英美文学｜浪漫主义时期

｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介

英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。

Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movementIts principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion 

哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。

小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。

VIP :

1William Blake

2William Wordsworth

3Percy Bysshe Shelley

4Jane Austen

How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best

1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace

2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes

3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind

威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。

在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。

布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。

《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。

1| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |

Brief introduce

A The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings

B His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

C Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

2 | Tyger |

What does "symmetry" mean

The well-proportioned body of the tiger

What does "tyger" refer to

There are different opinions about the tiger Some say the tiger is made by God Others say it is made by men One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation

  Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry

A His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes

B The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world

C The third --- Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs

For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

D The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression"

  What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal

The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, iethe exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance iethe role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitationIn the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

威廉•华兹华斯

• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。

• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。

• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）

• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。

• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。

• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。

• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。

作家作品：

The Prelude

Composed upon Westminster Brige

Lyrical Ballads

I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

The Solitary Reaper

1 | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |

This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature / His love for the daffodils

2 | Composed upon Westminster Brige |

3 | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |

《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road

4 | The Solitary Reaper |

《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)

| Questions |

Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature

A First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity" The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language

B Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems"

C Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern

D Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature

雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。

• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。

• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国***的战歌。

• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。

• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。

• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。

作家作品：

To a Skylark

Men of England

Ode to the West Wind

| Men of England | 

《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation

"drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society

"bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England

| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)

The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality

奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。

| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)

A It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice

| Questions |

What are Austen's writing features

Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists Austen's work has a very narrow literary field Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire

Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature

A Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature She creates six influential novels

B Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event This is what makes her important in English literature

C Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals

D She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women

Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )

A Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;

B Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind

C Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind

Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations

……

带思维导图版笔记在这里:  英美文学笔记

浪漫自古存在，广义上的浪漫很好理解：有理想，有情怀，对生活报以热忱之心。无论花前月下亦或仗剑天涯，都是浪漫。其作为思想的一种，本质上是社会文明发展的产物之一，会在不同的历史时期呈现出不同的风貌。

一如历史塑造了包围我们成长的文化和道德。浪漫的概念同样也被历史上大大小小的事件所影响着，同时也影响着我们的历史。

最早起源于英国的工业革命在极大程度上影响了人类文明的进展，是少有的人类历史上真正的拐点。

工业革命和浪漫主义，这两个词虽然看起来毫无关联，事实上却存在着千丝万缕的联系。

在当时，随着技术的不断发展，机器的诞生打破了人类文明过去几千年以农耕为主的社会结构，也颠覆了人们固有的生活方式。人们开始崇尚科学，倡导理性。也就是那时，浪漫主义的轮廓开始显现了出来。

浪漫主义反对工业革命所带来的世俗化以及城市化，以及在当时所萌生的消费主义。同时，浪漫主义认为理性和感性之中必须存在一种平衡。相比起一味地理性，我们情感上的真实感受更为重要。因此，浪漫主义在当时代表了一种新的观念，一种新的看待世界的方式。

从某种程度上来说，我们可以将浪漫主义看作一种对于社会行为的反馈。它就像是一面镜子，镜子面前的则是当时大环境下的众生百态。

以上就是浪漫主义起源的大概背景环境。接下来分享一些浪漫主义历史上比较重要的事件，也是这些事件，一点一滴地构成了浪漫主义思想的基石。

浪漫主义属于唯心主义起源于中世纪法语中的Romance（意思是“传奇”或“小说”）一词，“罗曼蒂克”一词也由此音译而来的。有资料证明，一六五四年英国人才第一次使用“浪漫的”这一词语，大致是“幻想的”、“传奇般的”、“不真实的”，其中包含着贬意的否定性的内涵。(艺飞万家）

到了十八世纪，这个词语才逐渐转变用来评价作品，一般为肯定性的褒义词，并获得"宜人的忧郁"这样一种附加的含义。

浪漫主义与现实主义同为文学艺术上的两大主要思潮，是文艺的基本创作方法之一。与古典主义相对立，它在政治上反对封建专制，属于资本主义上升时期的一种意识形作为创作方法，浪漫主义在反映客观现实上侧重从主观内心世界出发，抒发对理想世界的热烈追求，瑰丽的想象和夸张的手法来塑造形象，语言一般都热情奔放。强调灵感、主观、天才；强调人性的自由和解放。在对历史怀念的同时又表现出对东方异国情调的向往。

在艺术表现上，它反对纯理性和抽象表现，强调具有特征的描绘、情感具体的传达；反对一般化何谓类型化，主张描绘人物的性格特征和精神状态，表现个性化；反对用古代艺术法则来束缚艺术创作，让艺术家的感情在创作中得到充分的传达；竭力强调光和色彩的强烈对比上的饱和色调，反对刻板的雕刻般造型和过分强调素描为主要表现手段，以奔放而流畅的笔触、有时以比喻或象征的手法和动荡的构图来塑造艺术形象，借以抒发画家的美学理想和社会理想。

一、英国的资本主义有较大的发展，出现了新兴的资产阶级和按资本主义生产方式从事经济活动的新贵族。资产阶级和新贵族在经济上强大，在议会中的作用也越来越大。

二、斯图亚特王朝的统治下，国王詹姆斯一世信奉“君权神授”，不对民众负责，只对上帝负责，他们厉行专制，干预工商业的发展，触犯了资产阶级和新贵族的利益，他们要求限制王权，同国王展开斗争。

展开剩余87%

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我们应该原谅日本在二战中的罪行吗？

4w人表态

不应该

应该

曾

日本虽然有坏人，但也有好人

猫

日本在二战中犯下的滔天罪行，不管任何人如何去解释，美化，掩盖都挡不住事实，这是血一样的事实，不管是俄罗斯的老兵他们怎么看待，反正我们更要始终理性的看待，对于日本在二战中的所作所为时刻警惕，敲响警钟，不能再让这一切重演，因为那种悲剧太残酷了，向曾经那些伟大的反法西斯战士致敬。

怕

个别评论震惊了我的三观，有些狗竟然认为要原谅日本

窗

在对待二战这个问题上，德国的态度和日本可谓天壤之别，看看日本人，不仅不承认自己在二战中的侵略和犯下的滔天罪行，居然还把自己的罪行说成是为了反抗白人的殖民，把侵略行为说的如此大义凛然，日本的无耻可见一斑！

狐

原谅是上帝的事情，我们只负责送小日本去见上帝。

持

日本政府不愿意承认他们在二战中的罪行是因为希望他们的民族继续保持血性，随时卷土再来的血性，这对于一个国家的领导和发展来说是明智的，但对于其他国家就是灾难。 ​

稳

要我们原谅，先承认错误！

犹

我觉得不应该，但我点成了应该