英美文学｜浪漫主义时期

｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介

英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。

Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movementIts principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion 

哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。

小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。

VIP :

1William Blake

2William Wordsworth

3Percy Bysshe Shelley

4Jane Austen

How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best

1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace

2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes

3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind

威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。

在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。

布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。

《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。

1| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |

Brief introduce

A The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings

B His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

C Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

2 | Tyger |

What does "symmetry" mean

The well-proportioned body of the tiger

What does "tyger" refer to

There are different opinions about the tiger Some say the tiger is made by God Others say it is made by men One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation

  Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry

A His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes

B The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world

C The third --- Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs

For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

D The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression"

  What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal

The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, iethe exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance iethe role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitationIn the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

威廉•华兹华斯

• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。

• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。

• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）

• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。

• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。

• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。

• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。

作家作品：

The Prelude

Composed upon Westminster Brige

Lyrical Ballads

I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

The Solitary Reaper

1 | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |

This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature / His love for the daffodils

2 | Composed upon Westminster Brige |

3 | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |

《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road

4 | The Solitary Reaper |

《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)

| Questions |

Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature

A First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity" The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language

B Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems"

C Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern

D Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature

雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。

• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。

• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国***的战歌。

• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。

• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。

• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。

作家作品：

To a Skylark

Men of England

Ode to the West Wind

| Men of England | 

《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation

"drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society

"bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England

| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)

The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality

奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。

| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)

A It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice

| Questions |

What are Austen's writing features

Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists Austen's work has a very narrow literary field Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire

Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature

A Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature She creates six influential novels

B Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event This is what makes her important in English literature

C Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals

D She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women

Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )

A Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;

B Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind

C Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind

Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations

……

带思维导图版笔记在这里:  英美文学笔记

1、卢梭（法）：浪漫主义开拓者，主张回归自然，代表作《孤独漫步者的遐想》，《爱弥儿》。

2、雨果（法）：浪漫主义作家，不过很快就转换成为现实主义作家了，但是作品中仍然部分带有浪漫主义色彩，代表作《巴黎圣母院》，《悲惨世界》。

3、华兹华斯（英）：消极的浪漫主义诗人代表，“湖畔派诗人”代表，英国浪漫主义文学先驱，代表作《孤独的收割者》。

4、普希金（俄）：俄国最杰出的代表作家之一，和雨果一样前期是浪漫主义，后期转向现实主义创作。

5、莱蒙托夫（俄）：浪漫主义杰出诗人代表，代表作《帆》。

6、霍夫曼（德）：德国最有代表性的浪漫主义作家，代表作《金罐》。

扩展资料：

现实主义在19世纪30～40年代形成并取代浪漫主义，具有社会历史发展和文艺本身发展的深刻原因。面对现实，进步作家在自己的创作中反映社会的某些真实状况。

此外，19世纪自然科学领域的三大发现、空想社会主义学说的传播，都促使进步作家用客观的、批判的眼光来观察世界。

他们不再满足于浪漫主义文艺的主观理想和个人的叛逆精神、非凡事件和非凡人物的理想世界，而把目光投向文艺复兴、启蒙主义时代面向现实的传统和古典主义文学的讽刺倾向。法国的梅里美、巴尔扎克，德国的霍夫曼、俄国的普希金等一批原来用浪漫主义方法创作的作家都转向现实主义，并成了各国现实主义道路的开拓者。

-十九世纪浪漫主义文学

请参考以下资料，希望对你有用

浪漫主义文学的基本特征

浪漫主义文学的基本特征：

1 强烈的主观色彩，偏爱表现主观思想，注重抒发个人的感受和体验。重主观，轻客观和重自我表现，轻客观模仿。

2 喜欢描写和歌颂大自然。(尤为突出)

作者们喜欢将自己的理解人物置身于纯朴宁静的大自然中，衬托现实社会的丑恶及自身理解的美好。

3重视中世纪民间文学。想象比较丰富、感情真挚、表达自由、语言朴素自然。

4注重艺术效果：异国青岛情调、对比、夸张、人物形象的超凡性。

浪漫主义(Romanticism)：是后发起于18世纪西欧的艺术性和创新运动。一种文学艺术的基本创作方法和风格，与现实主义同为文学艺术史上的两大主要思潮。浪漫主义（英语romantic）一词源出南欧一些古罗马省府的语言和文学。这些地区的不同方言原系拉丁语和当地方言混杂而成，后来发展成罗曼系语言（the Romance languages）。在 11～12世纪 ， 大量地方语言文学中的传奇故事和民谣就是用罗曼系语言写成的。这些作品着重描写中世纪骑士的神奇事迹、侠义气概及其神秘非凡，具有这类特点的故事后来逐渐称为romance ，即骑士故事或传奇故事。浪漫主义思潮在文学、美术、建筑、音乐等艺术领域都有所体现。

作为创作方法和风格，浪漫主义在表现现实上，强调主观与主体性，侧重表现理想世界，把情感和想象提到创作的首位，常用热情奔放的语言、超越现实的想象和夸张的手法塑造理想中的形象。古今中外的文艺创作自始就有这种特色。如中国屈原、李白的诗歌和吴承恩的小说《西游记》，德国的歌德和席勒、法国的雨果和乔治·桑、英国的拜伦和雪莱等人的作品中都具有鲜明的浪漫主义特色。

作为文艺思潮，浪漫主义产生并风行于18世纪末～19世纪初的欧洲。其时正值资产阶级革命的时代，资产阶级处于上升时期，要求个性解放和感情自由，在政治上反抗封建主义的统治，在文学艺术上反对古典主义的束缚。为适应这样的需要，浪漫主义思潮应运而生。

浪漫主义文学 浪漫主义精神最先出现在文学中。在法国，浪漫主义的先驱者是卢梭，他宣扬感情至上和人的本性善良。一批作家响应他的“回归自然”的口号，在创作中抒发对大自然的感受，描绘大自然的魅力，抒发对美好事物 、自由理想和乡土的热爱追求和依恋。法国早期浪漫主义的代表是夏多布里昂。他的创作缅怀过去的理想，宣扬宗教的威力，表现出浓厚的消极思想与情绪。1800年斯塔尔夫人发表了著作《论文学》，介绍了她对浪漫主义的观点。在这部著作和另一部著作《论德国》中，她提出了浪漫主义民族主义的问题，奠定了法国浪漫主义的理论基础。雨果的《克伦威尔》序言和《爱尔那尼》一剧的上演成功，标志着浪漫主义对古典主义的胜利。雨果的作品气势恢宏，具有强烈的理想主义色彩，表现了对中下层人民群众的深厚同情，是法国也是欧洲浪漫主义文学的杰作。乔治·桑表现空想社会主义理想，揭露金钱万能罪恶的小说在法国浪漫主义文学中也属优秀作品。然而，严格地说，浪漫主义还是起源于德国和英国。浪漫主义最早的主要表现是德国的狂飙突进时期。施莱格尔兄弟在18世纪最后几十年中成为德国浪漫主义的领袖。施莱格尔兄弟编辑的刊物《雅典娜神殿》，在推动浪漫主义运动的宣传和理论建设方面起了重要作用，被称为耶拿派浪漫主义。他们要求个性解放，主张创作自由，提出打破各门艺术界限。但他们的浪漫主义理论带有浓厚的主观唯心主义和宗教神秘主义色彩。德国浪漫主义的另一个派别是海德堡派 。代表人物有阿尔尼姆、布伦坦诺和格林兄弟等人，重视民间文学，深入民间收集民歌和童话，对浪漫主义文学发展起过积极作用。此外，霍夫曼、荷尔德林、海涅、歌德、席勒等人的创作也在德国浪漫主义文学中占有重要地位。英国浪漫主义的主要代表是湖畔派诗人华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞 。华兹华斯在《抒情歌谣集》再版序言中把诗歌看作“强烈感情的自然流露”，这篇序言后来成为英国浪漫主义诗人的宣言。19世纪初英国浪漫主义文学的代表是拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人。他们抨击封建教会势力，表现出争取自由和进步的民主倾向，在艺术上发展和丰富了浪漫主义诗歌的形式和格律。小说中的代表司各特善于把历史事件和大胆想象有机结合起来，创造出丰富多彩的画面。在西欧浪漫主义思潮的影响和推动下，19世纪初俄国诗人茹科夫斯基打破古典主义规范 ，创作了许多优美的抒情诗和叙事诗，对俄国浪漫主义的兴起起了重要作用。十二月党诗人和普希金、莱蒙托夫的早期浪漫主义创作，充满了革命激情，讴歌反专制、争自由的思想，是俄国浪漫主义文学的卓越代表。东欧浪漫主义文学以波兰革命诗人A密茨凯维奇和匈牙利革命诗人S裴多菲为代表 ，他们的创作具有鲜明的爱国主义精神和浓郁的民族特色。19世纪中期以后，欧洲的浪漫主义文学逐步被现实主义文学所取代。

浪漫主义美术 18世纪60～70年代，一些在罗马的画家曾在新古典主义艺术的严格学院主义原则范围以外探索各种可能的途径。其中瑞士人亨利·富塞利以其所画奇怪异常而最为突出，其《梦魔》一画着重刻画了思想的非理性方面的力量。英国画家和诗人布莱克在基督教神话的基础上，发展了他自己精心构制的宇宙论，他的水彩画技巧精美绝伦。在后来一代的画家中康斯特布尔和泰纳把水彩画技法的鲜艳性和油彩结合使用。康斯特布尔画英国乡村景色，探索了大气的光和色的复杂性。泰纳发挥了光的自然效果，创造出有动力感的构图，使观众如历其境，似乎在随画面一起游动。在德国，风景画家龙格力图以象征手法把个人的心灵气质描绘为普通的自然灵性的一部分。弗里德里希是虔诚的宗教徒 ，他以高入云霄的一棵孤树或十字架之类形象来暗示自然和心灵的可敬可畏。在法国，采用历史和文学题材的主要浪漫主义画家是德拉克洛瓦。除在色彩和光方面进行实验外，他以雄健的笔力表现了他的感情。异国的主题，特别是北非沙漠的游牧生活使他着迷。其热情洋溢地描绘动物生活的作品 ，反映了他和热里柯相似的兴趣，后者在选择当代事件作为创作题材方面很有革命性。