浪漫主义时期西方钢琴音乐特点

浪漫主义时期音乐的特点在于表现个人的感情和幻想，十分强调个人主义的身心体验，以强烈、自由、奔放风格的音乐与当时严谨、典雅的古典主义音乐形成鲜明对比。

浪漫主义时期的音乐通常都是一些不满现状的忧郁者和孤独者创造的，这些人热衷于反映内心深处的爱情亲情主题，带有浓厚的强调主观色彩的印记，具有很明显的自传性。浪漫主义乐派证生于十九世纪初，是继维也纳古典乐派后出现的一个新的音乐流派，这个时期的艺术家在创造音乐时会带有强烈的主观感情，充满对自然的热爱和对未来世界的幻想，作品富有幻想性。

浪漫主义的介绍

浪漫主义是文艺的基本创作方法之一，其与现实主义被并称为文学艺术上的两大主要思潮。作为创作方法，浪漫主义在反映客观现实上侧重从主观内心世界出发，抒发对理想世界的热烈追求，常用热情奔放的语言、瑰丽的想象和夸张的手法来塑造形象。

浪漫主义的创作倾向由来已久，早在人类的文学艺术处于口头创作时期，一些作品就不同程度地带有浪漫主义的因素和特色，但这时的浪漫主义既未形成思潮，又不是自觉为人们掌握的创作方法。

许多知识分子和历史学家将浪漫主义视为是对于启蒙运动的反弹，是一种对启蒙时代的反思。启蒙时代的思想家强调演绎推理的绝对性，而浪漫主义者则强调直觉、想象力和感觉，甚至到了被一些人批评为“非理性主义”的程度。

作为文艺思潮，浪漫主义产生并风行于18世纪末～19世纪初的欧洲。其时正值资产阶级革命的时代，资产阶级处于上升时期，要求个性解放和感情自由，在政治上反抗封建主义的统治，在文学艺术上反对古典主义的束缚。为适应这样的需要，浪漫主义思潮应运而生。

德国文学

耶拿派：

1 德国最早的一个浪漫主义文学流派。以施莱格尔兄弟为代表。

2 19世纪他们在耶拿创办的杂志上第一次提出了浪漫主义这个名称，并且系统地阐述了他们的浪漫主义文学主张：强调想象与情感，强调文学创作的绝对自由，追求宗教的神秘和象征感。

海德堡浪漫派：

1 19世纪一批作家在海德堡创办《隐士报》，形成了海德堡派。

2功绩：收集和整理德国民间文学。阿尔尼姆和布伦塔诺收集编写的民歌集《儿童的奇异号角》，格林兄弟《儿童与家庭童话集》都是对德国民族文学的重要贡献。

主要作家及作品：

霍夫曼和莎米索的创作充满了神秘和怪诞的色彩。

海涅：在浪漫主义影响下开始走上创作道路。

《论浪漫派》的发表，结束了浪漫主义在德国文学的统治地位。

早期代表作：《西里西亚纺织工人》

后期代表作：《德国—一个冬天的童话》(抒情长诗)抒发了对德国封建制度和停滞的社会现实的仇恨与憎恶。

二 英国文学

湖畔派(英国第一代浪漫主义诗人)

1英国最早出现的浪漫主义作家是“湖畔派”三诗人：华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞。

2他们远离城市隐居湖区，都喜欢歌颂大自然，描写宗法制农村生活，以此来抵制资本主义的城市文明。

华兹华斯(湖畔派中成就最高)：

《抒情歌谣集·序》称为英国浪漫主义划时代的宣言。

《抒情歌谣》与柯勒律治合作。

柯勒律治：喜欢描写超自然的人与事。代表作《古舟子咏》

英国第二代浪漫主义诗人(拜伦、雪莱)：

雪莱(恩格斯称他为“天才的预言家”)：

《麦布女王》：(长诗)雪莱的“预言”首先体现。

《解放了的普罗米修斯》“理解社会”。

自然山水诗：《云雀》、《西风颂》名句“冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？”

齐慈《夜莺颂》(颂诗)：以精巧著称。

司各特：(以历史小说著称)“威弗利小说” 代表作《艾凡赫》

司各特的去世标志着英国浪漫主义的结束。

简·奥斯丁：《傲慢与偏见》、《爱玛》

三 法国文学

雨果《(克伦威尔)序言》的发表，树起浪漫主义的旗帜，是法国浪漫主义的宣言书。

19世纪法国浪漫主义的先驱：

夏多布里昂：

《基督教的真谛》：包括两部中篇：

《阿达拉》：写了一个发生在北美原森林的故事。是法国第一部浪漫主义小说。主人公：印第安人：夏克塔斯、部落酋长之女：阿达拉。

《勒内》：写的是一个贵族青年的忏悔。

理解后简答题

简述夏多布里昂笔下的“世纪病”形象：

1 19世纪初法国浪漫主义文学先驱夏多布里昂的作品《勒内》中的主人公勒内生性孤僻，忧郁与周围人格格不入，整日在冥思遐想中派遣他的忧郁，在孤独的漂泊中度日。这是文学史上第一个“世纪病”形象。

2小说中的主人公是在大革命浪潮的冲击下，丧失了一切的贵族青年。表现了他们在现实生活中找不到自己的地位那种悲观绝望的精神状态，阴暗的心理和郁郁寡欢的情怀。

史达尔夫人：

主要作品：《黛尔菲娜》、《柯丽娜》；理论著作《论文学》、《论德国》

拉马丁：诗集《沉思集》

缪塞(被称为法国的“莎士比亚”)：

《世纪儿的忏悔》(自传体小说)：塑造了一个“世纪病”患者“阿克达夫”的形象。

大仲马：《基督山伯爵》《三个火枪手》

乔治·桑：

《安蒂亚娜》：成名作

《康素埃洛》《安吉堡的磨工》：具有空想社会主义倾向的小说。

好吧，在这里我只能给你古典音乐，摇滚音乐的还有爵士的介绍了，希望你采纳啊！！很辛苦得我~~~

1摇滚乐

Rock music began in the United States in 1950’s, but it has influenced and in turn been shaped by a broad field of cultures and musical traditions, including gospel music, the blues, country-and-western music, classical music, folk music, electronic music, and the popular music of Asia, Africa, and Latin America In addition to its use as a broad designation, the term rock music commonly refers to music styles after 1959 predominantly influenced by white musicians

There is basic agreement that rock is a form of music with a strong beat, but it is difficult to be much more explicit The Collins Cobuild English Dictionary, based on a vast database of British usage, suggests that rock is a kind of music with simple tunes and a very strong beat that is played and sung, usually loudly, by a small group of people with electric guitars and drums, but there are so many exceptions to this description that it is practically useless

Other major rock-music styles include rock and roll, the first genre of the music; and rhythm-and-blues music (R&B), influenced mainly by black American musicians Each of these major genres encompasses a variety of substyles, such as heavy metal, punk, alternative, and grunge While innovations in rock music have often occurred in regional centers such as New York City; Kingston, Jamaica; and Liverpool, England, the influence of rock music is now felt worldwide

2古典乐

Classical music is probably more familiar than we might at first imagine Indeed, nowadays it is all around us, whether it be in restaurants, supermarkets, lifts, for advertising or as theme and incidental music on television A great deal of film music either directly uses or draws from the 'classical' tradition; a good example of the former might be '2001: Space Odyssey', and of the latter, the many scores John Williams has composed in recent years for such blockbusters as the Star Wars and Indiana Jones trilogies

In the vast and wide-ranging world of 'classical' music there is truly something there for everyone - pieces which once discovered represent the start of an exciting and irresistible journey which will provide a lifetime's listening pleasure For example, those who are particularly excited by hearing instrumentalists working at full stretch will thrill to the likes of Liszt and Paganini, or if something a little more reserved and self-contained is required, the chamber music of Haydn or Mozart would be a good starting point If a full symphony orchestra in overdrive is more to your taste then Tchaikovsky or Richard Strauss could well fit the bill, whereas those who have already warmed to Vivaldi's 'Four Seasons' might well try the music of some of the great Italian's contemporaries such as Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach or Domenico Scarlatti Whatever your tastes may be, there has never been a better time to start building a 'classical' music collection on CD

Any attempt to define what is meant literally by the term 'classical' music is fraught with difficulty How does one encapsulate in just a few words a musical tradition which encompasses such infinite varieties of style and expression, from the monastic intonings of Gregorian chant to the laid-back jazz inflections of Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, from the elegant poise of Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik to the despairing, heightened emotionalism of Tchaikovsky's "Pathetique" Symphony One is treading on very dangerous ground indeed if one pre-supposes that it is simply 'superior' to other musical types such as popular, jazz, rock and the like, let alone the music of other cultures

In general 'popular' music may be as clear in expression as the longer examples of 'classical' music One important difference, however, lies in the logical connection that exists in 'classical ' music between the beginning and end, with the latter a logical extension and development of the former 'Popular' music, on the other hand, tends to present its material without development, the music ending when interest is exhausted

Sadly, whilst 'classical' music is socially undivisive in itself, it has unfortunately become associated in most people's minds with the intellectual elite Even now, and with certain honourable exceptions, the attending of a 'live' concert can be an intimidating (not to say costly) experience for the uninitiated, especially in that most jealously guarded of establishments, the opera house The wonderful thing about the technological age in which we live, and particularly the advent of the compact disc, is that we can bypass all irrelevant social and intellectual pretence, and enjoy in the comfort of our own home (often at far less cost) some of the finest music ever composed

With such a breathtaking variety of material available, it is an awesome task to know just where to begin your disc collection, and as a result expensive mistakes are often made as tempting looking purchases turn out to be something of a disappointment This is where the Naxos catalogue really comes into its own, and where it is hoped this guide will help prospective purchasers to make an informed choice about the kind of music they are likely to enjoy

The Naxos label provides a library of high quality performances of music by the great masters in modern digital sound; accompanied by authoritative and user-friendly booklet notes and at the lowest possible price There are already nearly 600 titles from which to choose, and with new releases emerging at the rate of about eight every month, even the enthusiastic collector is well and truly catered for With every historical period and genre covered, there is something in the Naxos catalogue for everyone, especially those who wish to build a truly representative collection of the central masterworks in the 'classical' tradition

3爵士

Born in America, jazz can be seen as a reflection of the cultural diversity and individualism of this country At its core are openness to all influences, and personal expression through improvisation Throughout its history, jazz has straddled the worlds of popular music and art music, and it has expanded to a point where its styles are so varied that one may sound completely unrelated to another First performed in bars, jazz can now be heard in clubs, concert halls, universities, and large festivals all over the world

The Birth of Jazz:

New Orleans, Louisiana around the turn of the 20th century was a melting pot of cultures A major port city, people from all over the world came together there, and as a result, musicians were exposed to a variety of music European classical music, American blues, and South American songs and rhythms came together to form what became known as jazz The origin of the word jazz is widely disputed, although it is thought to have originally been a sexual term

Louis Armstrong:

One thing that makes jazz music so unique is that it’s focus on improvisation Louis Armstrong, a trumpet player from New Orleans, is considered the father of modern jazz improvisation His trumpet solos were melodic and playful, and filled with energy that could only result from being composed on the spot A leader of several groups in the 1920s and 30s, Armstrong inspired countless others to make the music their own by developing a personal style of improvisation

Expansion:

Thanks to early records, the music of Armstrong and others in New Orleans could reach a broad radio audience The music’s popularity began to increase as did its sophistication, and major cultural centers around the country began to feature jazz bands Chicago, Kansas City, and New York had the most thriving music scenes in the 1940s, where dance halls were filled with fans that came to see large jazz ensembles This period is known as the Swing Era, referring to the lilting “swing” rhythms employed by the Big Bands

Bebop:

Big Bands gave musicians the opportunity to experiment with different approaches to improvisation While members of a Big Band, saxophonist Charlie Parker and trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie began to develop a highly virtuosic and harmonically advanced style known as "Bebop," an onomatopoeic reference to the rhythmic punches heard in the music Parker and Gillespie performed their music in small ensembles all over the country, and musicians flocked to hear the new direction jazz was taking The intellectual approach and technical facility of these pioneers of Bebop has set the standard for today’s jazz musicians

Jazz Today:

Jazz is a highly developed art form that continues to evolve and expand in numerous directions The music of each decade sounds fresh and distinct from the music that preceded it Since the days of bebop, the jazz scene has included avant-garde music, Latin jazz, jazz/rock fusion, and countless other styles Jazz today is so diverse and broad that there is something unique and interesting about every artist’s style

英国的工业革命进程，创造了财富，也激化了劳资矛盾、改造了社会结构，改变了人与传统、人与大自然的关系，促使知识界分化。于是，一批饱读诗书的诗人对此茫然、不知所措，这便是早期浪漫主义代表者“湖畔派”诗人华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞；而一批激情的诗人则以另一种方式投入其中，这便是拜伦、雪赖、济慈等人。

1、“湖畔派”诗人

主要是指华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞，他们对资本主义文明以及人与人之间的现金交易极为反感，向往中古时期的封建社会。曾隐居于英国西北部的湖区，由是得名。他们的诗歌或讴歌宗法式的农村生活和自然风景，或描写奇异神秘的故事和异国风光。

湖畔派诗人早年向往法国资产阶级革命，当革命深入到雅各宾党专政时期，他们被人民群众的革命行动吓破了胆，转而反对法国革命，站在保守的立场，反对资产阶级文明，主张恢复封建宗法制度，宣扬宗教道德观。

文学上，湖畔诗人共同反对古典主义传统，向往唯物论，歌颂大自然。1798年，华兹华斯和柯勒律治共同发表了《抒情歌谣集》，并写了序言。序的主要内容是强调诗的题材源于日常生活与情感，诗的语言应是日常生活语言，诗人应该具有创造性的想象。这篇序成了英国浪漫主义的宣言。其中关于想象的论述，是重表现的理论，动摇了亚里士多德的摹仿理论传统。

华兹华斯（1770－1850）是英国浪漫主义的第一个大诗人，也是欧洲的大诗人。因为他喜欢歌颂自然美,被誉为“自然诗人”。他认为大自然有一种使人提高精神境界与道德价值的力量，所以他把自然作为一中精神力量来歌颂。让自然陶冶自己并激发灵感，自然是取之不尽的素材来源。代表作《丁登寺》表达了他对自然的感情。

柯勒律治（1772－1834）一个天性爱好探索问题的人，在求学时期就反对古典的浮华风格。他的作品充满神秘浪漫色彩，善于把玄妙迷离、古怪离奇的轶事写得逼肖现实生活。代表作品有《古舟子咏》、《忽必烈汗》、《克里斯特贝尔》。

雪莱（1792－1822）是英国著名的浪漫主义诗人，他是第一个表现了空想社会主义理想的诗人，被恩格斯称为“天才的预言家”。因《无神论的必然》（1812）被牛津大学开除，同年和小酒店店主16岁女儿哈莉特私奔成婚、被逐出家门。他一生抨击不合理的社会制度，对人类任何形式的压迫进行斗争，同情弱小者。

雪莱的主要创作有：长诗《麦布女王》（1813）表达了他的政治、哲学观点。《伊斯兰的起义》（1817）借东方故事歌颂资产阶级革命。诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》（1819）是雪莱的代表作，采用古希腊题材，把普罗米修斯塑造为一个资产阶级革命家形象，最后结局是全世界获得解放，表达了反抗专制统治的斗争必将获胜的信念和空想社会主义理想。剧中世界变为“平等，不分等级，不分种族，不分国家，不需惶恐，不需官阶，不需有谁称王”。抒情诗的名篇有《西风颂》和《致云雀》。

雪莱诗歌特色充满对反动统治和黑暗社会的揭露与反抗，对被压迫人民的同情，以及对未来理想社会的展望。空灵飘逸，激情乐观，没有阴郁色彩。采用象征手法，用浪漫主义的幻想来描绘理想世界。

济慈（1795－1821）浪漫主义诗人，与拜伦、雪莱齐名。他的创作期只有5年，却写出了很多传世之作，如《夜莺颂》、《秋颂》、《希腊古瓮颂》。他热爱古希腊文化，进步的思想倾向，追求美的境界，诗中有画。对唯美主义产生影响。

司各特（1771－1832）英国小说家，欧洲历史小说的创始人。创作有诗歌、小说、历史著作和传记。但他的最大贡献是历史小说，共写了27部历史小说，它们像一幅巨大的历史画卷，反映了从中世纪到资产阶级革命时期英格兰和苏格兰的社会生活。揭露民族压迫，美化苏格兰古老的宗法制社会。代表作《艾凡赫》（1819）。司各特的历史小说具有浓厚的浪漫主义色彩，情节惊险离奇，场面五彩缤纷，人物非凡奇特，可说是浪漫主义的历史小说，为欧洲19世纪后期的社会小说开辟了道路。

分类: 艺术 >> 器乐

问题描述:

越详细越好

解析:

古典音乐是具有规则性本质的音乐，具有平衡，明晰的特点，注重形式的美感，被认为具有持久的价值，而不仅仅是在一个特定的时代流行。

古典音乐(classical music)本来是专指德奥1750-1830年间以海顿、莫扎特、贝多芬为代表的音乐，即所谓“维也纳古典乐派的音乐”(有不确切的翻译为”维也纳古典主义音乐”的)。这就是狭义的古典音乐。

从这个狭义的古典音乐概念出发，我们可以向前追溯到巴赫，亨德尔乃至更早的天主教基督教宗教音乐，向后延伸到浪漫主义，民族乐派，以及20世纪西方的现代音乐。这些都是广义的古典音乐。界定古典音乐，也就是基于这个传统的，无论是继承和发扬这个传统，还是试图以创新来突破这个传统的音乐创作尝试，都可以归入古典音乐之内。而在这个传统外独立发展的音乐，虽然有借鉴和影响古典音乐创作的，但是一般也不归入古典音乐之内，比如爵士乐，摇滚乐，以及东方一些民族的音乐。

古典音乐作为音乐中类别的称呼，是相对于轻音乐，通俗音乐等门类而存在，它本身并没有严格明确的解释或者定义。在轻音乐范围里，有时也采用“古典”的概念来指某些经过时间检验，被人们奉为楷模的轻音乐作品，如古典轻歌剧、古典爵士乐等，这里的classical，理解为“古代+经典”，似乎更为合适一些。

浪漫主义主要用于描述1830到1850年间的文学创作，以及1830到1900年间的音乐创作。

浪漫主义音乐比起之前的维也纳古典乐派的音乐，更注重感情和形象的表现，相对来说看轻形式和结构方面的考虑。浪漫主义音乐往往富于想象力，相当多的浪漫主义音乐受到非现实的文学作品的影响，而有着相当大的标题音乐成分。浪漫主义的因素，则包含在从古至今的音乐创作当中，而不仅仅局限于某一个时代，因为音乐创作本身，就是想象力的一种表现，而浪漫主义恰恰是想象力的最佳体现。

浪漫主义史学是19世纪上半叶在欧洲大地上风行一时的浪漫主义思潮在史学领域里的具体体现。然而，浪漫主义最初却是作为18世纪启蒙思想的组成部分而出现的，浪漫主义历史思想的奠基者们都是反封建的斗士。如果说18世纪初维科在其《关于民族共同性的新科学原理》一书中所提出的历史连续性思想当时还不为人们熟知的话，那么卢梭、康德、赫尔德等人的浪漫主义历史理论却是在当时就曾经引起过极大反响的。可以说，19世纪的浪漫主义史学，主要就是在赫尔德的历史理论指导下发展起来的。