对浪漫主义的理解

浪漫主义是文艺的基本创作方法之一，与现实主义同为文学艺术上的两大主要思潮。作为创作方法，浪漫主义在反映客观现实上侧重从主观内心世界出发，抒发对理想世界的热烈追求，常用热情奔放的语言、瑰丽的想象和夸张的手法来塑造形象。浪漫主义的创作倾向由来已久，早在人类的文学艺术处于口头创作时期，一些作品就不同程度地带有浪漫主义的因素和特色，但这时的浪漫主义既未形成思潮，又不是自觉为人们掌握的创作方法。

许多知识分子和历史学家将浪漫主义视为是对于启蒙运动的反弹，是一种对启蒙时代的反思。启蒙时代的思想家强调演绎推理的绝对性，而浪漫主义则强调直觉、想象力、和感觉，甚至到了被一些人批评为“非理性主义”的程度。

在整体上而言，浪漫主义运动由欧洲在18世纪晚期至19世纪初期出现的许多艺术家、诗人、作家、音乐家、以及政治家、哲学家等各种人物自发组成，但至于浪漫主义的详细特征和对于浪漫主义的定义，一直到20世纪都仍是思想史和文学史界争论的题材。

夏尔·波德莱尔给的定义是：“浪漫主义既不是随兴的取材、也不是强调完全的精确，而是位于两者的中间点，随着感觉而走。”

中文名

浪漫主义

外文名

Romanticism

起源

中世纪法语中的Romance

释义

热烈追求理想世界的文艺创作思潮

特色

想象瑰丽，手法夸张，热情奔放

快速

导航

流派发展

艺术特点

代表作家

涉及领域

民族主义思潮

历史起源

社会背景

它是法国大革命催生的社会思潮的产物。大革命所倡导的“自由、平等、博爱”的思想推动了个性解放和情感抒发的要求，对个人独立和自由的强调，成为浪漫主义文学的核心思想。

虽然浪漫主义精神有着悠久的历史，但浪漫主义的兴起，却发生在法国大革命之前，欧洲民主运动和民族解放运动高涨时期。它反映了资产阶级上升时期对个性解放的要求，是政治上对封建领主和基督教会联合统治的反抗，也是文艺上对法国新古典主义的反抗。

法国大革命

启蒙运动在政治上为法国革命作了思想准备，在文艺上也为欧洲各国浪漫主义运动作了思想准备。但是，法国革命胜利后所确立的资产阶级专政和资本主义社会秩序，却宣告了启蒙运动理想的破灭。

“和启蒙学者的华美语言比起来，由‘理性的胜利’建立起来的社会制度和政治制度竟是一幅令人极度失望的讽刺画。”（恩格斯）席卷欧洲的浪漫主义运动，正是当时社会各阶层对法国革命的后果以及启蒙思想家提出的“理性王国”普遍感到失望的一种反映。

思想基础

德国古典哲学和空想社会主义为浪漫主义文学提供了思想理论基础。康德、费希特等古典主义哲学家强调天才、灵感和主观能动性，把自我提到高于一切的地位，因而对浪漫主义文学强调主观精神和个人主义倾向产生过深远的影响。空想社会主义对资本主义的尖锐批判、对未来理想社会的展望预测，也对浪漫主义文学有不小的影响。

文学传统

在文学传统上，中世纪的骑士传奇与浪漫主义有直接的渊源关系，浪漫主义一词即来源于传奇一词。而18世纪英国的感伤主义文学和卢梭对感情抒发的崇尚，为19世纪浪漫主义文学的兴起和繁荣铺平了道路。

“浪漫主义”这一术语，是由“浪漫的”（Romantic，罗曼蒂克）这个形容词演化而成的。而“浪漫的”这个形容词又是从法国的“罗曼司”（Romance，即“传奇”或“小说”）转化过来的。据现有资料证明，1654年英国人才第一次使用“浪漫的”这一词语，大致是“传奇般的”、 “幻想的”、“不真实的”，其中明显地包含着贬意的否定性的内涵。到了18世纪，这个词语才逐渐转变为肯定性的褒义词

ROMANTICISM is a term loosely applied to literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and 19th cent

Characteristics of Romanticism

Resulting in part from the libertarian and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantic movements had in common only a revolt against the prescribed rules of classicism The basic aims of romanticism were various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of humanity; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the development of nationalistic pride; and the exaltation of the senses and emotions over reason and intellect In addition, romanticism was a philosophical revolt against rationalism

Romanticism in Literature

England

Although in literature romantic elements were known much earlier, as in the Elizabethan dramas, many critics now date English literary romanticism from the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads (1798) In the preface to the second edition of that influential work (1800), Wordsworth stated his belief that poetry results from "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings," and pressed for the use of natural everyday diction in literary works Coleridge emphasized the importance of the poet's imagination and discounted adherence to arbitrary literary rules

Such English romantic poets as Byron, Shelley, Robert Burns, Keats, Robert Southey, and William Cowper often focused on the individual self, on the poet's personal reaction to life This emphasis can also be found in such prose works as the essays of Charles Lamb and William Hazlitt and in Thomas De Quincey's autobiographical Confessions of an English Opium Eater (1822) The interest of romantics in the medieval period as a time of mystery, adventure, and aspiration is evidenced in the Gothic romance and in the historical novels of Sir Walter Scott William Blake was probably the most singular of the English romantics His poems and paintings are radiant, imaginative, and heavily symbolic, indicating the spiritual reality underlying the physical reality

TRANSCENDENTALISM, American literary

in literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860 It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, notably that of Immanuel Kant, and from such English authors as Carlyle, Coleridge, and Wordsworth Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority

The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as "Nature" (1836), "Self-Reliance," and "The Over-Soul" (both 1841), and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden (1854) The movement began with the occasional meetings of a group of friends in Boston and Concord to discuss philosophy, literature, and religion Originally calling themselves the Hedge Club (after one of the members), they were later dubbed the Transcendental Club by outsiders because of their discussion of Kant's "transcendental" ideas Besides Emerson and Thoreau, its most famous members, the club included F H Hedge, George Ripley, Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, Theodore Parker, and others For several years much of their writing was published in The Dial (18404), a journal edited by Fuller and Emerson The cooperative community Brook Farm (18417) grew out of their ideas on social reform, which also found expression in their many individual actions against slavery Primarily a movement seeking a new spiritual and intellectual vitality, transcendentalism had a great impact on American literature, not only on the writings of the group's members, but on such diverse authors as Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman

NATURALISM, in literature

an approach that proceeds from an analysis of reality in terms of natural forces, eg, heredity, environment, physical drives The chief literary theorist on naturalism was Émile Zola, who said in his essay Le Roman expérimental (1880) that the novelist should be like the scientist, examining dispassionately various phenomena in life and drawing indisputable conclusions The naturalists tended to concern themselves with the harsh, often sordid, aspects of life Notable naturalists include the Goncourt brothers, J K Huysmans, Maupassant, the English authors George Moore and George Gissing, and the American writers Theodore Dreiser, Frank Norris, Stephen Crane, James T Farrell, and James Jones In the drama, naturalism developed in the late 19th cent By stressing photographic detail in scene design, costume, and acting technique, it attempted to abolish the artificial theatricality prominent in 19th-century theater The movement was most closely associated with the Théâtre Libre (founded 1887) of André Antoine, with the Freie Bühne (founded 1889) of Otto Brahm, and with the Moscow Art Theatre (founded 1898) under the direction of Stanislavsky Notable naturalistic dramatists include Becque, Brieux, Hauptmann, and Gorky