无二。市镇上有一个名叫阿金鲁思的年轻男子,每晚到这酒店悠闲一阵,他是哈德逊河往来货船的船员。年深月久,他和艾恩米莉坠进了爱河。这小伙子性情好,工作踏实,老克里打心里喜欢他,但又时常作弄他说:“小伙子,你想吃天鹅肉?给你个条件吧,你赶快努力当个船长。”小伙子很有恒心,努力学习、工作,几年后终于当上了船长,艾恩米莉自然也就也就成了他的太太。婚礼上,老头子很高兴,他把酒窖里最好的陈年付佳酿全部拿出来,调合成“绝代美酒”,并在酒杯边饰以雄鸡尾羽,美丽到极。然后为女儿和顶呱呱的女婿干杯,并且高呼“鸡尾万岁!”自此,鸡尾酒便大行其道。 第四,相传美国独立时期,有一个名叫拜托斯的爱尔兰籍姑娘,在纽约附过开了一间酒店。1779年,华盛顿军队中的一些美国官员和法国官员经常到这个酒店,饮用一种叫做“布来索”的混合兴奋饮料。但是,这些人不是平静地饮酒逍闲,而是经常拿店主**开玩笑,把拜托斯比作一只小母鸡取乐。一天,**气愤极了,便想出一个主意教训他们。她从农民的鸡窝里找出一雄鸡尾羽,插在“布来索”杯子中。送给军官们饮用,以诅咒这些公鸡尾巴似的男人。客人见状虽很惊讶,但无法理解,只觉得分外漂亮,因此有一个法国军官随口高声喊道“鸡尾万岁“从此,加以雄鸡尾羽的“布来索”就变成了“鸡尾酒”,并且一直流传至今。
第五,传说许多年前,有一艘英国船停泊在犹加敦半岛的坎尔杰镇,船员们都到镇上的酒吧饮酒。酒吧楼台内有一个少年用树枝为海员搅拦混合酒。一位海员饮后,感到此酒香醇非同一般,是有生以来从未喝过的美酒。于是,他便走到少年身旁问到:“这种酒叫什么名字?少年以为他问的是树枝的名称,便回答说:“可拉捷、卡杰。”这是一句西班牙语,即“鸡尾巴“的意思。少年原以树枝类似公鸡尾羽的形状戏谑作答,而船员却误以为是“鸡尾巴酒”。从此,“鸡尾酒”便成了混合酒的别名。
第六 以某一贵族妇女Oxc-hitel的名字而演变成为Cocktail,以此表示尊贵:以雄鸡尾羽象征英雄气概:以彩色鸡尾象征调酒女郎爱美及调酒手艺高超;等等。其实,鸡尾酒的起源并无实际意义,只是让饮用者在乐轻松的鸡尾酒会上,欣赏一杯完美的鸡尾酒的同时,多一个寒暄话题而已。不过,人们也不难想象,既然鸡尾酒的起源有如此多种美丽的传说,鸡尾酒恐怕的确有其独到的魅力。第七 鸡尾酒起源于1776年纽约州埃尔姆斯福一家用鸡尾羽毛作装饰的酒馆。一天当这家酒馆各种酒都快卖完的时候,一些军官走进来要买酒喝。一位叫贝特西•弗拉纳根的女侍者,便把所有剩酒统统倒在一个大容器里,并随手从一只大公鸡身上拨了一根毛把酒搅匀端出来奉客。军官们看看这酒的成色,品不出是什么酒的味道,就问贝特西,贝特西随口就答:“ 这是鸡尾酒哇!”一位军官听了这个 词,高兴地举杯祝酒,还喊了一声:“ 鸡尾酒万岁!”从此便有了“鸡尾酒”之名。
鸡尾酒调制
鸡尾酒已经走进了我们的生活,闲暇时间在酒吧喝点鸡尾酒,已经逐渐成为了一种时尚。鸡尾酒的世界也是非常的多彩多姿的,在我们看来,总觉得它是那样的微妙,不同的酒配搭起来,变 换出那么多的色彩,拥有那么多美丽动听的名字,其实鸡尾酒虽然千变万化,却有一定的公式化可循,只要备齐以下基本材料,就有可能成为吧台后面的调酒高手!到这个时候,在家中,静静地调一杯鸡尾酒,慢慢地品尝,一种很惬意的感觉,就在身边慢慢飞扬……调制鸡尾酒的时候一般都要用摇酒壶、滤冰器(有些自带滤冰器的摇酒壶就不需要单配一个滤冰器了)、吧勺、盎司杯、冰铲 。然后准备需要用的酒品、辅料、以及装饰。准备好之后,先用冰铲在摇酒壶的壶身中加入5、6块冰(冰的量要根据杯子大小和摇酒壶大小而定),然后用盎司杯量取辅料(如果汁、牛奶等),倒入摇酒壶身,然后依次是辅酒、基酒,最后放上杯饰。如果需要盐边、糖边的话要在调制酒品之前用柠檬油擦一圈杯边,然后把盐或者糖倒在一个平整的面板上,把杯子倒过来转圈沾取(玛格丽特)。彩虹鸡尾酒制作的时候要把密度大的酒先从子弹杯中间倒入杯底,然后依照密度减小的次序把其他酒品用吧勺引流,顺杯壁留下。切勿碰触下面一层的酒以免引起混层。
鸡尾酒主要特点
鸡尾酒经过200多年的发展,现代鸡尾酒已不再是若干种酒及乙醇饮料的简单混合物。虽然种类繁多,配方各异,但都是由各调酒师精心设计的佳作,其色、香、味兼职备,盛载考究,装饰华丽、圆润、协调的味觉外,观色、嗅香,更有享受、快慰之感。甚至其独特的载杯造型,简洁妥贴的装饰点缀,无一不充满诗情画意。总观鸡尾酒的性状,现代鸡尾酒应有如下特点:
1、鸡尾酒是混合酒:鸡尾酒由两种或两种以上的非水饮料调合而成,其中至少有一种为酒精性饮料。像柠檬水、中国调香白酒等便不属于鸡尾酒。2、花样繁多,调法各异:用于调酒的原料有很多类型,各酒所用的配料种数也不相同,如两种、三种甚至五种以上。就算以流行的配料种类确定的鸡尾酒,各配料在份量上也会因地域不同、人的口味各异而有较大变化,从而冠用新的名称。3、具有刺激性中味:鸡尾酒具有明显的刺激性,能使饮用者兴奋,因此具有一定的酒精浓度。适当的酒浓度使饮用者紧张的神经和缓,肌肉放松,等等。4、能够增进食欲:鸡尾酒巴应是增进食欲的滋润剂。饮用后,由于酒中含有的微量调味饮料如酸味、苦味等饮料的作用,饮用者的口味应有所改善,绝不能因此而倒胃口、厌食。5、口味优于单体组分:鸡尾酒必须有卓越的口味,而且这种口味应该优于单体组分。品尝鸡尾酒时,舌头的味蕾应该充分扩张,才能尝到刺激的味道。如果过甜、过苦或过香,就会影响品尝风味的能力,降低酒的品质,是调酒时不能允许的。6、冷饮性质:鸡尾酒需足够泠冻。象朗姆类混合酒,以沸水调节器配,自然不属典型的鸡尾酒。当然,也有些酒种既不用热水调配,也不强调加冰冷冻,但其某些配料是温的,或处于室温状态的,这类混合酒也应属于广义的鸡尾酒的范畴。7、色泽优美:鸡尾酒应具有细致、优雅、匀称、均一的色调。常规的鸡尾酒有澄清透明的或浑浊的两种类型。澄清型鸡尾酒巴应该是色泽透明,除极少量因鲜果带入固形物外,没有其它任何沉淀物。8、盛载考究:鸡尾酒应由式样新颖大方、颜色协调得体、容积大小适当的载杯盛载。装饰品虽非必须,但却常有的。它们对于酒,犹如锦上添花,使之更有魅力。况且,某些装饰品本身也是调味料。9、 鸡尾酒的特点是一年四季一般都加冰块 。 配方有几万种,色彩、味道各不相同,调制鸡尾酒的基酒有金酒 (Gin)、 威士忌 (Whisky、Whiskey)、 伏特加 (Vodka)、 白兰地 (Brandy)、 龙舌兰酒 (Tequila)、 朗姆酒 (Rum)。果汁类有橙汁、柠檬汁、姜汁等,汽水类有可乐 、七喜、汤力水、苏打水、干姜水等,有时加入樱桃 、 杨梅 、橙片等装饰。这种酒一般在0~30度之间。
短饮:意即短时间喝的鸡尾酒,时间一长风味就减弱了。此种酒采用摇动或搅拌以及冰镇的方法制成,使用鸡尾酒杯。一般认为鸡尾酒在调好后10-20分钟饮用为好。大部分酒精度数是30度左右。
长饮:是调制成适于消磨时间悠闲饮用的鸡尾酒。对上苏打水、果汁等,长饮鸡尾酒几简全都是用平底玻璃酒杯或果汁水酒酒杯这种大容量的杯子。它是加冰的冷饮,也有加开水或热奶趁热喝的热饮,尽管如此,一般认为30分钟左右饮用为好。与短饮相比大多酒精浓度低,所以容易喝。依制法不同而分若干种。
长饮的类型:果汁水酒 Collins 烈性酒中加柠檬汁和砂糖或糖浆,再加满苏打水的类型。著名的有约翰克林酒、汤加连酒等。
清凉饮料Cooler :是烈性酒中加柠檬、酸橙的果汁和甜味料,再加满苏打水或姜麦酒的类型。Cooler,即清凉饮料之意,不一定非用吸管不可,也有以葡萄酒为基酒的无酒精的类型。
香甜酒Flip :在葡萄酒、烈性酒中加鸡蛋、砂糖的类型。喜欢的话最后撒上点肉豆蔻,有冷热两种。
餐后饮料 Pousse-Cafe :把任何种类的烈性酒,甜露酒、鲜奶没按密度的大小依次倒进杯子,使之不混合在一起的类型。重要的是事先了解各种酒的密度。同种酒厂家没其密度也有差,须加注意。
潘趣酒 Punch :以葡萄酒、烈性酒为基酒,加入各种甜露酒、果汁、水果等制成的。作为宴会饮料,多用混合香甜饮料的大酒钵调制,够几个人喝的。几乎都是冷饮,但也有热的。Punch据说是梵语“五个”(Pancha)之意,源于印度人的语言Punch。它是在印度喝的用亚力酒、水、柠檬汁、香料等5种材料混合而成的饮料。
酸味鸡尾酒Sour :是在烈性酒中加柠檬汁、砂糖等甜东西和酸东西的类型。此酒在美国原则上不用苏打水。其他国家有用苏打水和香槟酒的。Sour就是酸味的意思。在日本用酸东西或甜东西对人烧酒的酸味鸡尾酒很欢迎。
鸡尾酒术语:基酒(base):调制鸡尾酒时使用的最基本的酒。注入调和器(dash):一种附于苦味酒瓶的计量器。滴(drop):通俗的计量单位。盎司(ounce ):一种专业计量单位。简写oz 1液体盎司:容量计量单位,1英制液体盎司=283495231毫升 。1美制液体盎司=29571毫升。茶匙(spoon):一种计量单位。 1spoon=10drop 。涩味酒(dry):指调好的略带辛辣味的鸡尾酒。 。单份(single):30ml 。双份(double):60ml 。纯粹(straight):不加入任何东西的酒。酒后水(chaser):一是喝过较烈的酒之后,在杯中加入冰水品饮,可与烈酒中和保持味觉的新鲜,可以根据个人喜好加入苏打水,啤酒,矿泉水等代替。二是指饮料中加入某些材料使其浮于酒中,如鲜奶油等,比重较轻的酒可浮于苏打水上。
以TPO来划分鸡尾酒:正餐前鸡尾酒Per-Dinner Cocktail 。即正餐前喝的鸡尾酒。目的是滋润喉咙,增进食欲。甜味并不强烈,口感很清爽。正餐后鸡尾酒After Dinner Cocktail。正餐之后喝的鸡尾酒。目的是在进餐之后清新口气或促进的消化。它是有效利用甜露酒风味的甘甜浓重的鸡尾酒。全天可饮的鸡尾酒All Day Cocktail。任何时候喝都没关系,当然,上述几种鸡尾酒也没有必要过分拘泥。多数鸡尾属过一类。睡前鸡尾酒 Night Cap Cocktail。睡前鸡尾酒即所谓安眠酒。睡前,为能熟睡而喝。一般认为睡前酒最好是以白兰地为基酒的,味道浓重的鸡尾酒和使用鸡蛋的鸡尾酒。简单来说,鸡尾酒可大分为两种。(1)直接饮料(Straight Drinks):使用单一材料,经过加工,以原味呈现。(2)混合饮料(Mix Drinks):混合多种材料调制,口味繁多,风格千变万化。其次,鸡尾酒尚可依其酒精成分、饮用时间、冷热口味,分成如下数类。(1)短饮料(Short Drinks):需要在短时间内饮尽,酒量约60ml,3-4口喝完,不加冰,10-20分钟内不变味。其酒精浓度较高,适合餐前饮用。(2)长饮料(Long Drinks):放30分钟也不会影响风味的鸡尾酒,加冰,用高脚杯,适合餐时或餐后饮用。(3)硬性饮料(Alcohol Drinks):含酒精成分较高的鸡尾酒属之。(4)软性饮料(Non-Alcohol Drinks):不含酒精或只加少许酒的柠檬汁、柳橙汁等调制的饮料。(5)冷饮料(Cold Drinks):温度控制在5-6度之间的鸡尾酒。(6)热饮料(Hot Drinks): 温度控制在60-80度之间,以Hot Whisky Today最具代表性。此外,鸡尾酒的味道可分为 5 种,即:甘、辛、中甘、中辛、酸。饮酒的时段则分为:餐前、餐后、全天。
鸡尾酒调制方法:摇和法(shake)、调和法(stir)、兑和法(build)、搅和法(blend)
调制鸡尾酒的辅助方法: :拧绞(twist):1cm×5cm柠檬皮拧绞,饰与酒中。柠檬油调香(zest):将柠檬皮中的香味油挤入鸡尾酒。螺旋状果皮(spiral):将削成螺旋状的果皮垂于杯中。杯口加霜(frosting):用柠檬片把玻璃杯口沾湿,将杯口轻轻浸入精白糖或细盐中(根据配方而定)。制作糖浆(gomme syrup,sugar syrup,simple syrup): 糖粉:100℃开水=3:1 形成透明无色糖浆
鸡尾酒杯:葡萄酒杯是高脚杯有两种,一是喝红葡萄酒的大一些。二是喝白叛葡萄酒的小一些。三角型的高脚杯是用来喝鸡尾酒的,杯身很细的高脚杯是喝香宾的,而杯身像碟型的也是喝香宾的。矮脚的杯身很大,口小一点的叫白兰地杯是喝白兰地的。没有脚的,杯身很高,口身一样大的,叫高身杯(按高度分有1哥伦斯杯2水杯3长饮杯)用来喝不含酒精和一些含低度酒精的饮料和鸡尾酒,长饮等等。同上杯口大,杯底小,又很矮的叫威士忌杯,也叫古典杯,喝威士忌的,也有人用来喝金酒,伏特加,龙舌兰等等列酒。还有一种很小的像我国的白酒杯的,叫做烈酒杯。也有像试管样的,叫试管杯用来喝鸡尾酒的。好的酒杯,可以把酒的瑰丽色彩透露出来,令人赏心悦目,可以把酒的芳香在酒杯里集拢起来,经久不散。西方人还认为,饮什么酒使用什么杯,是一种“酒礼”。 例如长型圆脚杯用于红葡萄酒,半圆高脚杯用于白酒,如果只喝一种酒一般使用半圆高脚杯为宜,超长半圆高脚杯专用于莱茵、莫索尔两种德国白酒,漏斗型酒杯专门用来喝比较强烈的葡萄酒,如雪莉和波特酒,半高大肚酒杯专用来喝白兰地等烈性酒,长脚杯宜用来喝香槟酒。另外,啤酒多用有把手的大玻璃杯,鸡尾酒式样很多,可根据配制选用。
几种鸡尾酒名字的由来:螺丝起子―这杯鸡尾酒的名称由来,是因为在伊朗油田工作的美国人,将柳橙汁加入伏特加之后,再使用螺丝起子来搅拌,因而得名,由于口感佳,十几年前别名为“女性杀手” 。血腥玛丽―这杯鸡尾酒拥有“血腥玛莉”这种令人不安的名称,这是以十八世纪迫害新教徒英国女王玛莉一世来命名的,虽然鲜红的蕃茄汁令人联想到血腥,但这种鸡尾酒却广泛地受到众人的喜爱。 龙舌兰日出―正如鸡尾酒的名字一股,它的特色是色泽绝美,有如朝阳映照于酒杯当中。 1972年“滚石合唱团”的团员米克杰格在全美演唱期间,一定要点此酒饮用,因而闻名于世。新加坡司令 ―充满异国情调的鸡尾酒! 1915年,正值第一次世界大战中,由莱佛士大饭店调制出来,为异国情调鸡尾酒的代表,原创的调制法不使用苏打水,甜味浓烈,但这一鸡尾酒口味适中,男女皆宜,普受欢迎。 红粉佳人―在伦敦上演的舞台剧“红粉佳人”非常卖座,这是女主角赫洁尔朵恩**捧在手里的鸡尾酒,由于名称富有吸引力,而且色彩漂亮,所以深受女性欢迎。 奥林匹克―这是 1924年巴黎举行奥林匹克运动会时调制出来的鸡尾酒,据说是丽晶大饭店的首席酒保法兰克•威尔麦克亚调配的,色调柔和、口感轻柔,为许多人所喜爱。加挂机车―这杯鸡尾酒是根据一次大战中在战场上非常活跃的加挂机车来命名。关于其诞生各有说法,有人说是巴黎的哈里兹纽约酒吧的第一代老板调制出来的,也有人说一位客人开着加挂机车带来的配方,因此就直接以之命名。教父―这是模仿**《教父》而产生的鸡尾酒,使用的阿玛雷托杏果利口酒产自意大利,但在美国却非常受欢迎,这是非常适合作为调制以黑手党**为主题的鸡尾酒的材料。地震―不知道是不是因为喝了之后,身体会有摇晃感,所以才取名为“地震”。彼诺药草酒是酒劲强的烈酒,喜爱饮用者与不喜欢此味道的人,好恶的程度非常明显。玛格莉特―玛格丽特诞生于 1949年,是美国全美鸡尾酒大赛第一名的作品,以墨西哥特产的龙舌兰为基酒调制出这杯鸡尾酒的简•杜雷萨先生,用他不幸死亡的情人玛格丽特的名字来命名,清淡爽口的酸味,带着悲伤恋情的苦味,这杯鸡尾酒有很多死忠的爱好者。曼哈顿―这杯鸡尾酒确实是在纽约曼哈顿诞生的, 1867年,在美国总统选举募款酒会上推出这杯鸡尾酒。咸狗―咸狗鸡尾酒诞生于英国,二次大战后,美国掀起伏特加热,基酒就改为伏特加,酒杯也由平底无脚酒杯代替,原本采取雪克的方式,也改为直调的方式,并且制用雪花杯型杯,而成为别致的鸡尾酒。中国式鸡尾酒:在我国,人们对酒的嗜好开始向低度、营养饮料方面转化。中国式鸡尾酒是用我国传统的大曲酒(高度数白酒),及营养丰富的果汁加以配制的,既保留了曲酒的香醇,又具有果汁的营养和风味。同时,鸡尾酒配制方法简单,还可根据个人对酒的要求和爱好即配即饮,所以,在宴会上、在酒吧间,特别是在家庭中,越来越受到人们的欢迎。
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