标志着英国浪漫主义开端的是哪部文学作品？

标志着英国浪漫主义开端是《抒情歌谣集》。

湖畔派三位诗人缅怀中世纪和宗法式的乡村生活，是浪漫主义文学中温婉清丽的代表。这些诗人对法国大革命抱着矛盾的态度，对资本主义的工业文明和城市文明表示厌恶，竭力讴歌的是宗法制的农村生活和大自然，喜欢描写神秘离奇的情景与异国风光。

华兹华斯是湖畔派诗人中成就最高者，他与“湖畔派”另一诗人柯勒律治共同出版《抒情歌谣集》，成为英国浪漫主义文学的奠基之作。诗集中收录的诗歌大部分为华兹华斯所做，而柯勒律治的名诗《古舟子咏》和《忽必烈汉》(《Kubla Khan》)亦收入其中，充满幻觉和奇谲的意象。

扩展资料：

18世纪末至19世纪30年代的欧洲，革命和战争频仍，动乱不已。政治中的黑暗，社会的不平等，使人们感到法国大革命后确立的资本主义制度远不如启蒙思想家描绘的那样美好。

社会各阶层，特别是知识分子，对启蒙思想家设想的“理性王国”深感失望，努力寻找新的精神寄托。这种社会情绪反映在文学创作领域，就产生了浪漫主义文学。

英国乃至世界的浪漫主义运动是与当时世界性的革命运动思潮息息相关的，特别是法国大革命，它对浪漫主义运动首先发生在欧洲负有直接责任，对英国浪漫主义运动的蓬勃开展更是产生了重大影响。追根溯源，浪漫主义作家在思想上深受德国唯心主义古典哲学的影响。

开始重视人的自由、自在和自为性，并开始重新去认识“自我”、审视“自我”，从而进一步追求“自我”价值的实现。正是由于对“自我”内心情感的抒发和追求，英国的浪漫主义作家才与欧洲各国的先驱们一起开始以作品为宣泄口。

追求强烈情感的自然流露，张扬个性解放，以锐不可当之势冲垮了理性统制长达100多年的文学大堤。

－英国浪漫主义文学

英国浪漫主义诗人是萨缪尔·柯勒律治。

塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge，1772年10月21日－1834年7月25日），英国诗人、文评家，英国浪漫主义文学的奠基人之一。

他以〈古舟子咏〉（亦可称作〈古舟子之歌〉）（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)一诗名家，其文评集《文学传记》（Biographia Literaria)以博大精深见称。

书中对想像（imagination)与幻想（fancy)的区别尤其著名。一生作诗不缀，但中年时自称弃诗从哲，精研以康德、谢林为首的德国唯心论。

另一个浪漫主义诗人：珀西·比希·雪莱

珀西·比希·雪莱（英文原名：Percy Bysshe Shelley，公元1792年8月4日—公元1822年7月8日），英国浪漫主义民主诗人、作家，第一位社会主义诗人、小说家、哲学家、散文随笔和政论作家、改革家、柏拉图主义者和理想主义者，受空想社会主义思想影响颇深。

雪莱生于英格兰萨塞克斯郡霍舍姆附近的沃恩汉，12岁进入伊顿公学；1810年进入牛津大学；1811年3月25日由于散发《无神论的必然》，入学不足一年就被牛津大学开除。

1813年11月完成叙事长诗《麦布女王》；1818年至1819年完成了两部重要的长诗《解放了的普罗米修斯》和《倩契》，以及《西风颂》；1822年7月8日逝世。

｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介

英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。

Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movementIts principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion 

哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。

小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。

VIP :

1William Blake

2William Wordsworth

3Percy Bysshe Shelley

4Jane Austen

How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best

1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace

2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes

3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind

威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。

在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。

布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。

《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。

1| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |

Brief introduce

A The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings

B His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

C Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

2 | Tyger |

What does "symmetry" mean

The well-proportioned body of the tiger

What does "tyger" refer to

There are different opinions about the tiger Some say the tiger is made by God Others say it is made by men One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation

  Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry

A His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes

B The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world

C The third --- Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs

For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

D The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression"

  What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal

The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, iethe exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance iethe role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitationIn the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

威廉•华兹华斯

• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。

• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。

• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）

• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。

• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。

• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。

• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。

作家作品：

The Prelude

Composed upon Westminster Brige

Lyrical Ballads

I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

The Solitary Reaper

1 | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |

This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature / His love for the daffodils

2 | Composed upon Westminster Brige |

3 | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |

《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road

4 | The Solitary Reaper |

《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)

| Questions |

Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature

A First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity" The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language

B Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems"

C Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern

D Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature

雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。

• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。

• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国***的战歌。

• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。

• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。

• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。

作家作品：

To a Skylark

Men of England

Ode to the West Wind

| Men of England | 

《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation

"drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society

"bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England

| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)

The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality

奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。

| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)

A It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice

| Questions |

What are Austen's writing features

Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists Austen's work has a very narrow literary field Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire

Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature

A Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature She creates six influential novels

B Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event This is what makes her important in English literature

C Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals

D She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women

Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )

A Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;

B Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind

C Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind

Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations

……

带思维导图版笔记在这里:  英美文学笔记

约翰·济慈（John·Keats，1795年10月31日-1821年2月23日），出生于18世纪末年的伦敦，杰出的英国诗人作家之一，浪漫派的主要成员。 济慈才华横溢，与雪莱、拜伦齐名。他善于运用描写手法创作诗歌，将多种情感与自然完美结合，从生活中寻找创作的影子。他的诗篇能带给人们身临其境的感受。

他去世时年仅25岁，可他遗下的诗篇誉满人间，他的诗被以为完美体现了西方浪漫主义诗歌特色，济慈被人们推崇为欧洲浪漫主义运动的杰出代表。

代表作品

《仿斯宾塞》、《伊莎贝拉》、《圣亚尼节前夜》、《许佩里恩》、《夜莺颂》、《希腊古瓮颂》、《秋颂》、《忧郁颂》、《白天逝去了》、《生命之手》、《安迪密恩》、《海伯利安》、《蝈蝈和蛐蛐》《每当我害怕》《哦，孤单》《明亮的星》《人生的四季》《给拜伦》《咏阿丽莎巉巖》《初读贾浦曼译荷马有感》《无情的妖女》

文学特点

济慈主张"美即是真，真即是美"，擅长描绘自然景色和事物外貌，表现景物的色彩感和立体感，重视写作技巧，语言追求华美。

济慈的诗歌写作方向特别，描写手法细腻，以文辞声调之美著称。他带给无数读者新的视角，引导每一个人要善于发现美、拥有一颗美丽善良的心，这就是快乐人生的秘诀。济慈笔触清新，作品选材特点独特，在他的诗歌里不管是绝美的爱情还是催人奋进的 ，都像被赋予了灵魂的呐喊，从心灵上引起共鸣，更从生活中找到影子。是十八世纪这个需要精神支柱时期的特殊食粮。他的笔下有令人感动的场面更有百转千回的诉说。有情人之间不舍别离的细腻，更有亲人间思念的楚楚辛酸，不管你是心地柔软的女性还是铁骨铮铮的汉子，人们的情感无不为之动容。

济慈善于描写景物和自然现象，经过他描写的自然景物和事物外面，能给人充分的遐想空间，并融入其中，他用他独特的写作技巧和华丽的词藻，追求完美的精神对后世抒情诗的创作影响极大。对丑的鞭挞和对美的追求构成了他抒情诗的基调。

济慈的出身在英美文学的所有大家中可以算是最卑微的。因为天性的敏感与自卑，让他有能力洞察到世人难以发现和理睬的社会形态，他触角灵敏，能体会到大自然传递给人类的别样韵味，能用自个的灵魂倾听飞禽走兽的心声，能用用精准的文字描绘十八世纪统治阶级压迫下人民的呐喊。

作品影响

济慈在《希腊古瓮颂》中提出了"美即是真，真即是美"这个内涵深刻的命题， 对后世抒情诗的创作影响极大。

济慈对英国19世纪下半叶和20世纪初的文学有着巨大的影响，他从三个方面影响了众多的的诗人和艺术家:丰富的感官描写，舒适恬静地表现中世纪的理想，有关艺术和思想，或思想和世俗的悖论。深受济慈影响的诗人和艺术家主要有:浪漫派诗人托马斯·胡德，英国维多利亚时代最伟大的诗人艾尔弗雷德·丁尼森，前拉斐尔派诗人和画家D·G·罗塞蒂，象征派诗人w·B·叶芝以及死于一战的年轻诗人威尔弗雷德'欧文等。济慈为他们的诗歌提供了创作灵感、写诗的技巧、故事内容和主题风格。

济慈不但以其优美的诗篇为英国人民和世界人民提供了丰富的精神食粮，而且还以其诗歌的影响为英国文学（诗歌）的发展作出了重要的贡献。

　1、欧洲最伟大的浪漫主义诗人是乔治·戈登·拜伦。

　　2、人物简介

　　乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron，1788—1824），是英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人。代表作品有《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》、《唐璜》等。在他的诗歌里塑造了一批“拜伦式英雄”。他不仅是一位伟大的诗人，还是一个为理想战斗一生的勇士；他积极而勇敢地投身革命，参加了希腊民族解放运动，并成为***之一。

　　3、人物影响

　　乔治·戈登·拜伦是举世公认的19世纪浪漫主义文学首屈一指的代表人物。他一生写下了大量的诗歌，他倡导热情，倡导想象，他的诗作被世人赞誉为“抒情史诗”，具有作者本人的思想性格特征的叛逆者，被称作“拜伦式英雄”。对后世具有深远影响。