松鼠英文表达了作者对松鼠的什么情感态度？

松鼠英文表达了作者对松鼠的一种喜欢，关心，热爱的心情。主要表达的是作者对这种小精灵的爱。

你可以先了解一下小松鼠这种动物。

松鼠其他松鼠一样，它们爱在针叶树杈上建立自己的巢穴。这些巢穴都由松鼠们利用捡拾回来的树枝，组成一个约25-30厘米左右的半球型的底，然后混入苔藓、树叶、树皮及野草等构筑而成。有些时候也会栖身在地穴及由啄木鸟所留下的洞穴里。[2]

每到交配季节，雌性会达到所需的体重后，就会进入发情周期。雄性透过雌性发情期间独有的气味去找寻雌性。虽然没有求偶的表征，但雄性仍会花上近一小时的时间去追逐异性。通常出现的情况是数只雄性追逐一只雌性，直至其中一只占了明显的优势，而这只一般是体型较大的个体，就会赢得异性交配权。它们会交配数次，并与不同的对象进行多次交配。如食物短缺，繁殖可能会被延迟。一般雌性会于翌年诞下它们的第一窝。[2]

交配期一般在2-3月的晚冬季节，或在6-7月的夏天。每年最多可诞下两窝，而每窝的数目3-4只，最多达6只。怀孕期约为38-39天。由雌鼠独力抚养幼仔儿，每胎仅重10-15克。在出生第21天便会长出毛发，眼睛及耳朵在3-4周后打开，42天后牙齿完全长出。初生的欧亚红松鼠在40天后便能进食硬的食物，并由此开始可以离巢觅食。虽然如此，但它们仍会吮吸其母鼠的乳液，直至8-10周后完全断奶为止。[2]

欧亚红松鼠的寿命一般为3年，个别例子也有长达7年以上，但最多不会超越十年。存活率与秋冬季节期间树木长出的果实数目有直接的关系。平均计算约75%至85%的初生松鼠会在它们第一个冬天后死亡，而剩下来的一半则于下一个冬天离开。

2021全国高考英语一卷D篇阅读理解

试题文本第一段：Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence

原文节选第一段对照：Popularization has in some cases distorted the original scientific definition of emotional intelligence Many people now equate emotional intelligence with almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills" Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence

1 本段关键信息词汇：changed, popularization, original, misunderstand, makeup, far beyond, skill-based，but,

a Popularization: 为大众所普遍接受的（对普通公众有吸引力的行为、或者现象）

bmakeup: 取含义 （N-UNCOUNT 天性;性格）Some-one's make-up is their nature and the various qualities in their character

There was some fatal flaw in his makeup, and as time went on he lapsed into long silences or became off-hand

他的性格有致命的缺陷，随着时间的推移，他陷入了久久的沉默，或者变得漠然。

2 黑体词部分从语篇思维角度可能会是影响阅读理解的关键词，也可能是命题题点所需要支持的信息词。

32What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence

A It can be measured by an IQ test

B It helps to exercise a person’s mind

C It includes a set of emotional skills

D It refers to a person’s positive qualities

本题题干提问信息词汇：misunderstanding。相对应上面2提到的阅读以及命题关键词：misunderstood。本题的四个选项对这一部分进行了paraphrase，干扰项把原文信息进行了相反的paraphrase，正确项貌似对信息almost everything desirable 进行了paraphrase：It refers to a person’s positive qualities但事实上，desirable 和positive 是两个具有不同性质的修饰类形容词。两者严谨来讲不能同指同一事物。此处，答案选择D。

文本第一段命题人修改了两个信息词distorted—changed；equate—misunderstood。这两对词汇的替换是否恰当，供读者们探讨。本观点认为有欠妥当，因为欠妥当，引起32题的设计结合原文让人感觉不地道。Distort相似与misunderstood，而equate和misunderstood基本很难语义相关。

考试文本第二段：We  prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person

We prefer to define emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either prosocial or antisocial purposes The ability to accurately perceive how others are feeling may be used by a therapist to gauge how best to help her clients, whereas a con artist might use it to manipulate potential victims Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one an ethical person

1标色部分为“第二段”的试题文本和原文改动词汇对比。试题文本被认为在此处划分了另一段落。是否符合语篇写作形式逻辑，需要从写作技巧上进行具体分析。

2事实上，define无需改为describe。Prosocial or antisocial purposes改为good or bad purposes已经改变了，原作者的写作意图，两者含义区别很大，会给读者造成一定的思维干扰。perceive,understand,know这样的替换还是可以的。therapist/doctor，gauge/find, client/ patient,whereas/while, con artist/cheater的替换也可以接受。Ethical 应该是课标词汇，无需修改。

3“The ability< to accurately understand how others are feeling >may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims ”这是一个复杂句子，the ability 指上文提到的emotional intelligence所代表的能力。The ability may be used by a doctor to findwhereas (此处还是觉得原词更好）表示“指定性转折对比”，医生可以用以对症治疗，骗子也可能拿来行骗。得出结论：有情商的人群可能是具有两面性的分类人群。

33 Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2

A To explain a rule  B To clarify a concept

C To  present a fact  D To make a prediction

此题属于细节理解题。理解了原文信息就可以读懂题干。但是选项信息区别性不是太大，命题人从主观角度给出D为标准答案。比较起来，D为最佳。AC并没有原则上的非正确性的信息支持。

考试文本第三段：Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run  far  ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful The most positive aspect  of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being 

原文对照：Although popular claims regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social welfare

1 Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run  far  ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful

虽然关于情商的流行（大众化）观点远远超出了研究所能提供的合理支持（论证），但宣传的总体效果是利大于弊。

arun far ahead of :远远跑在前面。此处语境指“远远超过”。

bpublicity n(媒体的)关注，宣传，报道;宣传业;广告宣传工作;传播工作

2 The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social welfare

这种普及(媒体宣传形成的人们的普遍认知）最积极的方面是雇主、教育工作者和其他关心促进社会福利的人对情感的一种新的和急需的强化。

试题文本第四段：

The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life

原文对照：The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and research psychology reevaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve humans adaptively in everyday life

此处research psychology/researchers,humans/people的替换意义不是很大，原文词汇更加贴切达意。

1The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped boththe public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life情商的普及帮助公众和研究者重新评估情感的功能以及它们如何在日常生活中适应性地为人们服务。

34 What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence

A Favorable B Intolerant C Doubtful D Unclear

询问作者情感态度的试题一般可以通过文章信息获得答案。文本34段表明作者的态度是肯定的。

试题文本第五段：

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视角) from which to study how people manage their lives Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction

1 Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion

虽然情绪智力的持续流行的吸引力是可取的，我们希望这种关注将激发对情绪的科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。

2 It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视角) from which to study how people manage their lives

我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将提供新的视角以此来研究人们如何管理（引领）自己的生活。此处，原文当中的navigate要比修改后的manage更能表达意义。

3Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction

情商，以其对头脑和心灵的关注，可能会为我们指明正确的方向。

原文对照：

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in cognitive and affective science will offer intertwining perspectives from which to study how people navigate their lives Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may adequately serve to point us in the right direction

35 What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence

A Its appeal to the public B Expectations for future studies

C Its practical application D Scientists with new perspectives

此题的命题点属于对段落大意进行概括，关联关键词“hope,will，may”, 链接答案中的expectations。D项的语言表述是有问题的。B项可以改为：Expectations for future studies on it C项可以改为：The practical application on it

总结：本文是节选。文章基本表意完整。选取这一部分视角和普通关于情商的认知有一定的差异性。也正是这种认知差异性使得本文通过英语传达的思想略有难度。文本有一些复杂句，但整体句式整齐，没有偏怪句式，不会产生明显的句式语言障碍。当然，也会对学生的基本语法习得情况有一定的区分度。试题命制中规中矩。试题文本被命题人划分为5段，从文法角度是否严谨科学有待考证。建议语篇分析此文时酌情科学进行。

试卷试题：

We  prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person

Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run  far  ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful The most positive aspect  of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being  The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视角) from which to study how people manage their lives Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction

32What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence

A It can be measured by an IQ test

B It helps to exercise a person’s mind

C It includes a set of emotional skills

D It refers to a person’s positive qualities

33 Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2

A To explain a rule B To clarify a concept

C To present a fact D To make a prediction

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion

34 What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence

A FavorableB IntolerantC DoubtfulD Unclear

35 What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence

A Its appeal to the public B Expectations for future studies

C Its practical application D Scientists with new perspectives

原文链接：http://eqiorg/salov2htm Wechat Official Account: FreedomWriter

节选原文：Popularization has in some cases distorted the original scientific definition of emotional intelligence Many people now equate emotional intelligence with almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills" Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence We prefer to define emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either prosocial or antisocial purposes The ability to accurately perceive how others are feeling may be used by a therapist to gauge how best to help her clients, whereas a con artist might use it to manipulate potential victims Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one an ethical person

Although popular claims regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social welfare The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and research psychology reevaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve humans adaptively in everyday life Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in cognitive and affective science will offer intertwining perspectives from which to study how people navigate their lives Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may adequately serve to point us in the right direction

首先，你要先确认造成看不懂的原因是什么，如果是矛盾点在语篇里看不懂的单词很多，那主要问题还是记不住单词，词汇积累不够；如果是语篇的单词单拎出来知道意思，但连成句子看不懂就是语法结构没有建立。

而无论是哪种情况，需要明确的是“单词永远不能孤立使用”。你先背单词、只背单词，而其他的语言输入方式（听、读）没有及时跟上，那么这些单词就是单个的、孤立的，是死鱼而不是游动的活鱼。我们知道，机械的记忆、短时记忆如果没有及时得以强化或对大脑形成强烈的刺激，是很容易忘记的。

其实，背单词应该是英语学习初期的一个过程，在初级阶段之后，应当通过语言的应用（听、说、读、写），对学习英语的同学来说尤其是通过阅读来扩大词汇量，而不是单纯、机械地先去背上几轮。通过阅读标注生词、背单词不能可以增加词汇量，你也学会了单词的用法，语言能力和词汇量都能同步提高。

那么，如何提高学习效率呢？

1 从语境中学

一词多义。同一单词在不同的语境下意思是不一样的，语境就是词汇的土壤，任何脱离语境的死记硬背都是痛苦而生硬的，效果很差，所以最好的方式是在语境中去学。去哪里寻找英语语境呢？很简单，就是原文材料。比如报纸（21世纪英文报）、新闻（BBC、VOA）、简单的小说（小王子）都可以成为学习材料。

2 从运用中学

21）从阅读中学单词

●每天精读、分析一篇阅读理解。

在做完阅读真题之后，挑一篇典型的、感兴趣的文章，不管是否完全看得懂，坚持读一遍，包括题目、选项也要读！然后把不认识的单词(专有名词除外)全部圏出来，然后把答案（有解析的答案）拿出来，找出其所在的句子和段落，把其中不认识的重点单词圈出来。哪些是重点单词呢？就是表示作者情感态度倾向(议论文)、作者的行为动作(记叙文)、某样东西的优缺点功能等(说明文)、以及在之前文章里出现过而你记不清的且容易和别的单词混淆的，这些都是你要重点圈出来的，同时你也训练了应试技巧。

22）从听力中学单词

每个同学背单词的方法不尽相同，有的喜欢在纸上抄几次，记住单词的拼写，有的喜欢拼读，有的喜欢联想记忆。但很多同学都忘了一个重要的内容：读音。我们需要大声地，正确地把单词读出来，加深正确读音在我们脑中的印象，才能让我们对听力中遇到的这个词能产生反应。

当然，如果你不是一个学生，在为某一次重要的考试而头疼，如今市面上五花八门的翻译软件和人工翻译服务也足以辅助您的工作。

英文比喻句的四种模式，分别是明喻，暗喻，提喻以及借喻。

1、明喻（Simile）：

明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。标志词常用like、as、seem、as if、as though、similar to、such as等。通过明喻，作者能够通过读者熟悉的对象，更加生动形象地了解不熟悉的对象，从而表达出作者的特定情感或者态度（mood or attitude）。

2、暗喻（Metaphor）：

暗喻与明喻非常类似，也是讲具有某个共同特征的两个不同事物联系在一起，但是不用as、as if、like、seem等的比喻词。与明喻相似，隐喻能把描述的对象更形象的呈现给读者。因为不使用比喻词，所以通常会更加关注与隐喻背后的引申义，而不是仅仅是字的面义。

3、借喻（Metonymy）：

以喻体来代替本体，本体和喻词都不出现，直接把甲（本体）说成乙（喻体）。借喻由于只有喻体出现，所以能产生更加深厚、含蓄的表达效果，同时也使语言更加简洁。

4、提喻（Synecdoche）：

提喻用部分代替全体，或用全体代替部分，或特殊代替一般。

首先，文本选自洛杉矶时报http://wwwlatimescom/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-storyhtml  2018年3月9日发表的名为If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。

看原标题可以得出几个信息：1目前有plan，2car−dominated transit system是关键问题3even worse，也就是有前提条件，然后才可能出现某种预期。

这篇阅读理解试题选文的特点是，1文章是国外主流媒体新近更新的文章，相对于高考日期来说是比较新的。2题材相对比较前沿——关于无人驾驶汽车。相对来说的新科技话题，具有一定的信息引领性。同时，无人驾驶也是目前比较有争论的话题，所以任何一篇文章都不会完全从某一个角度独立来分析阐述这一现象，除非绝对的专业测评或者技术等视角，普通评论或者描述文章一定都会有或多或少的利弊分析，因为这是未知因素会有所影响的一个话题。本文也不例外，但是本文经过改编后明显把话题倾向性定位在positive 上，整体看不出明显的问题，但是会有对客观事实的微小不尊重。这是从阅读理解试题选文的真实性信息来考虑的。本文读者受众没有刻意的区分和归类以及倾向性，文章也不算纯粹的科普文，属于普通的说事文吧，依然是侧重introduce and describe ，因为没有明显的正反观点的对比，文中对比主要体现在现象的比较，所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基于此，本文的行文，正常来说要围绕提出问题——分析问题——解决问题来进行。

试卷文本和原文比较有大量删减改编。

首先看改编后的标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars关键信息定位在preparing cities。但是我们在正文当中是否能够找到关键信息来支持标题核心信息，我认真阅读后，还是不明朗。但是原选文标题比较符合原选文的核心内容。而且此标题从语言角度来说也不好理解，所以标题不做更多解释。

（2018•北京）阅读理解D

标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

试题文章第一段

原本想和原文比较一下改动部分，但是改动太大，就省略了吧，很明显感觉改动得不是很好。比如prospect被替换为possibility 这个在理解文本含义上可以理解，但是假如作为精读去点对点分析，就会不如原词汇那么妥帖，我只能用这个词来形容。看prospects词汇解释：

以此例来说明改编的可能的不准确性，文本下面部分的改编的类似问题不再重复说明。

The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world Well, the future is apparently now 开篇点“题”，把无人驾驶汽车的现存状态通过一个语义对比句展示出来。告知读者本文是围绕无人驾驶汽车现状的某个问题阐述的。接下来的test，cleared the way 暗示一是有测试环节，二是有相关辅助环节。

California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country 这是本文中围绕标题而出现的最重要的关键信息。暗示cities在无人驾驶领域所可能做出的贡献。

But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated

此处有本文的一个题点关键词regulated，提示regulation 对于无人驾驶未来走向的重要性。看48题：

As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern         

A Safety             

B Side effects                   

C Affordability           

D Management

题干部分有关键信息词author ，major 所以就限定是本文作者的重点的……关注点，所以需要透彻理解本文所传递的信息是什么，还要结合选项内容来看。同时结合原文看，本文是把safety 部分内容删除掉了，而我们看四个选项事实上都可以，四个选项和客观真实性是保持一致的，至于本试题当中认为限制答案为D，从做题角度会有很多解释，但是这样的试题不严密，且，好的试题不会用major来限定。

第二段

While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一个暗含转折，实际上是语义的一个侧重“确定”的句子，使用了while …also表达，前后两者都存在，但是此处侧重强调后者的意思。那么也就是说safety 问题是现存的一个相关焦点，但是这里作者想要强调also后面的内容。所以，从全文角度看，经过改编的文本有了作者或者文章态度上的些许不同，本段和原文比较有部分词汇改编删减，但是基本符合要求，没有大的变化。

接下来的内容作者具体描述无人驾驶汽车的优势和特色，包括停车管理，环境保护，以及和出租车公司等相比较的更多的便利，原文提到了优步等出租公司的disadvantageous ，但试题文本有删减，所以个别信息在理解上会觉得有模糊的感觉，不透彻。本段结束。

在此，我们就可以暂停，看试题：

47According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________         

A help deal with transportation-related problems     

B provide better services to customers

C cause damage to our environment                   

D make some people lose jobs

题干中使用了pay attention to ，而这个题干是完全可以修改成一个更地道的句子的，也可以是问答方式，不是填空式。重点又在author 和attention 来限定信息，也就是可以推测，题目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表达的观点，那么根据文本内容，c项是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息，也就是都有可能性，只是a项更符合出题人的思路，所以答案是A。

接下来看下一段内容，

Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services

段首一句属于段落衔接句，用设问的形式引出来。一方面提示读者思考，给出自己的思维判断，同时引出下面作者想要陈述的内容，此句看关键词worsen ，也就是说，作者暗示的观点是现有的交通的诸多不利因素，对于无人驾驶汽车来说会是什么样的一种对比分析结果呢？而通过上文中作者的情感态度，大致可以判断，下文作者想要阐述的是如何规避现有交通的不利因素。通过阅读试卷上的文本，我感觉此段信息和句首信息不一致，而且不符合常理，所以我再次查阅原文，因为在手机上编辑，顺便简单截图一下，如下：

通过阅读原文，可以了解，此处被命题人删除掉了，但是此举就完全改变了文章的行文思路和意义的正常表达。因为在提到了无人驾驶汽车的优势以后，作者做了一个imagine ，也就是假想内容，而此假设导致的结果就是满街的无人驾驶汽车，而此句也被命题人删除了，但是这些信息是非常关键的信息，是管理者要解决无人驾驶汽车所要面对的关键问题，删除后，就不能体现初衷含义了，而且阅读时会晦涩，不能够真正表达真实场景。具体语言不做分析解释，接下来看下一段，

A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050 Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing The first  commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题) But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology此段因为删除掉的信息，而会觉得没有自然的过度和衔接。在介绍了环保和降低使用成本等优势以后，作者把话题引到了首批无人驾驶汽车的试用上，

commercially available，almost certainly，technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues，这些词是属于此处的主要信息词，提示下面举措的原因，命题人没有在此处命题，而是避开，命制了一个所谓猜测词义题目。来看试题：

49What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean         

A Employed                       

B Replaced                     

C Shared                       

D Reduced

根据field所在原文语境，提示，鉴于一些考量首先要把无人驾驶技术应用于叫车服务领域。field在此处取其名词“领域”的动词含义“应用于某一领域”，在此，也就是把车辆服务划分了，可能有：公共交通，私人汽车，叫车服务等等。所以在理解此词的时候需要理解原语境的微妙提示，而不是简单来随意根据主观判断下结论，尽管结论可能也不是太离谱，至少我查了很多词典，没有查到field的英英解释为employ。细节不做分析。继续下一段，

Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably The car of the future is coming We just have to plan for it 

最后一段，我们看它的情感态度，一个对未来的期待和展望，是建立在对现有一些问题和技术的解决和确认的基础上的，也就是说，作者的观点态度中规中矩，但最后一句还是表达了对未来无人驾驶汽车的正面期待。结尾段，对整个上文信息做了概括总结，综合了上文信息点。看最后一题：

50What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars         

A Doubtful                     

B Positive                     

C Disapproving                     

D Sympathetic

答案是B。这个不多说，假如发散开来还有很多内容能够阐述。

总结一下：

本题目选自主流外刊，时间比较新，话题比较新。命题人对文本进行了一定量的改动删减，个人认为已经影响了准确和地道信息的传递，这是不太看好的地方。文本语言和结构没有特殊难点，试题命制也没有深度思维理解的题目，所以考虑试题安排难度，应该不是难题范畴。解读本文本相当于外刊解读的一个过程了。所以说高考题目文本精良，和外刊解读和运用分割开来不是一个真命题。我记得16年北京好像也是D篇，也是命题人做了一些删减改编，而使得整个行文不达意，试题缺少信息支持。这是一个不可忽视的命题问题。

没有时间和精力做更精细的分析。

下面是试题原文：

Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world Well, the future is apparently now The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated

While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared

Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services

A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050 Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题) But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology

Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably The car of the future is coming We just have to plan for it 

47According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________         

A help deal with transportation-related problems     

B provide better services to customers

C cause damage to our environment                    D make some people lose jobs

48As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern         

A Safety                   

B Side effects                 

C Affordability           

D Management

49What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean      A Employed                     

B Replaced                     

C Shared                       

D Reduced

50What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars         

A Doubtful                     

B Positive                   

C Disapproving                   

D Sympathetic

一 赞同

positive adj肯定的, 实际的, 积极的, , 确实的

favorable adj赞成的, 有利的, 赞许的, 良好的

approval n 赞成, 承认, 正式批准

enthusiasm n狂热, 热心, 积极性

supportive adj支持的，支援的

defensive 为……而辩护

二 否定

negative adj否定的, 消极的, 负的, 阴性的

disapproval 不赞成

objection 异议

opposition 反对

critical 批评的

criticism 批评批判

disgust vi令人厌恶, 令人反感vt使作呕

warning

detestation n憎恶, 厌恶的人, 嫌恶

indignation 愤慨

contempt n轻视, 轻蔑, 耻辱, 不尊敬

compromising n妥协, 折衷v妥协, 折衷

worried adj闷闷不乐的,焦虑的

三 怀疑

suspicion n猜疑, 怀疑

suspicious adj(～ of) 可疑的, 怀疑的

doubt

doubtful adj可疑的, 不确的, 疑心的

question

puzzling adj使迷惑的, 使莫明其妙的

四 客观 (即好的坏的都说，选的可能性极大)

objective adj客观的

neutral adj中立的

impartial adj公平的, 不偏不倚的

disinterested adj无私的

imprejudiced adj没有偏见的

unbiased adj没有偏见的

unprejudiced adj公平的, 无偏见的, 没有成见的

detached 不含个人偏见的

五 主观

subjective adj主观的, 个人的

indifference n不关心

tolerance n宽容，容忍，忍受

pessimism n悲观, 悲观主义

gloomy adj黑暗的, 阴沉的, 令人沮丧的, 阴郁的

optimistic adj乐观的

sensitive 有感觉的, 敏感[锐]的,易受伤害的

scared adj恐惧的

reserved adj保留的, 包租的

consent vi同意, 赞成, 答应n同意, 赞成, 允诺

radical adj激进的

moderate adj中等的, 适度的, 适中的v缓和

mild adj温和的, 温柔的, 淡味的, 轻微的, 适度的

ironic adj说反话的, 讽刺的

confused adj困惑的, 烦恼的

amazed adj吃惊的, 惊奇的

worried

concerned adj关心的, 有关的

apprehensive adj担忧，担心

mixed 喜忧参半

biased 有偏见的

indignant adj愤怒的, 愤慨的

六 积极

objective 客观的

concerned 关注的

confident adj自信的, 确信的

interested adj感兴趣的, 有成见的, 有权益的

optimistic adj乐观的

positive 正面的

impressive adj给人深刻印象的, 感人的

七 中立/折中

impartial adj公平的, 不偏不倚的

neutral 中立的

impersonal adj非个人的

factual adj事实的, 实际的,根据事实的

detached 不含个人偏见的

八 不是解的选项（消极）

negative 消极的

indifferent 漠不关心的

depressed 消沉的

subjective 主观的

pessimistic 悲观的

unconcerned 不关心的

contemptuous adj轻蔑的, 侮辱的

hostile adj敌对的, 敌方的

biased 片面的

摘要：考研英语是很多同学都头疼的一门，尤其是在背单词上，很多考研er都会皱眉抱怨：“背不过啊，太难了”。关于背单词，有的同学使用单词书，而有的同学则结合真题文章背，哪一种方法更好呢？

　►首先来看看那些考过研的学长学姐怎么说吧

　　@wifi：前期，背单词书，每天规定时间，数量去背。后期，大概八月份，就别再抱着单词书背了。赶快开始真题，做题加背单词同步进行。

　　@呐喊：两种都需要，但是侧重不同。背单词书这种刷单词，是为了扩大单词量，能够保证你做阅读时候理解文章。真题中的词可以有侧重的精细扩展一下，比如用法，词组，句式，对你写作也有帮助。考研这个事情呢，踏实学习，没有白出的力气。

　　@小鱼宝宝：英二76分。简要说下自己背单词的过程，前期背的朱伟《恋恋有词》，一天一单元，配合相应视频课。到后面自己买了英一97-04年的卷子，只做阅读，找点感觉。在对完答案解析搞清楚后，准备一个厚笔记本，把这篇阅读里不认识的单词全抄下来。之后我又做了英一05-18年的卷子，其中10-18年的刷了三遍才开始做的英二，每次做完阅读都抄单词，久而久之我形成了自己的单词书，每天上图书馆只背自己记得，单词书就放在一边了。总结:不要硬对着本单词书天天背，对着真题背更有效果。前期单词书，后期主要在真题。

　　@薄荷绿吕飒：单词书每天过个眼熟，真题帮你记得更牢固，而且灵活灵用，一词多义等等，需要知道这个单词的意思以及文中的意思。综合，以真题阅读来记住认单词为主，前期借助单词书多熟悉，中间过程用单词书复习和巩固，而且单词APP可以利用好碎片时间。

　　@知道不知道：哪种方法最能让您坚持下去，就用哪种。没有最好，只有最适合。方法有很多，能让自己持续不断地使用的方法才是最好的。每一种方法坚持下去，都能积水成海。

　　看来大多数人的建议都是前期背单词数，考研后期主要结合真题背单词，而且！！背真题里面的单词十分重要！

　　一、每天分析一篇阅读理解，摘录重点单词

　　1、通读一遍，不管看得懂还是看不懂，题目也要读，选项也要读。

　　2、把选项和题目里不认识的单词（专有名词除外）全部圈出来，接着使用反推法，注意，这里是关键。

　　3、把答案拿出来，一定要是有解析的答案，但总之一定要是标注出来答案在文中的来源是哪些句子、段落的。

　　4、然后再去那些句子、段落里把不认识的重点单词圈出来。什么是重点单词呢？就是表示作者情感态度倾向（议论文）、作者的行为动作（记叙文）、某样东西的优缺点功能等（说明文）、以及在之前文章里出现过而你记不清的且容易和别的单词混淆的，这些都是你要重点圈出来的。

　　二、摘录并记忆单词

　　找出要背的单词之后，就把他们摘录下来，每个单词写7遍，注意是7遍，然后就下一个，千万别纠结，这样都写一轮之后，再盖上英文，看着中文自默英文。并且注意第二天一定要复习。

　　（PS：背单词的时候有一个小技巧，不适合全部单词，但适合一部分，比如说sense，听起来就很像三思，它的意思刚好也有理智、道理，所以可以通过寻找中英文之间的谐音，来帮助记忆。大家背单词的时候一定要动脑思考，尽量把它和已知的单词联系起来，又或者把它和中文和你的生活联系起来。背一个单词的时候，可以把它的近义词、反义词、动词、名词形容词都看一看）

　　三、背真题单词和硬背单词书的区别，背真题单词的好处

　　1、背真题单词这是你自己在语境里找出来的单词，具有个性化，而且在寻找的过程中，你的潜意识已经开始记忆，结合着文章的场景，科学证明具有逻辑性的记忆比无序的记忆要持久的多。

　　2、从量上来看，真题单词并没有一本单词书那么多，但却都是历年真题里的精华，是你自己最最欠缺的部分。

　　3、在整个分析过程中，不仅是背了单词，你同时还开始接触长难句的翻译和拆解，开始掌握出题的套路，培养题感，可谓一举三得。

　　综上所述，在真题里面背单词还是更胜一筹的哦，历年真题的考研英语最重要的内容，基本掌握了单词和真题英语就没问题了。唐迟老师曾说过每年考研真题的单词重复率是80%，所以背真题里面的单词不仅量少，还更加有效呢。同学们，你们在背单词的时候都是怎么背的呢，评论区讨论一下吧~