浪漫主义文学有哪些特征？浪漫主义文学产生于西方哪个时期？-趣历史网

　浪漫主义文学产生于18世纪末，在19世纪上半叶达到繁荣时期，是西方近代文学最重要的思潮之一。下面趣历史小编就为大家带来详细的介绍，一起来看看吧!

　　在纵向上，浪漫主义文学是对文艺复兴时期人文主义理念的继承和发扬，也是对僵化的法国古典主义的有力反驳。

　　在横向上，浪漫主义文学和随后出现的现实主义共同构成西方近代文学的两大体系，造就19世纪西方文学盛极一时的繁荣局面，对后来的现代主义和后现代主义文学产生了深远的影响。

　　浪漫主义文学的特征

　　一、浪漫主义文学试图用想象代替不足

　　浪漫主义文学以一种超越现实的文学精神，执着于对人生理想甚至幻想的表现，力图用文学给人类展现出一幅理想的生活景象。

　　用德国作家席勒的话说，浪漫主义“试图用美丽的理想去代替那不足的真实”。

　　所以，浪漫主义并不像现实主义文学那样注重对生活对象的如实摹写，强调文学的真实性和客观性，而是竭力表现理想，表现主观愿望，表现向往理想的激情。

　　所以在文学创作中，浪漫主义遵循的是理想化的原则，只要能表现理想的与希望的生活，文学塑造的形象即使违背生活本身固有的逻辑也无关紧要。

　　二、浪漫主义文学远离现实生活

　　在理想主义精神的支配下，浪漫主义文学更多地采用了远离现实生活的神话传说、奇异故事等作为自己的表现对象，以富于幻想的方式创造出想象的和虚构的艺术世界。

　　法国著名的浪漫主义作家乔治·桑曾说：浪漫主义艺术“不是对于现实世界的研究，而是对于理想的真实的追求”。

　　因此浪漫主义作品所描写的生活往往带有幻想的特点，在虚构的特殊的环境中，描写一些具有奇特的超人品格、行为和能力的形象。

　　三、浪漫主义文学崇尚自然

　　浪漫主义文学具有崇尚自然的特点，强调以自然为对象和表现人性的自然本质。我们在前面已经提及，浪漫主义文学尤为重视自然。

　　这个“自然”既是指那个与社会生活截然不同的大自然，又是指突现了人之本性的自然。

　　浪漫主义文学所以关注自然，提出“回到自然”的口号，是因为对资本主义发展所带来的违反人性的都市文明和工业文化的失望。

　　浪漫主义认为，人性原有的纯朴与自然，人类与大自然的和谐，都因为现代工业的发展，因为物质欲望的弥漫，而逐渐丧失了。

　　四、浪漫主义文学写作夸张、大胆

　　浪漫主义文学在表现方式上具有大胆幻想、构思奇特、手法夸张的特点。浪漫主义在艺术表现上不求“形似”，不像现实主义那样追求细节的真实，而是依据主观感情的逻辑和表现理想的需要。

　　充分发挥想象、夸张、虚构、变形、比喻、象征等非再现性的艺术手段，致力于理想的艺术世界的创造，从而体现了浪漫主义文学在艺术形式和表现手法上的特色，

　　浪漫主义文学经常使用异常夸张的艺术表现手法，以传奇式的故事情节，华丽的语言形式，把历史传说、神话故事、自然奇观和异域风情揉合起来，以表现理想中的世界和人生，呈现出雄奇瑰伟的浪漫气势。

　　浪漫主义文学的代表人物

　　一、罗伯特·彭斯

　　罗伯特·彭斯是浪漫主义文学的代表人物之一，在英国文学史上占有特殊重要的地位。他复活并丰富了苏格兰民歌，他的诗歌富有音乐性，可以歌唱。

　　彭斯生于苏格兰民族面临被异族征服的时代，因此他的诗歌充满了激进的民主、自由的思想。

　　诗人生活在破产的农村，和贫苦的农民血肉相连，他的诗歌歌颂了故国家乡的秀美，抒写了劳动者纯朴的友谊和爱情。

　　二、乔治·拜伦

　　乔治·拜伦是英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人。其代表作品有《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》、《唐璜》等。

　　在他的诗歌里塑造了一批“拜伦式英雄”。拜伦不仅是一位伟大的诗人，还是一个为理想战斗一生的勇士;他积极而勇敢地投身革命，参加了希腊民族解放运动，并成为***之一。

　　三、雪莱

　　珀西·比希·雪莱，英国著名作家、浪漫主义诗人，被认为是历史上最出色的英语诗人之一。

　　英国浪漫主义民主诗人、第一位社会主义诗人、小说家、哲学家、散文随笔和政论作家、改革家、柏拉图主义者和理想主义者，受空想社会主义思想影响颇深。

　　四、弗朗索瓦·勒内·德·夏多布里昂

　　弗朗索瓦带有贵族倾向，《基督教真谛》主张复兴中世纪礼教，但其作品对美洲丛林和大草原奇异风光以及古代废墟富于抒情色彩的描写，成为浪漫主义文学异国情调和描绘“废墟美”的滥觞。

　　他的小说《勒内》和《阿达拉》都描写世俗爱情和宗教信仰的矛盾，悱恻缠绵。

　　五、华盛顿·欧文

　　是19世纪美国最著名浪漫主义代表人物，号称美国文学之父。1783年4月3日出生在纽约一个富商家庭。

　　从欧文少年时代起就喜爱阅读英国作家司各特、拜伦和彭斯等人的作品。欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。

　　1819年，欧文的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。

　　此外海涅、卢梭、惠特曼、华兹华斯、济慈、小仲马、简·奥斯丁等人也都是浪漫主义文学的代表人物。

<灰姑娘>和<天仙配>

相同之处:都是中西关于爱情的童话故事,主人公都天性善良,对爱情有着执着的追求在故事中,这两个故事的主人公,都经历了坎坷(灰姑娘遇到后母和姐姐的阻挠,七仙女遇到王母娘娘的反对)但最后都有美满的结局表明正义和爱情,可以战胜邪恶和困难

不同之外:西方的爱情故事,多为王子与灰姑娘式的故事,如<灰姑娘>和<茜茜公主>都是男子身份较高,由男子带给女方幸福而中国的爱情故事,多为董永和七仙女式的故事,如<天仙配>和<田螺姑娘>,都是女方身份较高,由女子带给男子幸福

由此可见:西方的女子能力不太被男子认可而相对来说,男子承担着更多责任而中国对女子的能力相对要求较多,男子则承担较少责任

一已之见,供你参考!~

东西方文化差异

(Differences between Eastern and Western culture)

摘自http://wwwgooglecom/searchhl=en&q=the+Differences+between+Chinese+Culture+and+Western+Culture&btnG=Google+Search

http://wwwgooglecom/searchhl=en&newwindow=1&q=Differences+between+Eastern+and+Western+culture&btnG=Search

这页有很多，你可以自已选，I am pleasure to give you my help

这是我选中的一个：

What leads to the cultural difference

The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot This is because the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole

The origin of the eastern cultures is mainly from two countries: China and India Both of the two cultures are gestated by rivers In China, the mother river is the Yellow River while the Indian one is the Hindu River These two cultures were developed for several thousand years and formed their own styles Then in Dang Dynasty of China, the Chinese culture gradually went overseas to Japan, mixed into the Japanese society and shaped the Japanese culture nowadays Though a bit different from the Chinese one, it belongs to the same system

When the two mother rivers gave birth to the eastern culture, another famous culture was brought up on the Mesopotamian Plain ---- the Mesopotamian Civilization This civilization later on developed into the cultures of the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome And these two are well-known as the base of the European culture Like the Chinese culture, the European one also crossed waters When the colonists of England settled down in America, their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean So the American culture doesn't distinguish from the European one a lot

At the same time, the difference of the language systems adds to the cultural differences In the East, most languages belong to the pictographic language (see the picture below) while the Western languages are mostly based on the Latin system, for example, the one I’m using to write this paper

Other factors like human race difference counts as well But what’s more, due to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries So they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference from the other

Pictographic charactors

Part II How differently do people behave in daily life

The differences are everywhere They affect people’s ways of thinking and their views of the world Even in everyday life, the cultural differences show up from the moment the eyes are opened to the minute the dreams are invited

In the following, I’ll give some typical example of the differences

Section 1: Greeting

Greeting is the first step to form a culture, because people begin to communicate with others The individuals become a community

How do we Chinese greet each other Informally, if we meet an friend in the street, we are used to say: “Hi, have you had your meal” or “Where are you going” When it is the case of two gentlemen, they tend to shake hands

However, in the western countries, the above questions are just questions, not greeting at all They may think you’re inviting them to dinner if you ask about their meals Usually, they’ll just give each other a smile or greet with a “Hi” They’ll shake hands only in some formal situations By the way, Westerners can leave a party or meeting halls without a formal conge, nor should they shake hands with every attendee like most of us will do here

Section 2: Expressing gratitude

Think of the situations below Your mother is busy in the kitchen She suddenly asks you to fetch a bowl for her You do so What’ll your mother’s response be Probably she’ll just continue doing the cooking After a while, the dinner is ready Your mother hands you your bowl of rice What’s your response Probably just begin to eat

That’s what I want to say In Chinese families, we rarely say “Thank you” to other family members for receiving help or service Neither will we say so between good friends It’s such an unpopular response that if you say it, the counterpart will think you are treating him as a stranger, otherwise you are lacking of intimacy

But in the West, "thank you" is one of the most frequently used sentences Teachers will thank a student for answering a question; husbands will thank his wife for making a coffee

However, as an interesting phenomenon, it’s a custom to say "thank you" in Japan No matter in family or among friends, Japanese chronically use it all the day This is probably the aberrance of the culture

Section 3 Dining

The ways people eat, that is, the table manner, really distinguish a lot The reason for this is probably because of the different dining tools and menus

Easterners use chopsticks, or sometimes even grasp rice straightly with hands as Indians do The thin and long chopsticks cannot be used to cut food, so we usually use our teeth to act as knives We hold our food, meat or vegetable, with the chopsticks, send them to the mouths, bite off a part of it and remain the other part on the chopsticks That’s the usual way we eat We are also used to hold up our bowls when having rice or soup Japanese hold bowls to have miso soup without spoons But all these habits are considered rude in the Western countries

The etiquette in the West requests that when eating, bowls and plates cannot leave the tables Food should be cut by knives to fit into the mouths Of course your mouth cannot touch the plates or bowls So the regular process is like this You cut your steak on the plate with fork and knife, send the meat cube into the mouth with fork and nothing will be returned back but the fork alone

Section 4 Symbolizing

Symbolization is how people imagine or regard something It actually reflects the way people think Here I’ll only discuss some symbolization that frequently appears in daily life

First is about the colors We often give each color some meanings, because we feel differently when facing different colors So people always have preference when choosing colors of clothes, decorations, etc In the APEC summit held in Shanghai several years ago, in the last day, the presidents from all over the world wore the traditional Chinese Dang suits and took a photo together The colors of the suits were chosen by themselves freely However, it’s quite interesting to find that most Easterners chose red while most of the westerners preferred blue To explain this, it’s easy to realize that what red means is almost opposite in the East and the West Red means luck, fortune here We Chinese often use this color to decorate in festivals, such as red lanterns, red Chinese nodes, red bangers But red stands for blood, revolutions in the West So the presidents avoided wearing this unlucky color

Another interesting discovery is about the dragons In the East, dragons are imagined as something like snake and are flowing in the sky for most of the time The dragon is said to have the face of the horse, the horns of the deer, the ears of the ox, the body of the snake, the claws of the eagle and squama of the fish We regard dragon as God and say that we Chinese are the offspring of the dragon The God of Dragons of the four seas can charge the rainfalls, so we sometimes also call them the God of the water or rain But in the West, people think dragons as dinosaurs, which can stand on the ground with feet and fly with huge wings They lay eggs just like dinosaurs The dragons of the West have the ability to erupt fire, instead of water The fire can destroy everything so the dragons are not welcomed at all They even become the symbol of the Devil

Dragons Imagined by Chinese

Dragon Imagined by the Westerners

Part III What can we do to treat the culture gap

Now we have seen that there exists such a huge gap between eastern culture and western one Then what should we do to face this gap in the gradually globalizing world

Firstly, we cannot deny any of the cultures Every nation has its own characteristics and it’s mainly through its culture that we first begin to know the nation and its characteristics So we cannot say that this culture or custom is right and that is wrong Equal respect should be attached to every culture in the world, even to those that are not in existence any more

Next, we should get to learn how to coordinate the different cultures We say the world is becoming smaller and smaller More foreigners come and go everyday When it is in the same country, the same city, the same neighborhood, the cultural collision is expected to be more serious So we should try to avoid this happening One important thing is to get some basic knowledge about the other cultures so as not to misunderstand some actions or habits of the foreigners

When the above two is done, we can start to communicate I mean we can take in some strong points from the foreign cultures Though there doesn’t exist correctness in terms of culture, it does have the terms of more advanced or more suitable for the world nowadays Of course, we cannot throw away our own culture and accept another one totally Every culture is a treasure to the history of the Earth, so we should only pick out those we lack to perfect our own

Different cultures add the most colorful element to the world of 21st century The cultural gap should not be the obstacle to the civilization of human being It ought to be the motivation of our going farther （http://zhidaobaiducom/question/22639015html）

1801年1月1日至1900年12月31日的这一段期间被称为19世纪。这段期间最显著的是西欧与北美因工业革命促成的技术与经济上的进步。连带的，各种自然科学学科，如物理、化学、生物学、地质学等皆逐渐成形，并影响到社会科学（包含社会学、人类学、历史学等）的诞生或重塑。但另一方面，这些工业国家透过强大的生产力与武器，成功殖民世界大多数地区，并以倾销的方式破坏许多古文明国度，如中国、印度、土耳其既有的社会与经济体系，迫使这些国家走向“现代化”。

此外，民族主义兴起，使多数欧洲民族建立起属于自己的现代国家，并开始建立与保存本国的历史与文化。

社会上，大量的社会冲突不停发生，使得社会主义势力逐渐地得到扩张，这其中又以深深触发下一世纪冷战的马克思主义最为著名。

在艺术上，上世纪流行的新古典主义艺术逐渐被浪漫主义替代，后来受到科学与工业革命的刺激，欧洲又开始朝向写实主义发展，希望透过绘画、文学、音乐与摄影等方式捕捉现实生活的各种情境与人物，这其中又以印象派最为著名。

欧洲

工业化国家的人们开始全面探索世界的每个角落与各个部落。可另一方面演化论与民族主义使他们逐渐产生“白种人的负担”这种优越感，进而埋下20世纪前半叶种族屠杀的伏笔。

北美

伴随着世界的不宁静，美国也打响了征服美洲的第一枪，在70年的时间里，美国的版图从大西洋延伸到了太平洋。淘金热，自由女神的建立，西部铁路的开发，可以说美国正在大步迈向未来。对法、英、西班牙等其他美洲统治者集结主力在欧洲的时候，美国也对周边新兴起的民主国家蠢蠢欲动。先后发动了对墨西哥、海地、古巴等国家的入侵。宗教上，美国的浸信会开始分裂，摩尔门教、耶和华见证人、共济会等纷纷在美洲这片热土上与殖民者的天主教势力作斗争。但是上帝很公平，在美国眼看进入中美洲的时候，爆发了以南方种植园主以同一理由所率领的反叛。由此美国打响了有史以来最为惨烈的战争。最终北军以解放黑奴的名义完胜。这个新兴的国家，若不是南部的判乱，美国完全有能力保住墨西哥，从而打开进往南美洲的大门。19世纪末，由于美国的飞速发展，其实力远远超过了同一时间扩张的其他欧洲列强。欧洲人开始大规模向美国迁徙。虽然世纪初美国还很弱小，甚至曾有英军火烧白宫等尴尬事件，但是到了19世纪末，美国毫无疑问的成了美洲的领头羊。“美国人”（American）这个词在英语里彻底代替了“美洲人”。

中国

19世纪对于中国是个“革新”的世纪，这段时间中国先后爆发了“鸦片战争”、“太平天国”、“同治回乱”、“义和团起义”等战争。闭关锁国的清廷开始有了“西学东鉴”的声音，由此西方的思想和学术开始大规模涌入中国。不可不提的是，同越南一样，战争的爆发是随着天主教士传教的脚步随进的。

日本

在德川幕府统治长达100多年后，长期闭关锁国的日本遇见了和中国一样的问题，政治保守，思想陈旧，封建意识的压迫，严重阻碍了民族的进步。19世纪中期，一艘美国军舰来到了江户湾，虽然只是请求上岸通商，但是眼界狭隘的日本人还是因为这艘铁甲战舰，爆发了推翻幕府统治的序幕。不久后，长期名存实亡的天皇家族主张西学，改变日本命运的“明治维新”运动开始了。从“大化改新”到“明治维新”，前后一千两百多年的时间，汉文化对日本的统治地位将在本世纪彻底改变。

朝鲜半岛

19世纪的前期，由于朝鲜纯祖对天主教的排斥，这种政策实际上阻碍了朝鲜的发展。受影响于日本变法的成功，朝鲜王室开始有了效法日本和主张“亲华抵日”的两种对垒。因“两班制”的影响，王权的实际力量大大削减，大部分的情报掌握于两班阶层甚至是贱民之手，王权无法亲眼见识到日本维新后的力量，这当然是无法压制住底层民众声音的。终于，这种低沉的压迫引发了“东学党事件”，随之而来的，是日本的新式军队。朝鲜王室是存是留，何去何从，从此由列强掌控。

琉球群岛