欧洲浪漫主义和现实主义的对比，英语的。在线急等，追加100

To put it simply, is a neoclassical model of ancient Greece and Rome for the content of the unity of beauty and formal beauty In the classical, where the objects described in the basic wisdom is pretty strong Romanticism and realism are the same strain Romanticism of the word, such as the origin of the first floor said the Roman The basic meaning of the word is impossible to tell a story This constitutes a form of content is greater than For example, Notre Dame's Quasimodo, I personally think that Zhuangzi write those strangely shaped body of the Romantic Road are also the image Romantic realism in relation to content and form of the unity in reality It is different from the classical description of the object can be ugly, as long as is true Zola to become a reality there, and can be used to write n pages of a woman's buttocks Seeking to achieve the effect of painting and even anatomymodernism is

靠，都不说你什么了，那小子摆明就是说假话的，你还真给分，我白帮你找资料了，什么是自找没趣，救你这样的。我告诉你最后一遍，我给你的资料是最管用的，爱信不信。

Abstract:

America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to developed The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into being This was an exciting period in the history of American literature Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Romantics But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature began

Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature

摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。

关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学

American is a multi-national country Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of elements Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic feeling Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local color Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th century

The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern literature

America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to develop The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into being This was an exciting period in the history of American literature Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Romantics But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature began

1 Colonial and early American literature

(1) Travelers and Explorers

When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed in They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second Eden No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European adventurers Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616)

Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and nature They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to nature This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American writers It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar themes

(2) Pilgrim settlements

Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New World This group was looking for the Jamestown settlement However , because of bad navigation, they landed in Massachusetts They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown settlement They wanted to start a new world governed by the Bible They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves pure They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first Americans"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower passengers The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best sense “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire book” (W P Trent, 1997)

The Puritans had several kinds of literature By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders wrote The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special purpose They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of life So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in literature That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or both” (Wu Dingbo, 4)

Another important form of writing from this period is the histories These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the Puritans

People also wrote many poems But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan thinking

One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in God

2 18th century—the Age of reason

(1) The Age of reason

In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human reason With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of reason

Words had never been so useful and so important in human history People wrote a lot of political writings Numerous pamphlets and printings were published These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the world

Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of liberty He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ground ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from England

And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First American" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and writer He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain style His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of achievement Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular quotations

During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and experience

(2) Early National Literature

During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into being Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary poems

The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and artistically Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national literature From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“

放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

参考资料：

http://wwwmianfeilunwencom/Yingyu/Wenhua/32111html

主要就业方向就是中小学的英语老师或者国际学校老师。目前比较优质的学校，比如北师大，三个华师大，东师大培养出来的学生通常在高中或者初中任教。

而稍微差一些的师范类院校培养的学生多在义务教育阶段任职。除了中小学以外，这个专业的学生还可以考虑去职业技术学校任职，当然也有大专会招收这个专业的硕士。至于高校，尤其是985-211这样的学校是不会招收这样学位和学历的学生做老师的。

英语专业综合：《新编简明语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002年；

《英汉翻译教程》，张培基主编，上海外语教育出版社，1998年；

《新编英国文学选读 》（重点考察浪漫主义至20世纪时期的文学），罗经国编注，北京大学出版社，1996年；

《美国文学史及选读》（重点考察浪漫主义至20世纪上半叶时期的文 学），吴伟仁编著，外语教学与研究出版社，2003年；

《欧洲文化入门》，王佐良等主编，外语教育与研究出版社，2004年。

　　以下内容都是我自己辛苦网上找的，我也是做这个课题的。

　　欧洲艺术派别

　　（1）古典主义文学。古典主义是欧洲商业资本发展时期的产物，产生于17世纪。在17～18世纪，欧洲各主要封建国家通过改革加强了君主专制政体。古典主义正是绝对君权在文学艺术上的反映。需要注意的是要把启蒙运动时期文学强调的理性与古典主义文学的理性区别开，启蒙运动文学所强调的理性是“厚今薄古”，歌颂的是资产阶级的理性。

　　（2）浪漫主义文学。浪漫主义产生于18世纪末至19世纪初，是欧洲资产阶级革命高潮年代的产物，属于资产阶级上升时期的意识形态，在政治上反对封建专制，在艺术上与古典主义相对立。由于作家的阶级立场和政治态度的差别，浪漫主义形成积极浪漫主义和消极浪漫主义两大派别。

　　（3）批判现实主义。批判现实主义兴起于19世纪30年代的西欧。当时，由于工业革命在西欧的展开，资本主义经济迅速发展，资本主义制度所固有的矛盾和弊端日益暴露。为了使人们对这种社会现实有更真切的认识，作家们真实地描绘现实生活，揭露批判社会的黑暗，批判现实主义逐渐发展为文学的主流。学习以上内容，有助于学生加深对客观的社会存在决定包括文学艺术在内的意识形态原理的理解。

　　欧洲建筑艺术

　　欧洲建筑艺术从爱琴文明算起已经历了近3000年的历史，其风格从古希腊、古罗马、拜占庭、哥特式、巴洛克直到19世纪新古典主义，共同汇聚成了欧洲建筑艺术的不朽历史。纵观20世纪欧洲建筑艺术的发展阶段，可以概括为受三个不同社会经济时期所影响的三种相异的艺术设计最求，即20世纪初期“现代主义”风格建筑的“功能使用”追求；60年代兴起的“后现代主义”风格建筑的“形态装饰”追求；20世纪末新经济时代建筑艺术的“商情演绎”追求

　　1古希腊建筑

　　2古罗马建筑

　　3拜占庭建筑

　　4罗曼建筑

　　5哥特式建筑

　　文艺复兴建筑

　　文艺复兴建筑（Renaissance）是欧洲建筑史上继哥特式建筑之后出现的一种建筑风格。十五世纪产生于意大利，后传播到欧洲其它地区，形成带 了有各自特点的各国文艺复兴建筑。意大利文艺复兴建筑在文艺复兴建筑中占有最重要的位置。