世纪将是跨国公司主宰全球经济的世纪。跨国公司透过「收购、控股、兼并、品牌输出」等形式掀起一浪高过一浪的国际化浪潮,正以惊人速度吞并越来越多的企业变成自己的势力范围。跨国公司控制全球70%的海外直接投资和50%商品出口,控制行业标准、核心技术和商业模式,并在很大程度上决定竞争的游戏规则和发展形势。因此,任何一个企业总有一天都有「被国际化」的危险。
中国企业向来有自恋自大症,并常以「民族工业」等自诩。然而今天「民族工业」安在?都一个接一个逐渐踏进「被国际化」了的浪潮里。别的不用说,就以水市中最强的两个品牌乐百氏与娃哈哈,如今均已被全球饮料业巨头法国达能集团收归麾下。更要命是中国最大的乳品生产企业上光明乳业也被达能成功插股,如今达能堪称是称霸中国饮料业、奶业的国际企业。最不可思议的是一向标榜是「中国人自己的可乐」的非常可乐也傍嫁达能,可以说非常可乐已是「染有法国味道的可乐」了。
由此及彼,不禁令人想到中国葡萄酒业的现在和将来。中国葡萄酒业面对风高浪急的国际化潮流能独善其身、岿然不动吗?中国红酒市场一向被张裕、王朝、长城、华夏等几个老大瓜分,并以民族代言人之势支配红酒这块大一统市场。然而时过境迁,中国葡萄酒老大张裕最终还是与国际化势力妥协,和世界最大葡萄酒集团法国卡斯特合作,双方共同出资800万美元,共同开发适合欧洲、亚洲市场的中高档葡萄酒,其中卡斯特持有张裕30%股份。不管怎么说,有先见之明的人都知道这是中国葡萄酒被国际化的前兆。
被国际化隐忧
葡萄酒是西方文化的一种独特精神载体,与人民生活休戚相关,其产业历史之悠久,管理之卓越,工艺之先进,设备之优良,规模之巨大,是中国所无法比拟。而中国葡萄酒业还是个稚嫩产业,葡萄基地、工艺、生产管理、市场运作等方面存在诸多问题。尤其是在中国加入WTO后,原来保护民族产业的两大屏障:进口配额限制和高额关税将取消,全球洋酒巨头势必长驱直入,而且以物美价廉之势赢得极大竞争优势。比如加入WTO未来几年后,中国关税将从原来65%降至10%左右,原来一瓶50元人民币的红酒,将会降价到20多元,与定位在20-60元之内的国产红酒张裕、王朝相差无几。
2001年在葡萄酒业掀起一股跨国并购旋风。澳大利亚BrlHardy公司斥巨资并购美国第二大葡萄酒公司Con Stecation和贝灵哲酒庄;英国葡萄酒集团Domecq公司则先后收购了阿根延Craffigna和Saintelice公司、德国第四大红酒厂Kuemmerling Gom bh及智利等国葡萄酒厂;意大利Montatcino公司则将保加利亚Yal 2000公司和瑞典等国葡萄酒厂纳入其麾下。由此可见,葡萄酒业国际化可谓气势如虹,风起云涌,焉能不波及中国?
人无远忧,必有近虑。外面世界很无奈,亦很精彩。加入 WTO后,中国葡萄酒必须勇敢走出国门,大胆参加国际竞争,全力加强自己在全新环境中的国际竞争力,闭门造车,鄙帚自珍,只有面临被市场淘汰的命运。而从市场战略方面讲,加入WTO参与国际化竞争,不仅可以建立自己的世界市场根据地,更能扰乱敌人后方,打乱敌人布署,从而达到防御敌人,保护自己,状大自己的目的。同时,入世也给中国葡萄酒业参与国际竞争提供同等发展的平台。因此中国葡萄业如何未雨绸缪,及早应对,主动去学习、适应并创新,师夷之长以制夷,参与全球竞争,打造属于自己的强势国际品牌,从而立于不败之地?以下有几点是中国葡萄酒业非进行不可的动作。
(一) 文化国际化
「推动帆船前进的不是帆,而是看不见的风」。而这「风」就是集观念、意识、素质、制度、历史、形象等于一体的葡萄酒文化。海尔总裁张瑞敏也说「资本是船,人才是本,文化是魂」。没有灵魂的葡萄酒,就是没有文化的葡萄酒,没有文化的葡萄酒如何面对WTO,如何品牌国际化,走向世界?只有当葡萄酒产品质量、市场管理与企业文化有效融合为一体的时刻,中国葡萄酒企业才有可能构建自己的国际品牌。诚如可口可乐说,我们生产的不是糖水而是美国的文化。葡萄酒企业一旦使其经营的产品成为中国文化的一环,融合世界文化的一部分,才有可能被国内外消费者广泛接受,才有可能产生如核爆一样作用的国际品牌效应。
中国有哪几家葡萄酒企业有自己的真正地道特色的葡萄酒文化?张裕?长城?还是华夏?充其量仅是阿Q式中国文化。至于又土又洋、中西合璧的国际型葡萄酒文化呢?好像也是没有。那中国的葡萄酒要如何在文化上达到国际化目的?这可以从三方面着手,第一是产品标识(名称)国际化,主体商标必须英文化而非拼音化或汉语化,让外国消费者一目了然,耳熟能详。比如国际化的张裕标识称zhangyu就不如zaniu贴切洋气;第二是广告语国际化,广告语国际化不是强求放诸四海皆准,而是广告语不要老是抖露老祖宗的东西,如「健康发财大团圆」之类,国际品牌的广告语也要本土化,切合洋人视听的心理习俗;第三是文化营销国际化,及早建立中国葡萄酒文化国际推广中心,透过开办葡萄酒文化对外讲座、文化展,在电视、广播、报纸上开辟中国葡萄酒对外专栏等,让中国葡萄酒走向世界。
(二) 网络国际化
时下企业间竞争日趋激烈,市场过度饱和,企业有限营销资源和无限膨胀的营销费用的矛盾日益尖锐,这迫使企业营销方式、手段和策略亟需一次彻底的裂变,充分的革命。中国葡萄酒要走向世界,如果在外国依然使用中国传统的经销方式,则中国葡萄酒品牌的国际化,必然困难重重,步履维艰。因为外国市场环境与中国市场是迥然不同。因此许多厂家和企业家总在扪心自问:如何使自己的企业和品牌长出翅膀,成功飞出国门,走向世界?现今先进网络信息技术给了中国葡萄酒企业一个确定的选择;不出家门,也可以走向世界。
网络所带给企业的好处,首先是网络营销交易费用低廉。网络营销使光电代替了印刷,网上谈判交易代替实物式交易,直销成为主要销售管道,从而大大节约交易费用。二是网络营销不受时空限制,只要上网就可以在任何时间与国外厂商进行网上交易,从而在一定程度打破国际壁垒,促进全球贸易更大更多的发展,这对于中国葡萄酒企业,尤其中小企业更是一个难得商机。葡萄酒企业可透过网络不时发布企业最新的商业信息,供全球检索,以此来宣传自己的企业,推销企业的产品、技术、服务,并透过网络与各行业进行交流,寻求国际合作伙伴,发掘潜在客户。在意大利,就连很多小型酿酒企业也懂得利用目前世界上这一最流行的信息工具寻找和扩大国际市场,建立销售网络,宣传和促销独具意大利风格的葡萄酒。在法国,消费者借助互联网就可按照提供的商品样本目录,与特定葡萄酒厂商的计算机终端连接,随心所欲选购各种名酒。在美国,著名的韦尔斯葡萄酒厂也开始用电子商务进行国际贸易,以方便各国消费者从网上方便买到韦尔斯。
虽然网络可以为企业带来无限商机,但中国葡萄酒企业,必须要有所体认,并非只要建构网络国际商务体系,国内外的利润就会滚滚而来,中国葡萄酒企业,要建立成功的网络国际商务体系,必须着手进行下列动作:
1- 大力宣传自己的网站。
2- 有奖促销自己的网站,提高点击率。
3- 与国际著名网络尤其是酒类食品网站合纵连横。
4- 提高网站服务质量,解决网上资金交易的瓶颈
5- 与中国各地政府网站,尤其是中国政府商务网站连结,进入其网站首页。
1Orvieto Classico 1999 非常简单容易入口的一款意大利白酒,在ALDI,Plus也有。不必担心年份,白葡萄酒,除了Chardonnay能蕴藏多几年外,酒标上经常会看Reserve Chardonnay,很多白葡萄酒大都是很适合年轻时的饮用的。 2 Pinot Grigio Gargane Delle Venezie Parini 2003 Italia 意大利的本土葡萄,在法国叫Pinot Gris,但是在texture和body上法国的Pinot Gris明显更full,rich。这种葡萄品种真的很棒! 3 介绍一款白葡萄酒。Blanchet Blanc de Blanc。Schlecker和Mini Markt,Kaisers 都有。 4 德国的Riesling,不必苦苦寻觅,因为酒质都很不错,全世界都知道德国酿Riesling是最好的。千万不要买了国内的华东薏斯林,就误认为是德国的Riesling,那是一种意大利品种,Italian Riesling,和德国品种完全是两码子的事儿。 5 Chianti DOCG Colli Senesi 1999 这是一款意大利的酒,意大利是世界上产酒最多的国家,但是质量就是很难界定。同一地区的葡萄酒,同是DOCG,但其风味有可能一个天上,一个地下,但意大利酒的价格一直比较合理的。 6西西里的Nero d‘Abruzo个人感觉非常好喝,是一款性价比都很好的意大利酒。这款可能现在也只有较轻的年份了,不过意大利01-03的葡萄酒都喝不错哩! 7 Cotes du Rhone 00-03(现在Kaiser’s和Plus 只有2003年的了)这是一款风味稍重的法国龙谷的酒,果味相当明显。作为餐酒,是很不错的。吞一些货,留着慢品也不错。毕竟法国2003年也是个葡萄丰收的好年分啊! 8压轴,为你推荐一瓶个人认为真的是性价比超合适的法国Medoc酒庄的红酒(Medoc是波尔多的一个非常著名的产酒小区)。Ch Guiraud Peyrebrune, AC Médoc ,这款酒就算是放上2-3年再来喝也绝对不成问题的!总结:以上8款国外红酒希望你会喜欢,也希望我的回答能够对你有所帮助,谢谢!
China's wine culture has 5000 years of history, has a long history of wine in our wine culture, the development of long-term process, making many as the "Shen Pin" 'Qiongjiang "wine treasures I am the principal of Liquor comparison of Chinese and Western culture, and focus on understanding the culture of wine in China history of the development
I think in a different cultural background and different walks of life, different people, and even different frame of mind which was to understand the extent of different ways For Chinese and Western culture, a different understanding of wine, the key is to make the best wine culture development, better for our services, which require the integration of Chinese and Western cultures of wine Today, the West's wine culture to a large extent, the impact of China's wine culture, particularly in the tasting the mood in the West tend to be more, can hope to make more Westerners to understand China's fine tradition of wine culture
Talking about China's fine tradition of wine culture, wine and poetry had mentioned the close relationship between the poetry of wine is given a new interpretation of the source of origin so that the culture of wine in a long, and is deeply rooted From ancient times people do not know the number of Jie Jiu literati ink to write a good poem passed down until today, to express his or hi or bad feelings, a lot of people describe the beauty away Such as: "grape wine Remanbar" scenery, "Doujiu 100 poems," the passion, "Jiejiuxiaochou worry even more unhappy" analogy, "When the wine song, geometry of life" Free and easy, "Do not make Jinzun Air-to-month "spirit,"酒逢知己千杯少"the joy of" non-intoxicating liquor drunk people from "conception," ulterior motives "of the Miao Yu," live for today "no alternative , "Yao Zhi Heng Fa Chuen shepherd boy" sad, "hand-crisp red, yellow wine tie up" suffering "Yizuifangxiu" happy, as well, "Zhu Jiuge" Bold, "The Divine Comedy wine," the rough
Liquor heroes were also given to the extraordinary feat, given the strong cultural flavor of life, Cao Cao Quiz cooking wine, toast the invitation of Li Bai's moon, burning the midnight oil to see Zuili Xin Jian, Su asked the Liquor blue sky, Li Qingzhao sleep of course, very strong residual liquor, Huang Fei determined to swig (Southern Song Dynasty in the early years of anti-gold star, and Yue Fei was drinking too much at fault, Emperor Zhao Gou and his mother have let him quit drinking, he listened to the advice immediately broken wine However, he has made under the vows: "Huang Zhi Dao House (the capital of the Jin), and those who swig ears!" In which "those who swig and ears" Hero is full of pride), In fact, no matter Beixi, those who drink In the wine in the pursuit of life is freedom, forget the life and death for whom the honor easily, in the wine itself to be a real, I think this is what most people understand the essence of the spirit of wine in it!
In Europe, especially in the wine and romance to that of France, drink what kind of wine samples with what the wine glass, is the Yidingzhigui General with a complete set of wine should include a Jiuzun, a set of glass, a set of red wine, a set of champagne glasses, a white wine cup, a liquor glasses In the glass on the table are also placed special attention From left to right, the largest number in the cup on the left side, the smallest number in the right side of the cup So far the most popular European wine is still visible pure crystal cup Each of the different cup mouth and body shape of the Cup, Cup of different thickness and different designs and different floriation family of Crystal Cup, seemed to represent a beautiful feeling
China in the table, we usually drink the wine of beer, such as Hapi, Qingdao beer, beer and so on snow, or white wine, such as Maotai, Wuliangye, Beijing Wotou II, and so on In the United States, a lot of people who drink beer However, I see very few Americans have a direct high concentrations of fine drinking wine, and this is very different from China Also, I see very few Americans are on the table in a toast each other, we usually drink all of the Only in certain occasions, we will toast together This time is usually in a person after the speech, we cross a toast, a person wishing for a person something to celebrate Think carefully, can be found: the Chinese people are drinking seriously, and look who drink to drink is the atmosphere; in the West attaches great importance to drink wine, depends on what wine to drink, it is necessary to the full enjoyment of wine The delicious
China's ceremonial drinking of alcohol reflects the respect for human beings Masters of the guests have a fixed seat, have a fixed order of toast When a toast from the beginning of the master King, owner of disrespect End, is not eligible for other people's respect, if the order of the chaos to deserve to be punished And a toast from some of the most distinguished guests began to King, a toast to wine full time, that the toast was also a respect for human beings The younger generation of elders, the lower a toast to the higher authorities to take the initiative to propose a toast, but also pay attention to the first King to do The Hang Jiuling, Hua Quan, such as drinking etiquette, but also to allow people to drink more alcohol and enjoy the came into being It is clear that the Chinese wine culture by young and old hierarchy of traditional Chinese culture, ethics, in the course of drinking alcohol on the respect for human beings on the most important position The rituals of wine drinking in the West, reflect the respect for alcohol Kam goods to wine and watch their color, smell their fragrance, flavor of their products, to mobilize all kinds of sensory enjoyment of wine Goods in order to drink, pay attention to drink white wine after drinking red wine, the first products of light and then liquor products of the rich wine, to drink young wine to drink in the long years of wine, in accordance with the laws of taste changes gradually and in-depth Enjoy the taste of wine The wine's choice, but also around how to fight the full enjoyment of those who drink wine to the requirements of choice Aroma Cup together so that the tulip-mouth goblet, so full of wine-Shu start of the wine decanter, as well as to master the temperature of wine and drink products specially designed for the thermometer, all in the West reflect on the respect for alcohol, and their Ceremonial drinking, drinking culture is better to appreciate the delicious have been made
In China, wine is often used as a tool, the so-called ulterior motives Qingmeizhujiu as to demonstrate who is a hero; Cup Mo Jiang Jinjiu stop in order to eliminate forever the same and Seoul worry; bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages, in order to Jiejiu asylum Wine in the eyes of the Chinese people more as a communication tool in China's wine culture of wine for their own lack of scientific and systematic analysis and evaluation, but also about drinking after he brought a wonderful role In the West, often drinking purpose is very simple, in order to enjoy the wine and alcohol, in order to enjoy the wine and alcohol Of course, wine in the West also has the function of communication, but it's more pursuing is how much of the flavor of wine to enjoy
Comparison of wine culture in the West, can be found, the difference between the culture of wine is actually a way of thinking in the West differences
Whether China is the booze or the West tasting, wine culture can all hope that the next time a relatively more and better wine, wine culture can be developed and inheritance, so that more people understand the culture of wine, Enjoy the wine culture!
中译:
中国的酒文化有着5000多年的历史,悠久的酿酒历史使我国酒文化在长期的发展过程中,酿造出许多被誉为“神品”、‘琼浆”的酒类珍品。我这次主要对中西酒文化进行比较,并侧重理解中国酒文化的发展历史。
我觉得一种文化在不同的时代背景,不同的阶层,不同的人们,甚至不同的心情当中被理解的程度,方式也不同。对于中西酒文化的不同理解,关键在于能够使酒文化得到最充分的发展,更好的为我们服务,这就需要中西酒文化相互融合。如今,西方的酒文化很大程度上影响了中国酒文化,尤其在品酒的意境方面更趋向于西方,希望也可以使更多的西方人了解中国酒文化的优良传统。
说到中国酒文化的优良传统,就不得不提到酒与诗的密切关系,诗赋予酒的是全新的诠释,使酒文化源源流长,根深叶茂。从古至今不知多少文人墨士借酒写出流传至今的好诗篇,抒发了自己或喜或忧的感情,描绘了很多让人流连忘返的美景。如:“葡萄美酒夜光杯”的景色,“斗酒诗百篇”的激情,“借酒消愁愁更愁”的比喻,“对酒当歌,人生几何?”的洒脱,“莫使金樽空对月”的气概,“酒逢知己千杯少”的喜悦,“酒不醉人人自醉”的意境,“醉翁之意不在酒”的妙喻,“今朝有酒今朝醉”的无奈,“牧童遥指杏花村”的悲伤,“红酥手,黄縢酒”的苦痛,“一醉方休”的痛快,还有《祝酒歌》的豪放,《酒神曲》的粗犷……
酒也赋予英雄豪杰们以不凡的壮举,赐予文化浓厚的生活气息,曹操煮酒论英雄,李白举杯邀明月,辛弃疾醉里挑灯看剑,苏东坡把酒问青天,李清照浓睡不消残酒,岳飞立志痛饮黄龙(南宋初年的抗金名将,岳飞曾因饮酒过多而过失,其母及高宗赵构都让他戒酒,他也听从了劝告,立即断了酒,但他却发下誓愿:“直捣黄龙府(金国的都城),与诸君痛饮耳!”其中“与诸君痛饮耳”充满英雄豪情。),其实无论悲喜,醉酒者在酒中所追求的是生活的自由、忘记生死利禄荣辱的轻松,在酒中做一个真正的自己,我想这也是大多数人对酒精神的精髓理解吧!
在欧洲,尤其是在以美酒和浪漫著称的法国,饮什么样品类的美酒,配用什么样相应的酒杯,是有一定之规的。一般一套完整的酒具应包括一只酒樽,一套水杯,一套红酒杯,一套香槟杯,一套白葡萄酒杯,一套烈性酒酒杯。酒杯在餐桌上的摆放也有特别的讲究。从左到右,最大号杯在最左边,最小号杯在最右边。至今最受欧洲人喜爱的酒杯依然是纯净剔透的水晶杯。每一只不同杯口及杯身形状,不同杯壁厚度,不同花饰及不同设计家族的水晶杯,似乎都代表一份美丽的心情。
在中国的餐桌上,大家喝的酒一般是啤酒,如哈啤,青岛啤酒,雪花啤酒等等,或是白酒,如茅台,五粮液,北京二窝头等等。在美国,喝啤酒的人很多。但是,我很少见到美国人有直接喝酒精浓度很高的白酒,这和中国很不同。还有,我极少见到美国人在餐桌上互相敬酒,大家通常都是各喝各的。只有在某些特定场合,大家才会一同举杯。这样的时刻通常是在某人致辞之后,大家交相举杯,祝福某人,为某人某事庆贺。仔细想想,可以发现:中国人饮酒重视的是人,要看和谁喝,要的是饮酒的气氛;西方人饮酒重视的酒,要看喝什么酒,要的是充分享受酒的美味。
中国的饮酒礼仪体现了对饮酒人的尊重。主人,客人都有固定的座位,都有固定的敬酒次序。敬酒时要从主人开始敬,主人不敬完,别人是没有资格敬的,如果乱了次序是要受罚的。而敬酒一定是从最尊贵的客人开始敬起,敬酒时酒杯要满,表示的也是对被敬酒人的尊重。晚辈对长辈、下级对上级敬酒要主动敬酒,而且讲究的是先干为敬。而行酒令、划拳等饮酒礼仪,也是为了让饮酒人喝的更尽兴而应运而生的。显然,中国酒文化深受中国尊卑长幼传统伦理文化的影响,在饮酒过程中把对饮酒人的尊重摆在最重要的位置上。而西方人饮用葡萄酒的礼仪,则反应出对酒的尊重。品鉴葡萄酒要观其色、闻其香、品其味,调动各种感官享受美酒。在品饮顺序上,讲究先喝白葡萄酒后喝红葡萄酒、先品较淡的酒再品浓郁的酒、先饮年轻的酒在饮较长年份的酒,按照味觉规律的变化,逐渐深入地享受酒中风味的变化。而对葡萄酒器的选择上,也是围绕着如何让拼饮者充分享受葡萄酒的要求来选择的。让香气汇聚杯口的郁金香型高脚杯、让酒体充分舒展开的滗酒器、乃至为掌握葡萄酒温度而为品饮专门设计的温度计,无不体现出西方人对酒的尊重,他们的饮酒礼仪、饮酒文化都是为更好的欣赏美味而制定的。
在中国,酒常常被当做一种工具,所谓醉翁之意不在酒。如青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄;杯莫停的将进酒,为的是与尔同消万古愁;竹林里狂歌的七贤,为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具,所以在中国的酒文化中缺乏对于酒本身进行科学而系统的理论分析和品评,更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。在西方,饮酒的目的往往很简单,为了欣赏酒而饮酒,为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然,在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能,但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。
比较中西方酒文化,可以发现,酒文化之间的差异其实就是中西方思维方式的差异。
无论是中国的豪饮,还是西方的品酒,都希望酒文化能够在以后的时间里比较出更多更好的酒,也可以是酒文化得到发展和继承,让更多的人了解酒文化,欣赏酒文化!
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