请教 英国 美国文学史梗概

请教 英国 美国文学史梗概,第1张

汗,这是一学期的内容啊 。。。

美国文学史梗概

一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期

最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒,二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处,但他们都信奉加尔文主义:人生在世只是为了受苦受难,而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”,死后进天国,相信“原罪”。这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想,和欧洲文学一脉相承。

代表作家:考顿·马瑟,乔纳森·爱德华兹,安妮·布拉兹特里特,爱德华·泰勒。

二、18世纪独立战争胜利后,美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期

这一时期是启蒙主义文学运动的时期,主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”(Deism),强调理性,认为“宇宙的运动始于上帝”;自然万物是“神的体现”,人生在世,不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生,而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等,建立自己的“人间乐园”。

主要特点:作家多是美国独立战争的积极拥护者和参加者;文学指导思想除了自然神论之外还有“唯理主义”和“新古典主义”,18世纪末还开始萌发了“早期浪漫主义”;文学种类主要有历史、日记和政论,也有诗歌,讽刺小品和劝人向善的故事,18世纪末还产生了话剧。

启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品,并多出自开国元勋之手,如本杰明·富兰克林,托马斯·潘恩,以及托马斯·杰斐逊。

三、19世纪南北战争时期

这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义,现实主义和自然主义。

浪漫主义:18世纪70年代-19世纪30年代是浪漫主义发展的初期,南北战争前30年(1830-1860)为极盛时期,南北战争后10年逐渐衰微并向现实主义过度。浪漫主义注重“想象”、“激情”和“个性解放”,认为人本质是善良的,铲除邪恶和拯救人类的手段是抛弃一切传统束缚,摧毁一切陈规陋习而回归到“自然的原始状态中去。超验主义是其一分支,强调“天人合一”,认为上帝、人类和自然都是“超灵”的组成部分。

代表作家及作品:爱默生《自然》,索罗《瓦尔登湖》,霍桑《红字》,麦尔维尔《白鲸》,惠特曼《草叶集》。

现实主义:是美国政治、经济发展的必然产物,西部开拓运动、工业化、科学技术的进步都促进了其发展。现实主义的作家一般为实用主义和民主主义的信徒,他们追求和反映的是具有具有显而易见效果并被经验证实了的相对真理,他们创作题材的是普通人平常事,是中产阶级艺术的最高表现。

豪威尔斯是现实主义的奠基人,他发现了马克·吐温,鼓励和帮助了亨利·詹姆斯,影响了自然主义作家弗兰·克诺里斯和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。

自然主义:是现实主义的发展和继续,是现实主义与19世纪科学所强调的“分析法”和“因果律”互相结合的产物,有时被称为“悲观的现实主义”,认为人是一种软弱无能的动物,被置于机械化的世界汇总而成为这一世界中难以驾御的几种势力(包括环境、自然、遗传等)的牺牲品

其里程碑是:19世纪70、80年代左拉的小说的出版,90年代克莱恩的《红色英勇徽章》,1900年德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》,1912年《金融家》,1925年《美国的悲剧》。

四、20世纪美国文学经历了两次世界大战,跨越了三个时代

a) 斯文时代(1880-1914,The Genteel Age):这是一个跨世纪的,美国经济繁荣的时代。此时的美国文学与欧洲文学之间有着某种暧昧关系,本质上是欧洲式的和美国的小欧洲新英格兰式的。此时以西奥多·罗斯福为代表的民族主义在文学上有着强烈的反映,人们还念念不忘美国与欧洲的文化联系与差异。

b) 爵士时代(1918-1929, The Jazz Age):一战后,产生了一代不受约束,幻想破灭了和玩世不恭的年青人,被格特鲁德·斯坦因称为“迷惘的一代”。

c) 经济萧条时代(1929-1941,The Depression Era):20年代的玩世不恭的态度在此时转化为一种愤愤不平的悲观主义,30年代美国文学转向了“社会抗议文学”,“心理之学”和追求人的精神世界。

美国文学先后经历了现代主义,和后现代主义思潮:

现代主义:一战后到50年代,是一场自觉地反传统的文学艺术运动,表现无意识的荒谬心态,如斯坦因,乔伊斯的小说,运用意识流的手法,如福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》和《我弥留之际》;在组织构架上偏爱用神话,如艾略特的《荒原》,庞德的《诗章》,乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》;风格上以“意象”为主,语言上主张简洁、准确;题材上主要反映一战参与者的生活、思想、感情和前途命运,如多斯珀索斯的《三个士兵》,海明威的《太阳照样升起》,《永别了,武器》,描写了精神崩溃与幻想破灭的一代人。

邪恶是这是文学的主要题材之一,艾略特、弗罗斯特、奥尼尔、卡明斯、埃利森的作品中都有体现。

后现代主义:在二战后,纳粹极权主义大屠杀、原子弹、自然环境的破坏、世界人口过剩和饥荒造成西方人的精神摧残与危机,作家继续进行现代主义反传统的文艺实验,而且企图与当时业已形成规范的现代主义文艺形式决裂。后现代主义主张否定社会秩序,表现支离破碎的世界,认为文艺批评就是现象学形式的理论。此时,美国黑人文学,犹太文学,南方文学,反战文学和女权主义文学竞相发展。

小说家托马斯·品钦,诗人西尔维亚·普莱斯,戏剧家艾玛穆·阿米里·巴拉卡为典型的后现代主义作家。

索尔·贝娄,艾伦·金斯伯格,拉尔夫·埃里森,田纳西·威廉斯,阿瑟·密勒和爱德华·阿尔比是从现代主义向后现代主义过渡的著名作家。

20世纪美国文学的两个特征:

1 现代主义作家一般是反对传统观念而提倡“个人主义”的或者说他们打破了美国社会、道德和文学的常规。

2 现代作家潜心探索一种真正属于美国人民的写作手法和语言风格,他们试图以纯美国的方式进行创作。

英国的是我的笔记

英国文学史笔记

英国文学史笔记

1 Childe Harold’s Pilipimage

the poem tells of Childe Harold’s (A youth of noble birth) travels in Europe Harold is young aristocrat whose “world-weariness” be speaks his loathing for English high society ,He leaves him country to escape from the society he hears and hates being solitary and melancholy he seek the company ship of mountains and seas But beneath this melancholia(精神忧郁症) is a sad earnest a suffering young man of ardent feelings with a keen understanding and a strong love of freedom Besides Harold’s impressions of the countries he visits The poem in interspersed with a lyrical out bursts representing Byron’s own philosophical and political views At First the views are express through the mouth of Hreold ,but by and by the creator and the creation become one the poet steps from the backstage to the fore and speaks directory to the audience himself

2 The cricissitudes of his life and his adventures in many countries are described against caries social backgrounds and he is seen to take part in different historical events this giving amid panorama of contemporary life (ababcc )

3 Don Juan

Don Juan is Byron’s masterpiece writer in the prime of his creative power His aim was to remove the choak which the manners and max of high society throw over their secret signs and show that to the world as they are He called this poem an epic satire A satire on abuse of the present state of society almost all Don Juan is real life Either my own of from people I know In Don Juan Byron displayed his genius as romanticist and a realist simultaneously

4 Ozymandias

The author shows his strong love behavior and his consistent hatred for tyranny In this poem he also expresses his long for the nevenage of a once tyrannical King

5 Ode to the West Wind

The west wind is considered a “destroyer” because it drive the last sign of life from trees, it’s is also considered the “preserver” because it scatters the seas which was come to life in spring

6 To a Sky-Lark

The author portrays the softy flight of the sky-lark, the west wind and the sky-lark are symbols of freedom spiritual vitality that the poet want to possess desperate his bitter criticism of the harsh society The poet fuses in both poems a note of optimism of promising for humanity

7 John Keats

About poem: To Keats poetry exist for it’s own sake if preoccupy with philosophy or politic or any course at all, it will lose it’s own identity or quality

Aim: Keats was not only the last but the most perfect of Romanticist the only artistic aim in this poetry was to create a beautiful world imagination as apposed to the Sophie realistic of his days

创作原则: "beauty is truth, truth beauty " at the bottom of his poem lies his this satisfaction with the society in which he lied and experienced great miseries and sufferings

8 On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer

韵律韵脚:ABBA,ABBA,CDCD,CD(意大利)

9 Ode to a Nightingale

In this poem the author express his wishes to free himself form the burden of human cares and anxieties and to moaners himself in a world of beauty together with the bird

10 What is the genre of English literature in the 19th century

So far as the literary form for genre is concerned, the main contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel Like the realists of 18th century, the 19th century critical realists made use of the broad canvas of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of hole social classes However, the realistic novels of 19th century went further than those of 18th century in fact they not only pictured the conflicts between separate individuals who stood for definite social strata(circle), but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of the mere individual

11 The 19th century realists’ strength

The English realists of the 19th century not only give a satiric portal of a bourgeois and all the classes, but also showed the profound sympathy for the common people classes, but also showed the profound sympathy for the common people In their best works the greed and hypocrisy of upper classes are contrasted with the onshest and good heartedness of the sympathy men of the lower classes Hence humor and satire are used; humor is tinged with lyricism and servers to stress the human qualities of positive characters However, bitter satire is used to expose the seamy side of rural society, through the stretches of various negative characters given birth to by the capitalist system, critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of rule of cosy upon human nature Here lies in the democratic and humanistic character of critical realism and … in the 19th century

12 The 19th century realists’ weakness

The critical realists of the 19th century did not, and, due to their world outlook, could, not, find a way to eradicate social evils They did not realize the massive of changing bourgeoisie society, they were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions, the chief tendency in their works is not a revolution but rather a reformism: they often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeoisie world, merely to close in a much too co-incidental happy ending or an impotent compromise(So we can see at once the …)

13 Characteristics of critical realism

In general the critical realists described with much vivid and great artistic skill The chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalized system from a democratic view point:

1Critical realism is reflection of the reality with objectivity specificity and facility

2It is an intense exposure and criticism of greed and hypocrisy of ruling class

3The representative characters depicted within the prevented surrounding unfair both to the summit

14 Analysis of Oliver twist

Oliver Twist tells the story of an orphan boy, whose adventures provide a description of the lower depths of London

† In the preface to the novel, Dickens proclaims himself a realist:

He makes his readers aware of the inhumanity of city life under capitalism The first eleven chapters provide a most bitter and thoroughgoing exposure of the terrible conditions in the English workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by all sorts of “philanthropists” 慈善家

The famous scene in Chapter II, in which Oliver was beaten up and punished merely because he ventured to ask for an extra portion of gruel to alleviate his intolerable hunger, is only one of the many details to show the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents

It is in scenes like this we see the great critical realist voicing the helpless sufferings of the poor and the oppressed

† Dickens succeeds in calling forth the reader’s sympathy for the lower classes:

In the vivid description of the thieves’ den and of the under-world of London, Dickens succeeds in calling forth the reader’s sympathy for the down-trodden people of the lower classes, who, degraded and corrupted by the social environment of the time, either climb up to be parasites 寄生虫 of oppressors or fall to be victims of society or even criminals Among the characters of the lower strata, Oliver is the only one who emerges happy and successful in the end

This happy issue/ending which Dickens’ novels usually end in comes about as a result of his optimistic belief in the inevitable triumph of good over evil

Defects of the novel:

1 The improbability of the plot:

Toward the end of the novel, the plot gets to be very intricate and the reader is simply mystified, and when the mystery is finally revealed to him, he is faced with impossible coincidences which lead to the happy ending

At critical moments Oliver has been once and again saved by “kindly” gentlefolk, who happen to be his parents’ kith and kin 亲属

2 The unconvincingness of some characters

Oliver himself is a pale figure who seems to be the helpless victim of fate Fagin and Bill Sikes are too inhuman to be true, while the rich Mr Brownlow and Miss Maylie are vaguely pictured as benevolent and good

Here we may see that—

Dickens, while sympathizing with the miseries of the people, did not know what or who was responsible for such miseries and even cherished some illusion about rich and idle people like Mr Brownlow and Miss Maylie The whole social question, in Dickens’ opinion, would be settled if only every employer followed the example set by “good gentlemen” like Brownlow

15 Women’s novelists in 19th century

Women novelists began to appear in England during the second half of the 18th century, but some gifted women of the 19th century made such contributions to the English novel that they have justifiably won their places in the front ranks of the brilliant realists headed by Dickens and Thackeray These remarkable women novelists are Jane Austen, George Eliot and the Bronte sisters

I Jane Austen

Founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle class people

Her works:

Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Persuasion

II George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)

Novels:

Adam Bede (first)《亚当贝德 》

The Mill on the Floss 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊 》

Silas Marner 《织工马南 》

Adam Bede is a novel of moral conflicts, showing the contest of personal desires, passions, temperament, human weakness and the claims of moral duty In the novel, the two pairs of lovers, Arthur and Hetty, and Adam and Dinah are described in contrast to each other The former are shown to be always thinking of their own interests without any consideration of others, while the latter pair are endowed with high moral principles which guide their conduct for the good of others and themselves

According to Eliot, the moral principles of man are closely connected with the “religion of heart” This shows the influence of the bourgeois positive philosophy which seeks to reconcile science with religion and to prove the possibility of social harmony and concord in the capitalist society

Analysis to George Eliot and her works: the novels of George Eliot mark the beginning of a new stage in the development of English critical realism following that of Dickens and Thackeray Her characters were not grotesque types, but real, common men and women, but in other aspects her work marks retrogression She shifted the centre of gravity in the novel from the social problems to the problems of religion and morality While being aware of the evils of bourgeois society, she did not attack the social system She believed in the sentimental “religion of humanity”, and cherished the illusion that humanity and love could do away with the evils

of capitalism

III The Bronte Sisters

I Charlotte Bronte

a The Lowood school is the embodiment of the bourgeois principles of education, the aim of which is to bring up obedient slaves for the rich

b Another problem raised in the novel is the position of women in society Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men

c Charlotte Bronte attacked the greed, petty tyranny and lack of cul-ture among the bourgeoisie and sympathized with the sufferings of the poor people Her realism was colored by petty-bourgeois philanthropy Like Dickens, she believed that education was the key to all social problems, and that by the improvement of the school system and teaching, most of the evils of capitalism could be removed

16 A brief review of historical backgrounds of 20th century

In the period of the transition between the 19th and 20th century the British Empire in the reign of Queen Victoria fell into a decline from the summit of its worldwide supremacy

In the mean time, capitalistic Europe was divided into hostile camps for the colonial division of the world

In 1917 the October Revolution broke out in Russia and a socialist state emerged

1929 a great economic crisis in the capitalist world caused an unprecedented economic depression in Britain

17 The definition of Stream of Consciousness

Stream of Consciousness is a narrative technique that presents as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind Lacking chronological order, the events in a stream of consciousness narrative are presented from the character’s point of view, mixed in with the characters’ ongoing feelings and memories

Developed by writers as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, stream-of-consciousness writing is used to reveal a character’s complex psychology and to present it in realist detail The novelists demonstrated an awareness of the inner workings of the mind One’s present was believed to be the sum of his past Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented by the novelists in sequence, but as a continuous flow in the consciousness of the individual

18 Thomas Hardy

1) representative works

Tess of the d’Urbervilles, far from the Madding Crowd, under the Greenwood, the Reture of the Native, the Mayor of Casterbridge, Jude the Obscure

2) Hardy’s position in English literature

The last and one of the greatest Victorian novelists

3) theme

Tess of the d’Urbervilles tells the tragic life story of a beautiful country girl It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the society and the political status quo in England The misery and tragedy of Tess rise to a bitter cry of protest and denunciation of the society

Hardy became more and more convinced that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life So, there is a strong naturalistic tendency in the novel

“Justice was done, and the Precedence of the Immortals had ended his sport with Tess”

I Consolidation and practice

Compare the two main figures: Tess and Angel

Tess: pure, simple

Angel: hypocritical and selfish

Angel is no angel at all, but an ordinary man Tess has forgiven him, but he cannot forgive Tess

II Summary

The dominance of the novel which began in the Victorian Age, continued and increased during the

《土耳其式开局》是2005年上映的俄罗斯 / 保加利亚**,由Dzhanik Faiziyev导演。Yegor Beroyev,奥莉加·克拉西科主演。

《土耳其式开局》改编自当今俄罗斯最畅销的通俗作家鲍里斯·阿库宁的同名小说,是一部混合了史诗、侦探、浪漫等元素的大片,背景是在1877-88年的土俄战争时期。范多林是阿库宁笔下的福尔摩斯,这个有点口吃的家伙(**中看不出口吃),有着天生的侦探触觉。为了逃避伤心的爱情,他加入了俄国军队。很不幸的是,在战争开始的时候,范多林被掳。是在与其同被俘虏的同伴被杀后,在混乱中趴在马车下辗转逃脱,也是在逃跑过程中,得知土耳其间谍的存在,并获得蛛丝马迹,后来他遇上了一个叫瓦维拉的女子。她身无分文,却要去俄国找她的未婚夫。在俄军总部,他们找到了她的未婚夫,但是同时发现,在军队内部谍影重重,包括这个女子还有她的未婚夫,一时之间都变得神秘莫测起来,范多林如何凭他的智慧找出真正的间谍

1有关战争的古诗(加解释)

王昌龄: 从军行

青海长云暗雪山,孤城遥望玉门关。

黄沙百战穿金甲,不破楼兰终不还!

作者介绍王昌龄(698-756),太原(今属山西省)人。唐玄宗开元十五年(727)进士。数任小官,屡遭贬谪,后被贬为龙标尉。安史之乱发生,被刺史闾丘晓杀害。王昌龄以写边塞诗著名,但他的有些抒情诗也同样绘炙人口。他的诗气势雄浑,语言凝炼,音律铿锵,现存一百八十多首,其中绝句占了一半,七言约句写得尤其出色。

说明王昌龄有《从军行》七首,描述戌边将士的战斗生活现选二首。第一首写边将士的坚强意志和豪迈气概。后首通过一场具体的战斗,写将士们的机智勇敢和胜利后的欢悦。

解释①从军行--描写军他生活的乐府古题。②青海--在今青海省西宁市西。雪山--指祁连山,在今甘肃省。这句说:青海上空连绵不断的云把雪山都遮暗了。③玉门关--故址在今甘肃省敦煌县西北。④金甲--铁甲。这句说;在沙漠地带久经征战,连铁甲都磨穿了。⑤楼兰--汉时西域的鄯善国,故地在今新疆维吾尔自治区鄯善县东南。这借指当时侵扰西北地敌军。

昔人已乘黄鹤去,此地空余黄鹤楼。黄鹤一去不复返,白云千载空悠悠。

晴川历历汉阳树,芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。日暮乡关何处是?烟波江上使人愁。

诗人满怀对黄鹤楼的美好憧憬慕名前来,可仙人驾鹤杳无踪迹,眼前就是一座寻常可见的江楼。“昔人已乘黄鹤去,此地空余黄鹤楼。”美好憧憬与寻常江楼的落差,在诗人心中布上了一层怅然若失的底色,为乡愁情结的抒发作了潜在的铺垫。

《春望》 杜甫

国破山河在,城春草木深。

感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心。

烽火连三月,家书抵万金。

白头搔更短,浑欲不胜簪。

分析作品

这首是五言律诗,是杜甫在唐肃宗至德二年(七五七年)三月所写的,那时他被安史叛军所俘虏,困居长安。当时长安沦入安史之手,虽然山河依旧,但已物是人非。放眼所见的景物和春天的花鸟,令他倍添愁思,加上烽火遍地,家书不通,使他十分想念远方的家乡,所以诗中充满着伤感的情绪。

诗中的「感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心」用了寓情于景的写作手法。作者感叹时事和深恨离别,当时杜甫面对破碎的河山,荒芜的城垣,睹物伤怀,寓情于景,虽春光明媚,鸟语花香,但却使作者感叹起时事和深恨离别,因此他把这种感情赋予眼前的景物,说花朵因伤时而流泪,鸟儿因恨别而惊惶不安。

因为国破家亡,离乱伤痛,年纪老迈,杜甫头上的白发也越来越稀少了。烽火遍地,国都残破,家书不通,眼望面前一片荒凉的景物,使杜甫伤痛不已,不禁搔首踌躇。在搔首之际,竟发觉头发稀疏,几乎连簪也插不下了,这便是诗中「白头搔更短,浑欲不胜簪」这句,句中充分地表现出杜甫在国家动乱中的忧虑。

此外,我们在看这首诗时,更能知道当时人民对战争的痛恨,对国都残破的感慨和对亲人的挂念,所以这首诗能反映当时的民心,使读者有更深的体会。

2有关战争的古诗(加注解)

燕歌行

高适

汉家烟尘在东北, 汉将辞家破残贼。

男儿本自重横行, 天子非常赐颜色。

摐金伐鼓下榆关, 旌旆逶迤碣石间。

校尉羽书飞瀚海, 单于猎火照狼山。

山川萧条极边土, 胡骑凭陵杂风雨。

战士军前半死生, 美人帐下犹歌舞。

大漠穷秋塞草腓, 孤城落日斗兵稀。

身当恩遇恒轻敌, 力尽关山未解围。

铁衣远戍辛勤久, 玉箸应啼别离后。

**城南欲断肠, 征人蓟北空回首。

边庭飘飖那可度, 绝域苍茫更何有。

杀气三时作阵云, 寒声一夜传刁斗。

相看白刃血纷纷,死节从来岂顾勋?

君不见沙场征战苦,至今犹忆李将军。

《燕歌行》是高适的代表作,也是唐朝边塞诗中的典范作品。

诗中的前四句,概写了唐朝开元时期东北部不断受敌骚扰以及张守珪立功受赏的情况。它对于诗人所要表达的思想来说,并无重要意义,但它给全诗开辟了一种比较恢宏和开阔的气势,而这正是其时的边塞诗所共有的特色。“男儿本自重横行,天子非常赐颜色,”从中我们可以领略到在开放向上的盛唐时期,男儿的赴身边塞,建功立业的豪迈风采。

从“从金伐鼓下榆关”到‘力尽关山未解围’十二句,具体描写了战斗的整个过程。这里有逶迤不断的行军阵容,有萧条凄凉的边塞景色,还有对敌人的猛烈进攻和战士的血洒疆场的细致描摹等等。语气逼真,描写及其生动。富于形象感。特别诗人借“战士军前半死生,美人帐下犹歌舞”一句,运用及其鲜明的对比,感情激烈地谴责了边塞将帅的腐朽生活。

“铁衣远戍辛勤久”四句,描写了征人们因长期戍守边防不能回家而产生的苦闷绝望的心情。“**城南欲断肠,征人蓟北空回首”诗人把征人与**的相互思念,运用类似蒙太奇的手法连接在一起,在形象上给人以强烈的悲剧感受,具有震撼人心的效果。

从“边庭飘飖那可度”到全诗结束,在对边塞生活的描写中寄托了诗人的深切感受。在这里,诗人既表达了对战争的厌恶,又表现了他对李广这样的安边将帅的崇拜和渴望;并谴责将帅不体恤兵士,骄奢*逸的恶劣行为。诗人的感情基调很凝重,在褒贬中 体现了思索的痛苦。

高适的边塞诗思想内容深刻、风格悲壮,是唐代现实主义诗歌的优秀代表。

岑参与高适都有过军旅生活的经历,都以七言古诗见长,他们的诗都有慷慨报国的英雄气概和不畏艰苦的奋斗精神的共性。与高适不同的是,他更多地描绘了边塞奇丽多姿的生活。雄奇瑰丽的浪漫色彩是岑参边塞诗的基调。如他的名篇《白雪歌送武判官归京》尤为突出。

白雪歌送武判官归京

岑参

北风卷地白草折,胡天八月即飞雪。

忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开。

散入珠帘湿罗幕,狐裘不暖锦衾薄。

将军角弓不得控,都护铁衣冷难着。

瀚海阑干百丈冰,愁云惨淡万里凝。

中军置酒饮归客,胡琴琵琶与羌笛。

纷纷暮雪下辕门,风掣红旗冻不翻。

轮台东门送君去,去时雪满天山路。

山回路转不见君,雪上空留马行处。

这首诗抒写塞外送别、军中送客之情,但它跳出了离愁别恨的俗套,并不令人感到伤感,而是充满奇思异想,浪漫的理想和壮逸的情怀,使人觉得塞外风雪似乎也变成了可玩味欣赏的对象。“忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开”,以春花喻冬雪,取喻新、设想奇,比喻中含有广阔而美丽的想象,同时字里行间又透露出蓬勃浓郁的无边春意。“纷纷暮雪下辕门,风掣红旗冻不翻”,帐外那以白雪为背景的鲜红一点,更与雪景相映成趣。内涵丰富,意境鲜明独特,具有极强的艺术感染力。

唐代的边塞诗像一部慷慨激昂的交响曲。从形式上看,有五言,有七言,有短制,有长篇;从内容上看,有的抒发慷慨之情,有的铺叙异域之景,有的歌颂将士英勇,有的谴责战争残酷;从风格上看,有的诗风淡远,有的诗风豪放,真可谓是百花齐放。

聆听完这篇篇不朽的诗文,让人触摸到了那颗颗不灭的灵魂,记忆虽是凌乱,但那昔日的苍凉,过眼的繁华,总是荡气回肠,感慨万千。

3关于战争的诗句及作者

1、《出塞》唐王昌龄

秦时明月汉时关,万里长征人未还

但使龙城飞将在,不教胡马度阴山

2、《塞下曲·其一》唐王昌龄

蝉鸣空桑林,八月萧关道出塞复入塞,处处黄芦草

从来幽并客,皆向沙场老莫学游侠儿,矜夸紫骝好

3、《塞下曲·其二》唐王昌龄

饮马渡秋水,水寒风似刀平沙日未没,黯黯见临洮

昔日长城战,咸言意气高黄尘足今古,白骨乱蓬蒿

4、《出塞》唐王之涣

黄河远上白云间,一片孤城万仞山

羌笛何须怨杨柳,春风不度玉门关

5、《凉州词》唐王翰

葡萄美酒夜光杯,欲饮琵琶马上催

醉卧沙场君莫笑,古来征战几人回

6、《关山月》唐李白

明月出天山,苍茫云海间长风几万里,吹度玉门关

汉下白登道,胡窥青海湾由来征战地,不见有人还

戍客望边色,思归多苦颜高楼当此夜,叹息未应闲

7、《从军行》唐王昌龄

青海长云暗雪山,孤城遥望玉门关

黄沙百战穿金甲,不破楼兰终不还

8、《塞上听吹笛》唐高适

雪净胡天牧马还,月明羌笛戌楼间

借问梅花何处落?风吹一夜满关山!

9、《渔家傲·塞下秋来》宋范仲淹

塞下秋来风景异,衡阳雁去无留意四面边声连角起

千嶂里,长烟落日孤城闭浊酒一杯家万里,燕然未勒归无计

羌管悠悠霜满地人不寐,将军白发征夫泪

10、《塞下曲·其二》唐卢纶

林暗草惊风,将军夜引弓平明寻白羽,没在石棱中

11、《塞下曲·其三》唐卢纶

月黑雁飞高,单于夜遁逃欲将轻骑逐,大雪满弓刀

4关于战争的词语或诗句

卢纶:塞下曲

鹫翎金仆姑,燕尾绣蝥弧。

独立扬新令,千营共一呼。

从军行 王昌龄

青海长云暗雪山,

孤城遥望玉门关。

黄沙百战穿金甲,

不破楼兰终不还。

出塞 王昌龄

秦时明月汉时关,

万里长征人未还

但使龙城飞将在,

不教胡马度阴山

《从军行》 杨炯

烽火照西京,心中自不平

牙璋辞凤阙,铁骑绕龙城

雪暗雕旗画,风多杂鼓声

宁为百夫长,胜作一书生

陇西行 陈陶

誓扫匈奴不顾身,

五千貂锦丧胡尘

可怜无定河边骨,

犹是深闺梦里人

凉州词 王翰

葡桃美酒夜光杯,

欲饮琵琶马上催

醉卧沙场君莫笑,

古来征战几人回

塞下曲 王昌龄

饮马渡秋水,水寒风似刀

平沙日未没,黯黯见临洮

昔日长城战,咸言意气高

黄城足今古,白骨乱蓬篙

从军北征 李益

天山雪后海风寒,

横笛遍吹行路难

碛里征人三十万,

一时回首月中看

从军行

李白

百战沙场碎铁衣, 城南已合数重围。

突营射杀呼延将, 独领残兵千骑归。

5描写战争的诗词 要意思 和表达主旨

凉州曲① 王翰 葡萄美酒夜光杯,欲饮琵琶马上催②。

醉卧沙场君莫笑,古来征战几人回。诗词注释 ①凉州词:唐乐府名,属《近代曲辞》。

凉州即今甘肃省武威县。 ②夜光杯:西域献给周穆王的白玉杯,夜间有光。

全诗意谓:举起夜光杯,葡萄美酒多滋味;正当畅饮时,马上的琵琶把人催,将士说:即使醉卧沙场上,请君切莫笑痴狂;古往今来征战地,竟有几人回故乡?诗词赏析 诗是咏边寒情景之名曲。全诗写艰苦荒凉的边塞的一次盛宴,描摹了出征人们开怀痛饮、尽情酣醉的场面。

首句用语绚丽优美,音调清越悦耳,显出盛宴的豪华气派;一句用 “欲饮”两字,进一层极写热烈场面,酒宴外加音乐,着意渲染气氛。三、四句极写征人互相斟酌劝饮,尽情尽致,乐而忘忧,豪放旷达。

这两句,蘅塘退士评曰:“作旷达语,倍觉悲痛。”历来评注家也都以为悲凉感伤,厌恶征战。

清代施补华的《岘佣说诗》评说:“作悲伤语读便浅,作谐谑语读便妙。在学人领悟。”

从内容看,无厌恶戎马生涯之语,无哀叹生命不保之意,无非难征战痛苦之情,谓是悲凉感伤,似乎勉强。施补华的话有其深度。

千古名绝,众论殊多,见仁见智,学人自悟。 边地荒寒艰苦的环境,紧张动荡的征戍生活,使得边塞将士很难得到一次欢聚的酒宴。

有幸遇到那么一次,那激昂兴奋的情绪,那开怀痛饮、一醉方休的场面,是不难想象的。这首诗正是这种生活和感情的写照。

诗中的酒,是西域盛产的葡萄美酒;杯,相传是周穆王时代,西胡以白玉精制成的酒杯,有如“光明夜照”,故称“夜光杯”;乐器则是胡人用的琵琶;还有“沙场”、“征战”等等词语。这一切都表现出一种浓郁的边地色彩和军营生活的风味。

诗人以饱蘸激情的笔触,用铿锵激越的音调,奇丽耀眼的词语,定下这开篇的第一句—“葡萄美酒夜光杯”,犹如突然间拉开帷幕,在人们的眼前展现出五光十色、琳琅满目、酒香四溢的盛大筵席。这景象使人惊喜,使人兴奋,为全诗的抒情创造了气氛,定下了基调。

第二句开头的“欲饮”二字,渲染出这美酒佳肴盛宴的不凡的诱人魅力,表现出将士们那种豪爽开朗的性格。正在大家“欲饮”未得之时,马上奏起了琵琶,虽然军令如山,但这种情况下,大家视死如归,催者自催,饮者自饮。

这句诗改变了七字句习用的音节,采取上二下五的句法,更增强了它的感染力。“马上”二字,往往又使人联想到“立刻”/“出发”,其实在西域胡人中,琵琶本来就是骑在马上弹奏的。

诗的三、四句是写筵席上的畅饮和劝酒。过去曾有人认为这两句“作旷达语,倍觉悲痛”。

还有人说:“故作豪饮之词,然悲感已极”。话虽不同,但都离不开一个“悲”字。

后来更有用低沉、悲凉、感伤、反战等等词语来概括这首诗的思想感情的,依据也是三四两句,特别是末句。“古来征战几人回”,显然是一种夸张的说法。

清代施补华说这两句诗:“作悲伤语读便浅,作谐谑语读便妙,在学人领悟。”(《岘佣说诗》)这话对我们颇有启发。

为什么“作悲伤语读便浅”呢?因为它不是在宣扬战争的可怕,也不是表现对戎马生涯的厌恶,更不是对生命不保的哀叹。让我们再回过头去看看那欢宴的场面吧:耳听着阵阵欢快、激越的琵琶声,将士们真是兴致飞扬,你斟我酌,一阵痛饮之后,便醉意微微了。

也许有人想放杯了吧,这时座中便有人高叫:怕什么,醉就醉吧,就是醉卧沙场,也请诸位莫笑,“古来征战几人回”,我们不是早将生死置之度外了吗?可见这三、四两句正是席间的劝酒之词,而并不是什么悲伤之情,它虽有几分“谐谑”,却也为尽情酣醉寻得了最具有环境和性格特征的“理由”。“醉卧沙场”,表现出来的不仅是豪放、开朗、兴奋的感情,而且还有着视死如归的勇气,这和豪华的筵席所显示的热烈气氛是一致的。

这是一个欢乐的盛宴,那场面和意境决不是一两个人在那儿浅斟低酌,借酒浇愁。它那明快的语言、跳动跌宕的节奏所反映出来的情绪是奔放的,狂热的;它给人的是一种激动和向往的艺术魅力,这正是盛唐边塞诗的特色。

千百年来,这首诗一直为人们所传诵。作者简介 王翰,唐代边塞诗人,生卒年不详。

字子羽,唐并州晋阳(今山西太原)人。其诗以边塞诗见长,著名诗 王翰人。

尤以《凉州词》最为著名。王翰这样一个有才气的诗人,其集不传。

其诗载于《全唐诗》,仅有13首。登进士第,举直言极谏,调昌乐尉。

复举超拔群类,召为秘书正字。擢通事舍人、驾部员外。

出为汝州长史,改仙州别驾。日与才士豪侠饮乐游畋,坐贬道州司马,卒。

其诗题材大多吟咏沙场少年、玲珑女子以及欢歌饮宴等,表达对人生短暂的感叹和及时行乐的旷达情怀。词语似云铺绮丽,霞叠瑰秀;诗音如仙笙瑶瑟,妙不可言。

代表作有《凉州词二首》、《饮马长城窟行》、《春女行》、《古蛾眉怨》等,其中以《凉州词二首》(一)最负盛名。诗句“醉卧沙场君莫笑,古来征战几人回”中透露出来的那种豪迈和悲凉真是有回肠荡气,洗心涤魄的感染力,令人三日犹闻其音。

《古蛾眉怨》诗中所表现出来的那种瑰丽奇崛的想象和珠玑满盆的秀词不禁令人联想到李白和屈原的作品,真不愧。

6关于战争的成语加解释

兵荒马乱 荒、乱:指社会秩序不安定。形容战争期间社会混乱不安的景象。

兵连祸结 兵:战争;连:接连;结:相联。战争接连不断,带来了无穷的灾祸。

兵戎相见 兵戎:武器。以武力相见。指用战争解决问题。

赤地千里 赤:空。形容天灾或战争造成大量土地荒凉的景象。

楚界汉河 楚、汉相争中双方控制地区之间的地界与河流。后常比喻战争的前线。

春秋无义战 春秋时代没有正义的战争。也泛指非正义战争。

大动干戈 大规模地进行战争。比喻大张声势地行事。

倒载干戈 倒:把锋刃向里倒插着;载:陈设,放置;干戈:古代的两种兵器,泛指武器。把武器倒着放起来,比喻没有战争。

放牛归马 把作战用的牛马牧放。比喻战争结束,不再用兵。

烽火连年 烽火:古时边防报警的烟火。比喻战火或战争。指战火连年不断。

烽火四起 战争的火焰从四面八方燃烧起来。形容边防不安宁,四处有敌人进犯。

风尘之变 风尘:比喻战乱。指战争的灾乱。

归马放牛 把作战用的牛马牧放。比喻战争结束,不再用兵。

化干戈为玉帛 比喻使战争转变为和平。

祸结兵连 结:相联;兵:战争;连:接连。战争接连不断,带来了无穷的灾祸。

金戈铁马 戈闪耀着金光,马配备了铁甲。比喻战争。也形容战士持枪驰马的雄姿。

连天烽火 烽火:古时边防报警的烟火,比喻战火或战争。形容战火烧遍各地。

龙血玄黄 比喻战争激烈,血流成河。

穷兵黩武 穷:竭尽;黩:随便,任意。随意使用武力,不断发动侵略战争。形容极其好战。

散兵游勇 勇:敞郸搬肝植菲邦十鲍姜清代指战争期间临时招募的士兵。原指没有统帅的逃散士兵。现有指没有组织的集体队伍里独自行动的人。

休养生息 休养:何处保养;生息:人口繁殖。指在战争或社会大动荡之后,减轻人民负担,安定生活,恢复元气。

以逸待劳 逸:安闲;劳:疲劳。指在战争中做好充分准备,养精蓄锐,等疲乏的敌人来犯时给以迎头痛击。

以战去战 用战争消灭战争。

枕戈寝甲 枕着戈、穿着铠甲睡。形容经常生活在战争之中。

白骨露野 露:暴露。死人的白骨暴露在野外。形容战争或灾难所赞成的悲剧景象。

兵拏祸结 战争、灾祸连续不断。同“兵连祸结”。

兵戈扰攘 兵戈:武器,指战争;扰攘:纷乱。形容战争时期社会秩序的动荡混乱。

兵慌马乱 形容战争期间社会混乱不安的景象。

黩武穷兵 黩:随便,任意;穷:竭尽。随意使用武力,不断发动侵略战争。形容极其好战。

刀枪入库 没有战争,不用武备;和平麻痹,解除武装,不作戒备。

7描写战争的古诗及解释

《出塞》

唐-王昌龄

秦时明月汉时关,

万里长征人未还。

但使龙城飞将在,

不教胡马度阴山。

译文:

依旧是秦汉时的明月和边关,

征战长久延续万里征夫不回还。

倘若龙城的飞将李广而今健在,

绝不许匈奴南下牧马度过阴山。

题解:这是一首慨叹边战不断,国无良将的边塞诗。诗的首句最耐人寻味。说的是此地汉关,明月秦时,大有历史变换,征战未断的感叹。二句写征人未还,多少儿男战死沙场,留下多少悲剧。三、四句写出千百年来人民的共同意愿,冀望有“龙城飞将”出现,平息胡乱,安定边防。全诗以平凡的语言,唱出雄浑豁达的主旨,气势流畅,一气呵成,吟之莫不叫绝。明人李攀龙曾推奖它是唐代七绝压卷之作,实不过分。

[注释]

1出塞:是唐代诗人写边塞生活的诗常用的题目。

2秦时明月汉时关:即秦汉时的明月,秦汉时的关塞。意思是说,在漫长的边防线上,一直没有停止过战争。

3但使:只要。

4龙城飞将:指汉朝名将李广。南侵的匈奴惧怕他,称他为“飞将军”。这里泛指英勇善战的将领。

5胡马:指侵扰内地的外族骑兵。

6阴山:在今内蒙古自治区,古代常凭借它来抵御匈奴的南侵。

[简析]这是一首著名的边塞诗,表现了诗人希望起任良将,早日平息边塞战事,使人民过着安定的生活。

诗人从写景入手,首句勾勒出一幅冷月照边关的苍凉景象。“秦时明月汉时关”不能理解为秦时的明月汉代的关。这里是秦、汉、关、月四字交错使用,在修辞上叫“互文见义”,意思是秦汉时的明月,秦汉时的关。诗人暗示,这里的战事自秦汉以来一直未间歇过,突出了时间的久远。次句“万里长征人未还”,“万里”指边塞和内地相距万里,虽属虚指,却突出了空间辽阔。“人未还”使人联想到战争给人带来的灾难,表达了诗人悲愤的情感。

怎样才能解脱人民的困苦呢?诗人寄希望于有才能的将军。“但使龙城飞将在,不教胡马度阴山。”只要镇守龙城的飞将军李广还活着,就不会让胡人的骑兵跨越过阴山。“龙城飞将”是指汉武帝的镇守卢龙城的名将李广,他英勇善战,多次把匈奴打败。“不教”,不允许,“教”字读平声;“胡马”,这里指代外族入侵的骑兵。“度阴山”,跨过阴山。阴山是北方东西走向的大山脉,是汉代北方边防的天然屏障。后两句写得含蓄、巧妙,让人们在对往事的对比中,得出必要的结论。

这首诗被称为唐人七绝的压卷之作。悲壮而不凄凉,慷慨而不浅露,王诗《出塞》两首,本诗是第一首。

作者简介:王昌龄(约698-756),字少伯,京兆长安(今陕西西安市)人。唐代诗人。

出塞:乐府《横吹曲辞

8有关战争的词语的诗句

相和歌辞·从军行二首 唐·李白

百战沙场碎铁衣,城南已合数重围。突营射杀呼延将,独领残兵千骑归。

杂曲歌辞·出自蓟北门行 唐·李白

虏阵横北荒,胡星曜精芒。羽书速惊电,烽火昼连光。虎竹救边急,戎车森已行。明主不安席,按剑心飞扬。推毂出猛将,连旗登战场。兵威冲绝漠,杀气凌穹苍。列卒赤山下,开营紫塞傍。途冬沙风紧,旌旗飒凋伤。画角悲海月,征衣卷天霜。挥刃斩楼兰,弯弓射贤王。单于一平荡,种落自奔亡。收功报天子,行歌归咸阳。

杂曲歌辞·白马篇 唐·李白

龙马花雪毛,金鞍五陵豪。秋霜切玉剑,落日明珠袍。斗鸡事万乘,轩盖一何高。弓摧宜山虎,手接泰山猱。酒后竞风彩,三杯弄宝刀。杀人如翦草,剧孟同游遨。发愤去函谷,从军向临洮。叱咤万战场,匈奴尽波涛。归来使酒气,未肯拜萧曹。羞入原宪室,荒径隐蓬蒿。

李陵咏 唐·王维

汉家李将军,三代将门子。结发有奇策,少年成壮士。长驱塞上儿,深入单于垒。旌旗列相向,箫鼓悲何已。日暮沙漠陲,战声烟尘里。将令骄虏灭,岂独名王侍。既失大军援,遂婴穹庐耻。少小蒙汉恩,何堪坐思此。深衷欲有报,投躯未能死。引领望子卿,非君谁相理。

老将行 唐·王维

少年十五二十时,步行夺得胡马骑。射杀中山白额虎,肯数邺下黄须儿。一身转战三千里,一剑曾当百万师。汉兵奋迅如霹雳,虏骑崩腾畏蒺藜。卫青不败由天幸,李广无功缘数奇。自从弃置便衰朽,世事蹉跎成白首。昔时飞箭无全目,今日垂杨生左肘。路傍时卖故侯瓜,门前学种先生柳。苍茫古木连穷巷,寥落寒山对虚牖。誓令疏勒出飞泉,不似颍川空使酒。贺兰山下阵如云,羽檄交驰日夕闻。节使三河募年少,诏书五道出将军。试拂铁衣如雪色,聊持宝剑动星文。愿得燕弓射天将,耻令越甲鸣吴军。莫嫌旧日云中守,犹堪一战取功勋。

兵车行 唐·杜甫

车辚辚,马萧萧,行人弓箭各在腰。耶娘妻子走相送,尘埃不见咸阳桥。牵衣顿足阑道哭,哭声直上干云霄。道傍过者问行人,行人但云点行频。或从十五北防河,便至四十西营田。去时里正与裹头,归来头白还戍边。边亭流血成海水,武皇开边意未已。君不闻汉家山东二百州,千村万落生荆杞。纵有健妇把锄犁,禾生陇亩无东西。况复秦兵耐苦战,被驱不异犬与鸡。长者虽有问,役夫敢申恨。且如今年冬,未休关西卒。县官急索租,租税从何出。信知生男恶,反是生女好。生女犹是嫁比邻,生男埋没随百草。君不见青海头,古来白骨无人收。新鬼烦冤旧鬼哭,天阴雨湿声啾啾。

苦战行 唐·杜甫

苦战身死马将军,自云伏波之子孙。干戈未定失壮士,使我叹恨伤精魂。去年江南讨狂贼,临江把臂难再得。别时孤云今不飞,时独看云泪横臆。

欢迎分享,转载请注明来源:浪漫分享网

原文地址:https://hunlipic.com/langman/463478.html

(0)
打赏 微信扫一扫微信扫一扫 支付宝扫一扫支付宝扫一扫
上一篇 2023-06-30
下一篇2023-06-30

发表评论

登录后才能评论

评论列表(0条)

    保存