英国最早浪漫诗歌团体是什么时候出现的？

英国最早的一个浪漫主义诗歌团体，出现在18世纪末，以华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞为代表。因他们曾在英国西北部的湖区隐居而得名。他们对资本主义文明及人与人之间英格兰西北部坎伯兰高原湖区的格拉斯梅尔湖畔的现金交易关系极为反感，向往中古时期的封建社会。他们的诗作或讴歌宗法式的农村生活和自然风景，或描写奇异神秘的故事和异国风光，一般都是远离社会斗争的题材。他们常常通过缅怀中古时代的“纯朴”来否定丑恶的城市文明。华兹华斯是“湖畔派”诗人中成就最高的，1798年他和柯勒律治合著的《抒情歌谣集》出版。当《抒情歌谣集》两年后再版时，华兹华斯为诗集写了一篇序言，提出诗是“强烈感情的自然流露”，强调用民间语言写田园生活，写诗人的真实感受。这后来成了英国浪漫主义的宣言书。

因欧洲中世纪的黑暗统治，要求文学承载宗教内容和政治意识形态。于中世纪末期，全球文学界刮起了一股反对并唾弃三伪文学的风暴。英国文学便是这场反三伪文学的始作俑者。因为这场反三伪文学的风暴，文学才作为与美术音乐等相当的艺术形式独立出来。至今，反三伪文学仍是世界文学的主流。英国是最早出现浪漫主义文学的国家之一。英国的浪漫主义文学代表了19世纪欧洲浪漫主义文学的最高成就。英国浪漫主义内部思想精神复杂，有柯勒律治的浪漫的超自然主义、华兹华斯的英国国教的正统主义、雪莱的无神论的精神主义、拜伦的革命的自由主义、司各特的对以往时代的缅怀，等等。但英国的浪漫主义还是有着鲜明的英国气质，即“自然主义”。

浪漫主义文学常常分为三个时期：

早期浪漫主义诗人为威廉·布莱克（William Blake,1757—1827）和罗伯特·彭斯（Robert Burns,1759—1796）。布莱克在法国革命时期民主思潮的影响下，冲破了18世纪理性主义思潮的影响，成为英国文学史上独树一帜的自己写诗、自己配画、自己雕刻的诗人。他的《天真之歌》（Songs of Innocence,1789）和《经验之歌》（Songs of Experience，1794），这两组有关“人类灵魂两种相反的状态”的诗歌至今多受喜爱。而罗伯特·彭斯这个下地之余、自学成才的诗人长期致力于搜集、整理、改变苏格兰民歌、民谣，赋予其新的生命。这样他不仅发展了民歌的传统，又为浪漫主义做出了贡献，因为民歌的复兴也是浪漫主义的潮流之一。他的《往昔的时光》（Auld Lang Syne）、《一朵红红的玫瑰》（A Red, Red Rose）最出名、流传最广。

中期的浪漫主义作家是高举浪漫主义大旗的两个浪漫主义的奠基人威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治。前者写自然、写人性，虽说文字极其普通，但是普通中的崇高让人敬仰，至今人们还在吟咏他的《我好似一朵孤独的流云》（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud）、《孤独的割麦女》（The Solitary Reaper）和那些关于一个名叫露西的姑娘的组诗；后者的超自然、神秘主义的诗歌，不同凡响，充满了一种特殊的吸引力。《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）、《忽必烈汗》（Kubla Khan）和《克利斯特贝尔》（Christabel）是他的超凡的想象力的伟大见证。

在华兹华斯和柯勒律治的诗才暗淡之后，不过十年，英国的文坛上就崛起了一代新的诗人：他们是乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron,1788—1824）、波西·比西·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley,1792—1822）、约翰·济慈（John Keats,1795—1821）。这三个诗人也都是在法国革命思潮的影响下开始写诗，都是民主派，都遭到社会的迫害，都是不幸的英年早逝。拜伦的《唐璜》（Don Juan,1818—1823）被雪莱坚持认为“其中的每一个字都是不朽的”。雪莱更是以他的一句“如果冬天来了，春天还会遥远吗？”（《西风颂》（Ode to the West Wind,1819））被全世界铭记。济慈一生短暂，但他以惊人的速度创作了大量的杰作：《夜莺颂》（Ode to a Nightingale,1819）、《希腊古瓮颂》（Ode on a Grecian Urn,1819）等颂词使济慈跻身于乔叟、莎士比亚、弥尔顿之列。

｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介

英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。

Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movementIts principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion 

哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。

小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。

VIP :

1William Blake

2William Wordsworth

3Percy Bysshe Shelley

4Jane Austen

How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best

1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace

2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes

3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind

威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。

在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。

布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。

《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。

1| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |

Brief introduce

A The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings

B His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

C Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

2 | Tyger |

What does "symmetry" mean

The well-proportioned body of the tiger

What does "tyger" refer to

There are different opinions about the tiger Some say the tiger is made by God Others say it is made by men One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation

  Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry

A His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes

B The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world

C The third --- Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs

For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

D The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression"

  What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal

The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, iethe exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance iethe role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitationIn the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

威廉•华兹华斯

• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。

• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。

• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）

• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。

• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。

• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。

• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。

作家作品：

The Prelude

Composed upon Westminster Brige

Lyrical Ballads

I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

The Solitary Reaper

1 | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |

This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature / His love for the daffodils

2 | Composed upon Westminster Brige |

3 | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |

《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road

4 | The Solitary Reaper |

《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)

| Questions |

Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature

A First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity" The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language

B Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems"

C Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern

D Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature

雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。

• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。

• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国***的战歌。

• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。

• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。

• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。

作家作品：

To a Skylark

Men of England

Ode to the West Wind

| Men of England | 

《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation

"drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society

"bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England

| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)

The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality

奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。

| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)

A It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice

| Questions |

What are Austen's writing features

Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists Austen's work has a very narrow literary field Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire

Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature

A Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature She creates six influential novels

B Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event This is what makes her important in English literature

C Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals

D She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women

Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )

A Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;

B Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind

C Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind

Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations

……

带思维导图版笔记在这里:  英美文学笔记

只有一个前浪漫主义时期，代表是William Blake和Robert Burns

你说的这个分法主要不是时间上的，主要是风格和政治态度上的，前者被动，消极避世。后者革命倾向强。

社会和历史因素在社会和历史发展的角度看，浪漫主义思潮是法国大革命直接催生的产物。法国大革命不仅产生了巨大的政治影响，也给整个欧洲文化带来了新的思潮。新兴的城市工商业资产阶级标榜“自由、平等、博爱”的理念，对旧的封建文化秩序产生了毁灭性的冲击。在法国，执政府时期出现了自由主义思潮，主张保证个人自由和独立性，这成为浪漫主义文学的核心思想。浪漫主义作家往往从个性受到压抑，个人才能得不到发展，个人愿望和抱负得不到实现等角度，表现人物在这种矛盾状态中的感情、行动和悲剧。浪漫主义文学热衷于描写个人失望与忧郁的“世纪病”，并颂扬以个人与社会的徒劳的对立为表现形式的反抗。此外，大革命摧毁了旧的社会秩序，势必导致不同阶层的人们心态的变化。城市中的资产者追逐自由竞争，幻想在这种“平等”的社会氛围中达到权力和财富的顶峰。另一方面，大革命使贵族阶层逐渐落魄，于是悲观颓唐、人生虚幻的情绪滋生，对神秘彼岸的向往也成为流行的思想。这种种社会图景和人生境遇都对浪漫主义文学的盛行提供的土壤。法国大革命对欧洲其他国家文化的影响是巨大的。在德国的图宾根，为了庆祝攻陷巴士底狱，歌德等作家在城郊种下自由树，德国的文化刊物也纷纷追随法国革命思想，开始对自由、平等、人权等政治理念的讨论。英国湖畔派诗人无一例外受到大革命的影响，华兹华斯认为法国大革命是“按照自然的一般进行产生的，只不过它的好处推迟到来”，骚塞则公然自称自己是共和派。过去的批评家曾依照作家们对革命的态度而强分“消极浪漫主义”和“积极浪漫主义”两派，这是一种偏颇的做法，已经很少提及。 

哲学和文化因素德国古典哲学和英法的空想社会主义是浪漫主义文学的两大理论来源。康德的形而上学区分了本体和现象，认为自在之物是不可认识的，人是自然法则的制订者，由此制定了世界的理想性质和神秘性质。其追随者费希特认为现实只是人的一种创造，强调天才、灵感的主观能动性，把人的心灵提高到客观世界创造者的地位。谢林认为世界中搬演着悲剧，整体中存在不和谐，人们必须从自然出发，超越这种不和谐，寻求自我。德国古典哲学的集大成者黑格尔提出社会的真理在于其历史中，而人的精神是历史。人是自在的和自为的，只有在这个意义上，人才是绝对的、自由的、无限的。具有显著的唯心色彩的德国古典哲学为浪漫主义提供了坚实的理论基础。法国和英国的空想社会主义从另一个角度为浪漫主义提供了视角。法国的圣西门和傅立叶揭露资本主义的贫困现象、民主自由的虚伪、婚姻制度的腐朽和殖民掠夺的残酷，并提出建立未来理想国度的前景。在理想国度里，全体社会成员各尽所能，没有统治者与被统治者之分。英国的欧文则更具改良意识，寄希望于仁慈的统治者身上，强调阶级调和、阶级互爱，以此化解尖锐的社会矛盾。在很多浪漫主义作家身上都能看到显著的乌托邦意识，就是受空想社会主义影响的结果。

文学与艺术因素尽管浪漫主义文学直到19世纪才蔚为大观，但实际上“浪漫主义”作为一种创作倾向古已有之。古希腊的亚里士多德就曾声称：“诗人的职责不在于描述已发生的事，而在于描述可能发生的事，即按照可然率与必然率可能发生的事。”这就是对古代文学中浪漫主义手法的概括。《荷马史诗》和维吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》都大量运用浪漫主义手法。至于中世纪的骑士传奇，则与浪漫主义有直接渊源。18世纪英国的伤感文学实际就是浪漫主义的雏形，法国启蒙文学家卢梭主张回归自然也是浪漫主义在近代的滥觞。横向上看，浪漫主义并不是一个单一的文学思潮，而是涵盖了艺术的其他门类。法国画家德拉克洛瓦和籍里柯就曾创作过许多惊心动魄的浪漫主义绘画，表达自己对风云变幻的社会环境的理解；肖邦、李斯特等音乐家风格幽婉深邃，比才的歌剧热情奔放，是浪漫主义音乐的典范。文学和艺术各门类之间彼此影响，共同构成了声势浩大的19世纪浪漫主义文艺风潮。