导致针式节流阀失效的主要原因有:整体式阀杆的阀芯头硬度不够、存在原始裂纹以及原始裂纹在交变载荷作用下的扩张,外力作用使阀杆头挤裂,最终导致阀杆头部失效;对于镶硬质合金阀芯头结构的阀杆,由于阀芯头与阀杆连接的焊接工艺达不到要求,焊接处易脱落或硬质合金阀芯头脆裂,节流通道易堵死。为此,在分析节流阀阀杆机理的基础上,提出相应的改进措施,研究了新的节流阀阀杆。节流阀阀杆采取整体喷焊后,阀杆寿命提高2.5~3倍,彻底杜绝了阀芯头脱落现象,提高了节流阀节流的可靠性。
Impact throttle valve failure caused the main reasons are: the overall first-stem of the valve core hardness enough, and the existence of the original crack crack in the original alternating loads of expansion, forcing the first to stem crowded split, which eventually led valve Failure at the head; Carbide spool set for the first structure of stem, spool valve rod connected to the first and welding technology达不到要求, welding or the easy shedding Carbide spool head of brittle fracture, flow Festival Road easily blocked Therefore, in the analysis of the mechanism of the throttle valve stem on the basis of the corresponding measures for improving the throttle of a new stem Throttle valve stem to the overall spray, stem lifespan of 25 to 3 times that of the complete elimination of the spool first shedding phenomenon, improve the reliability of the throttle expenditure
管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe
管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube
钢管 steel pipe
铸铁管 cast iron pipe
衬里管 lined pipe
复合管 clad pipe
碳钢管 carbon steel pipe
合金钢管 alloy steel pipe
不锈钢 stainless steel pipe
奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe
铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe
轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe
锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe
无缝钢管 seamless (SMLS) steel pipe
焊接钢管 welded steel pipe
电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance welded steel pipe
电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe
螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe
镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe
热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe
冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe
水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe
塑料管 plastic pipe
玻璃管 glass tube
橡胶管 rubber tube
直管 run pipe; straight pipe
12 管件 Fitting
弯头 elbow
异径弯头 reducing elbow
带支座弯头 base elbow
k半径弯头 long radius elbow
短半径弯头 short radius elbow
长半径180°弯头 long radius return
短半径180°弯头 short radius return
带侧向口的弯头(右向或左向) side outlet elbow (right hand or left hand)
双支管弯头( 形) double branch elbow
三通 tee
异径三通 reducing tee
等径三通 straight tee
带侧向口的三通(右向或左向) side outlet tee (right hand or 1eft hand)
异径三通(分支口为异径) reducing tee (reducing on outlet)
异径三通(一个直通口为异径)reducing tee (reducing on one run)
带支座三通 base tee
异径三通(一个直通口及分支口为异径) reducing tee (reducing on one run and outlet)
异径三通(两个直通口为异径,双头式) reducing tee (reducing on both runs, bull head)
45°斜三通 45° lateral
45°斜三通(支管为异径) 45° lateral (reducing on branch)
45°斜三通(一个直通口为异径) 45° lateral (reducing on one run)
45°斜三通(一个直通口及支管为异径) 45° lateral (reducing on one run and branch)
Y型三通(俗称裤衩) true “Y”
四通 cross
等径四通 straight cross
异径四通 reducing cross
异径四通(一个分支口为异径)reducing cross (reducing on one outlet)
异径四通(一个直通口及分支口为异径) reducing cross (reducing on one run and outlet)
异径四通(两个分支口为异径) reducing cross (reducing on both outlet)
异径四通(一个直通口及两个分支口为异径) reducing cross (reducing on one run and both outlet)
异径管 reducer
同心异径管 concentric reducer
偏心异径管 eccentric reducer
锻制异径管 reducing swage
螺纹支管台 threadolet
焊接支管台 weldolet
承插支管台 sockolet
弯头支管台 elbolet
斜接支管台 latrolet
镶入式支管嘴 sweepolet
短管支管台 nipolet
支管台,插入式支管台 boss
管接头 coupling, full coupling
半管接头 half coupling
异径管接头 reducing coupling
活接头 union
内外螺纹缩接(俗称补芯) bushing
管帽 cap (C)
堵头 plug
短节 nipple
异径短节 reducing nipple; swage nipple
13 弯管 Bend
预制弯管 fabricated pipe bend
跨越弯管(^ 形) cross-over bend
偏置弯管(~ 形) offset bend
90°弯管 quarter bend
环形弯管 cirele bend
单侧偏置90°弯管( 形) single offset quarter bend
S形弯管 “S” bend
单侧偏置U形膨胀弯管(| 形) single offset “U” bend
U形弯管 “U” bend
双偏置U膨胀弯管 double offset expansion “U” bend
斜接弯管 mitre bend
三节斜接弯管 3-piece mitre bend
折皱弯管 corrugated bend
圆度 roundness
14 法兰 Flange (FLG)
整体管法兰 integral pipe flange
钢管法兰 steel pipe flange
螺纹法兰 threaded flange
滑套法兰(包括平焊法兰) slip-on flange (SO); slip-on welding flange
承插焊法兰 socket welding flange
松套法兰 lap joint flange (LJF)
对焊法兰 welding neckflange (WNF)
法兰盖 blind flange, blind
孔板法兰 orifice flange
异径法兰 reducing flange
盘座式法兰 pad type flange
松套带颈法兰 loose hubbed flange
焊接板式法兰 welding plate flange
对焊环 welding neck collar (与stub end相似)
平焊环 welding-on collar
突缘短节 stub end, lap
翻边端 lapped pipe end
松套板式法兰 loose plate flange
压力级 pressure rating, pressure rating class
压力—温度等级 pressure-temperature rating
法兰密封面,法兰面 flange facing
突面 raised face (RF)
凸面 male face (MF)
凹面 female face (FMF)
榫面 tongue face
槽面 groove face
环连接面 ring joint face
全平面;满平面 flat face; full face (FF)
光滑突面 smooth raised face (SRF)
法兰面加工 facing finish
粗糙度 roughness
光滑的 smooth
齿形 serrated
均方根 root mean square (RMS)
算术平均粗糙高度 arithmetical average roughness height (AARH)
配对法兰 companion-flange
螺栓圆 bolt circle (BC)
15 垫片 Gasket (GSKT)
垫片的型式 type of gasket
平垫片 flat gasket
环形平垫片 flat ring gasket
平金属垫片 flat metal gasket
夹棉织物的橡胶 elastomer with cotton fabric insertion
夹石棉织物的橡胶 elastomer with asbestos fabric insertion
夹石棉织物及金属丝加强的橡胶 elastomer with asbestos fabric insertion and with wire reinforcement
无石墨压缩白石棉垫片 non graphited compressed white asbestos gasket
天然白橡胶垫片 natural white rubber gasket
压缩石棉垫片 compressed asbestos class gasket
浸聚四氟乙烯的石棉垫片 PTFE impregnated asbestos gasket
夹石棉的缠绕金属垫片 spiral-wound metal gasket with asbestos filler
内环 inner ring
外环,外定位环 outer ring
波纹金属垫片 corrugated metal gasket
波纹金属包嵌石棉垫片 corrugated metal gasket with asbestos inserted
双夹套波纹金属包石棉垫片 corrugated metal double jacketed asbestos filled gasket
双夹套垫片 double jacketed gasket
金属包石棉平垫片 flat metal jacketed asbestos filled gasket
整体金属齿形垫片 solid metal serrated gasket
槽形金属垫片 grooved metal gasket
环形连接金属垫片 ring joint metal gasket
八角环形垫片 octagonal ring gasket
椭圆环形垫片 oval ring gasket
透镜式垫片 lens gasket
非金属垫片 non-metallic gasket
16 阀门 Valve
161 阀门结构、零件
阀轭 yoke
外螺纹阀杆及阀轭 outside screw and yoke (OS & Y)
阀杆 stem
内螺纹 inside screw (IS)
阀轭套 yoke sleeve
阀杆环 stem ring
阀座 valve seat (body seat)
阀座环、密封圈 seat ring
整体(阀)座 integral seat
堆焊(阀)座 deposited seat
阀芯(包括密封圈、杆等内件) trim
阀盘 disc
阀盘密封圈 disc seat
阀体 body
阀盖 bonnet
阀盖衬套 bonnet bush
螺纹阀帽 screw cap
螺纹阀盖 screw bonnet
螺栓连接的阀盖 bolted bonnet (BB)
活接阀盖(帽) union bonnet (cap)
螺栓连接的阀帽 bolted cap (BC)
焊接阀盖 welded bonnet (WB)
本体阀杆密封 body stem seal
石棉安全密封 asbestos emenen seal
倒密封 back seal
压力密封的阀盖 pressure-tight bonnet
动力操纵器 powered operator
电动操纵器 electric motor operator
气动操纵器 pneumatic operator
液压操纵器 hydraulic operator
快速操纵器 quick-acting operator
滑动阀杆 sliding stem
正齿轮传动 spur gear operated
伞齿轮传动 bevel gear operated
扳手操作 wrench operated
链轮 chain wheel
手轮 hand wheel
手柄 hand lever (handle)
气缸(或液压缸)操纵的 cylinder operated
链条操纵的 chain operated
等径孔道 full bore; full port
异径孔道 reducing bore, reduced port,venturi port
短型 short pattern
紧凑型(小型) compact type
笼式环 lantern ring
压盖 gland
阀杆填料 stem packing
阀盖垫片 bonnet gasket
升杆式(明杆) rising stem (RS)
非升杆式(暗杆) non-rising stem (NRS)
指示器/限位器 indicator/stopper
注油器 grease injector
可更换的阀座环 renewable seat ring
162 常用阀
(1)闸阀 gate valve
平行双闸板 double disc parallel seat
开口楔形闸板 split wedge
挠性整体楔形闸扳 flexible solid wedge
整体楔形闸板 solid wedge
塞型闸阀 plug gate valve
直通型闸阀 through conduit gate valve
(2) 截止阀 globe valve
球心型阀盘 globe type disc
塞型阀盘 plug type disc
可转动的阀盘 swivel disc
(3) 节流闪阀 throttle valve
针阀 needle valve
(4) 角阀 angle valve
(5) Y型阀(Y 型阀体截止阀) Y-valve (Y-body globe valve)
(6) 球阀 ball valve
三通球阀 3-way ball valve
装有底轴的 trunnion mounted
耐火型 fire safe type
浮动球型 floating ball type
防脱出阀杆 blowout proof stem
(7) 蝶阀 butterfly valve
对夹式(薄片型) wafer type
凸耳式 lug type
偏心阀板蝶阀 offset disc burerfly valve; eccentric butterfly valve
斜阀盘蝶阀 canted disc butterfly valve
连杆式蝶阀 link butterfly valve
8) 柱塞阀 piston type valve
(9) 旋塞阀 plug valve
三通旋塞阀 three-way plug valve
四通旋塞阀 four-way plug valve
旋塞 cock
衬套旋塞 sleeve cock
(10) 隔膜阀 diaphragm valve
橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphragm valve
直通式隔膜阀 straight way diaphragm valve
堰式隔膜阀 weir diaphragm valve
(11) 夹紧式胶管阀 pinch valve(用于泥浆、粉尘等)
(12) 止回阀 check valve
升降式止回阀 lift check valve
旋启式止回阀 swing check valve, flap check valve
落球式止回阀 ball check valve
弹簧球式止回阀 spring ball check valve
双板对夹式止回阀 dual plate wafer type check valve
无撞击声止回阀 non-slam cheek valve
底阀 foot valve
切断式止回阀 stop check valve; non-return valve
活塞式止回阀 piston check valve
斜翻盘止回阀 tilting disc check valve
蝶式止回阀 butterfly check valve
163 其它用途的阀
安全泄气阀 safety valve (SV)
安全泄液阀 relief valve (RV)
安全泄压阀 safety relief valve
杠杆重锤式 lever and weight type
引导阀操纵的安全泄气阀 pilot operated safety valve
复式安全泄气阀 twin type safety valve
罐底排污阀 flush-bottom tank valve
电磁阀 solenoid valve, solenoid operated valve
电动阀 electrically operated valve, electric-motor operated valve
气动阀 pneumatic operated valve
低温用阀 cryogenic service valve
蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap
机械式疏水阎 mechanical trap
浮桶式疏水阀 open bucket trap, open top bucket trap
浮球式疏水阀 float trap
倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bucket trap
自由浮球式疏水阀 loose float trap
恒温式疏水阀 thermostatic trap
金属膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀 metal expansion steam trap
液体膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀 liquid expansion steam trap
双金属膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀 bimetallic expansion steam trap
压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 balanced pressure thermostatic trap
热动力式疏水阀 thermodynamic trap
脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀 impulse steam trap
放气阀(自动放气阀) air vent valve (automatic air vent valve) (疏水阀用)
平板式滑动闸阀 slab type sliding gate valve
盖阀 flat valve
换向阀 diverting valve, reversing valve
热膨胀阀 thermo expansion valve
自动关闭阀 self-closing gate valve
自动排液阀 self-draining valve
管道盲板阀 line-blind valve
挤压阀 squeeze valve(用于泥浆及粉尘等)
呼吸阀 breather valve
风门、挡板 damper
减压阀 pressure reducing valve, reducing valve
控制阀 control valve
膜式控制阀 diaphragm operated control valve
执行机构 actuator
背压调节阀 back pressure regulating valve
差压调节阀 differential pressure regulating valve
压力比例调节阀 pressure ratio regulating valve
164 未指明结构(或阀型)的阀
切断阀 block valve; shut-off valve; stop valve
调节阀 regulating valve
快开阀 quick opening valve
快闭阀 quick closing valve
隔断阀 isolating valve
三通阀 three way valve
夹套阔 jacketed valve
非旋转式阀 non-rotary valve
排污阀 blowdown valve
集液排放阀 drip valve
排液阀 drain valve
放空阀 vent valve
卸载阀 unloading valve
排出阀 discharge valve
吸入阀 suction valve
多通路阀 multiport valve
取样阀 sampling valve
手动阀 hand-operated valve; manually operated valve
锻造阀 forged valve
铸造阀 cast valve
(水)龙头 bibb; bib; faucet
抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve
旁路阀 by-pass valve
软管阀 hose valve
混合阀 mixing valve
破真空阀 vacuum breaker
冲洗阀 flush valve
第一道阀;根部阀 primary valve
根部阀 root valve
总管阀 header valve
事故切断阀 emergency valve
17 管道特殊件 Piping Specialty
171 管道特殊件(组件)
粗滤器 strainer
过滤器 filter
临时粗滤器(锥型) temporary strainer (cone type)
y 型粗滤器 y-type strainer
T型粗滤器 T-type strainer
永久过滤器 permanent filter
丝网粗滤器 gauze strainer
洗眼器及淋浴器 eye washer and shower
视镜 sight glass
阻火器 flame arrester
喷嘴;喷头 spray nozzle
取样冷却器 sample cooler
消声器 silencer
膨胀节 expansion joint
波纹膨胀节 bellow expansion joint
单波 single bellow
双波 double bellow
多波 multiple bellow
压力平衡式膨胀节 pressure balanced expansion
带铰链膨胀节 hinged expansion joint
轴向位移型膨胀节 axial movement type expansion joint
自均衡膨胀节(外加强环)self-equalizing expansion joint
带接杆膨胀节 tied expansion joint
万向型膨胀节 universal type expansion joint
球形补偿器 ball type expansion joint
填函式补偿器 slip type (packed type) expansion joint
单向滑动填料函补偿器 single actionpacked slip joint
172 管道特殊元件Piping Special Element
软管接头 hose connection (HC)
快速接头 quick coupling
金属软管 metal hose
橡胶管 rubber hose
挠性管 flexible tube
鞍形补强板 reinforcing saddles
补强板 reinforcement pad
特殊法兰 special flange
漏斗 funnel
排液环 drip ring
排液漏斗 drain funnel
插板 blank
垫环 spacer
8字盲板 spectacle blind; figure 8 blind
限流孔板 restriction orifice
爆破片 rupture disk
法兰盖贴面 protective disc
费托立克接头 victaulic coupling
18 端部连接 End Connection
法兰端 flanged end
坡口端 beveled end (BE)
对焊端 butt welded end
平端 plain end (PE)
承插焊端 socket welding end
螺纹端 threaded end (TE)
承口 bell end
焊接端 welding end
法兰连接(接头) flanged joint
对焊连接(接头) butt welded joint
螺纹连接,管螺纹连接 threaded joint, pipe threaded joint
锥管螺纹密封焊连接 seal-welded taper pipe threaded joint
承插焊连接(接头) socket welded joint
承插连接(接头) bell and spigot joint
环垫接头 ring joint (RJ)
万向接头 universal joint
软钎焊连接(接头) soldered joint
搭接接头,松套连接 lapped joint
外侧厚度切斜角 bevel for outside thickncss
内侧厚度切斜角 bevel for inside thickness
内外侧厚度切斜角 bevel for combined thickness
法兰式的 flanged (FLGD)
对焊的 butt welded (BW)
螺纹的 threaded (THD)
承插焊的 socket welded (SW)
小端为平的 small end plain (SEP)
大端为平的 large end plain (LEP)
两端平 both ends plain (BEP)
小端带螺纹 small end thread (SET)
大端带螺纹 large end thread (LET)
两端带螺纹 both end thread (BET)
一端带螺纹 one end thread (OET)
支管连接 branch connection
焊接支管 branch pipe welded directly to the run pipe
寿命最长的昆虫:活得最长的昆虫是光亮甲虫(吉丁虫科)。1983年一个至少经历了51年幼虫期的光亮甲虫出现在英国埃塞克斯郡普律特韦尔的一户人家中。
还有: 最长寿的昆虫
1979年的夏季,从美国的卡洛来纳州到纽约,每天晚上都有无数的暗色小虫子从地下飞出来,这就是十七年蝉。它们飞到几乎所有竖立着的目标上,如树木、电线干和建筑物,不一会儿,雄蝉发出欢乐喧闹的叫声,引诱雌蝉,这标志着它们1962年出生后在地下生存了17年,今年到地面上来举行“婚礼”。
绝大多数的昆虫,只有一年或更短的生活史,一般的蝉只有3至9年的生活史,虽然还有一种十三年蝉,在地下生活的时间有17年,使它获得了昆虫世界里最长寿的头衔。
最大和最小的蝴蝶
蝴蝶自古以来位世界各国人民所喜爱,蝴蝶的种类很多,全世界共有14000余种,我国有1300种以上。我国的台湾省是著名的蝴蝶产地,素有“蝴蝶王国”制成,月有蝴蝶400余种。
凤蝶是最大的蝴蝶,也是最美丽的蝴蝶。凤蝶翅上有红、黄、蓝、黑、白各种颜色,五彩缤纷,并构成美丽的斑纹,发出金属的光彩。世界上最大的蝴蝶是南美凤蝶,体长90毫米;翅展270毫米,相当一种中等体型鸟类的翅展。我国最大的凤蝶翅展达150毫米。
最小的蝴蝶是小灰蝶,翅展16毫米。1983年6月,我国昆虫学家马恩沛,在云南西双版纳小勐养大象自然保护区的原始森林里采到一种小灰蝶,翅展长度仅13毫米,创造了最小的纪录。小灰蝶雄雌体色不同,雌蝶通常呈暗色,雄蝶常具有翠、蓝、青、橙、红、古铜等颜色的金属光彩。这类蝴蝶翅膀的正面,斑纹比较平淡,而翅膀的反面,却色彩丰富,远较正面突出。
繁殖最快的昆虫
昆虫往往多子多孙,而繁殖最迅速的是蚜虫。全世界已知蚜虫种类有2000多种,我国估计有600种以上。
蚜虫的生活是与众不同的,有卵生,有孤雌卵胎生(已知母蚜虫部经过交配能生出小蚜虫),雌蚜虫有的有翅,有的无翅。以棉蚜为例:在温度适宜的情况下,4-5天就能繁殖一代。作“母亲”的生下“女儿”才4-5天就做起“外婆”起来了,所以他们经常是六七代同堂。一只棉蚜虫一年能繁殖二三十代。有人估计,一只孤雌胎生的棉蚜自6--11月中旬的150天内,如后代都存活,那可达到672623338074292603508个。如果这些蚜虫平铺起来,相当于地球面积的13倍。在自然界中,蚜虫上述惊人的繁殖数字并不存在,否则我们将被蚜虫“埋掉”了。
寿命最短的昆虫
如果“寿命”两字在昆虫中是指成虫生活的天数而言,那么蜉蝣是昆虫中最短寿的。我国古代早有记载:“蜉蝣,……朝生暮死”。确实,多种蜉蝣成虫的寿命只有几小时,寿命最长的不超过一星期。
蜉蝣的交尾在“婚配”中进行。傍晚时刻,水面上常积聚着大群刚孵化的蜉蝣,在飞行中,一只熊虫会突然抓住一只雌虫进行交尾。交尾后,雌虫产卵在水中。蜉蝣的卵生有一些细线,在水中这些盘着的细线伸开。有些细线尖端有吸盘,可以是卵牢牢地固着载河底,以便安身立命。
最毒的甲虫
斑熬,别名“斑猫”、“龙蚝”、“地胆”,属鞘翅目芫青科斑螯属,是最毒的甲虫。全世界约有斑螯2300多种,我国则有29种。斑螯全身披黑色绒毛,翅细长椭圆形,质地柔软,体长为11—30毫米,翅基部有两个大黄斑,中央前后个有一**波纹状横带,足具有黑色长绒毛,危害大豆、花生、茄子等作物。
斑螯多群集取食,成群迁飞。当它遭到惊动时,为了自卫,便从足的关节处分泌出**毒液。此**毒液内含有强烈的斑螯素,其毒性甚强,能破坏高等动物的细胞组织,与人体接触后,能引起皮肤红肿发泡。
最原始的昆虫
嘴原始的昆虫,是原尾虫。它们是一些白色或**的小虫,最大的个体只有2毫米左右。性喜潮湿,常生活在石块、瓦片和草根下。
凡是昆虫,其头部都有一对触角,胸部由3对足,翅2对,长具单眼和复眼。但是原尾虫无翅,无眼,也无触角,它们常把第一对足高举在头的上方,代行触角的机能。幼虫初孵化时腹部9节,再生长过程中增生3节。这些特征与其它昆虫不同,表现了它们的原始性。人们对原尾虫的研究,在昆虫学上有独特的意义,是昆虫学基础理论研究的一部分。然而,解放前,这项工作在我国完全空白,人们因而认为我国是没有原尾虫的。1956年,北京农业大学杨集昆教授最先采到我国原尾虫标本,在我国昆虫学界传为佳话。
最重的昆虫
最重的昆虫是分布于赤道非洲的花金龟科大甲虫。个头最大的叫巨花金龟,其雄虫从触角尖到腹部末端的长度为11厘米,重70至100克,雌虫身长较短。
最长的昆虫
世界上有记载的最长的昆虫是生活在婆罗州雨林地区的一种棒状虫。英国伦敦的自然历史博物馆保存有已知最长的昆虫标本。该标本身长328厘米,若包括腿在内,全身可长达546厘米。在野外时常发现此类昆虫断腿,原因是当它蜕皮时,过长的腿极易碰断。
飞得最快的昆虫
任何一种昆虫,包括鹿马蝇、天蛾、马蝇和几种热带蝴蝶在内,其持续飞行的最高速度为每小时39公里。飞得最快的昆虫是澳大利亚蜻蜓,它短距离的冲刺速度可达每小时58公里。
看看吧~~~~
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吃进的热量比消耗的少,加上多运动才能减肥。
每天有氧+无氧运动穿插着做一小时,比如先快跑5分钟+快走10分钟。或者在家狂跳舞一小时,舞姿随便 要能跳出汗来的那种。
吃饭早餐吃好,中餐适量,晚餐少吃,过晚上8点以后不要吃任何东西 除了水。
减肥只能是自己勤快别贪吃才行的。肉不是一天长出来的,减也要慢慢来,身体健康才是王道,保持才是正道。
减肥没有捷径,只能是:管住嘴,迈开腿!
唯有少吃多动才能健康减肥。并且一定要坚持!
平时多注意时时收腹,多按摩腹部,练习腹部呼吸法。
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Nowadays the pioneers of the clutch disc, clutch disc is more pieces of it until 1925 later The multi-gear clutch main advantage is that car started the clutch engagement is no impact on the smooth Early in the design, layout design, according to slice pairs of a steel plate with a bronze blanks Using the friction pair of pure metal, put them in oil, can achieve more satisfactory performance
As the power to combustion in mechanical transmission automobiles, clutch is as an independent assembly The clutch is usually served in the engine and transmission, the active part between connected with engine flywheel, driven and transmission Various types of cars for widespread adoption of friction clutch, in fact, is a kind of depend on their part, driven to relay the friction between the power and the separation The major function of the clutch is cut off and the realization of the engine and transmission, to ensure smooth, stable car When the shift in the engine and transmission of separation, reduce transmission gear shift between the impact, Work in the dynamic load is larger, can limit the transmission of maximum torque, in order to prevent the transmission parts of a damaged by overload, Reducing effectively the transmission of the vibration and noise
In the early development of clutch structures, the most successful conical clutch It was the prototype design in 1889 German Daimler company production of steel wheel on the car It is to make the engine flywheel hole taper as clutch active The taper clutch scheme continues to the middle of the twentieth century, when the manufacture, cone-shaped clutch friction relatively simple, easy to repair It was used LuoMao friction material, leather belt, etc Then have been hoof - drum clutch, its structure in the solid-bowl clingy reaches hoof Hoof - drum clutch friction components with wood, leather belt is such, shoe - drum clutch weight is light cone clutch Whatever tapered clutch or hoof - drum clutch, easy to cause the separation is not complete appear even Lord, follower cannot separate self-locking phenomenon
Years of practical experience and technical improvement makes people tend to preferred dry friction clutch single chip, because it has driven part of inertia, good heat, simple structure, convenient adjustment, compact size, etc, but also because completely in structure, already can take action to smooth, so now junction disc is widely used in large, medium and small various models
Now monolithic dry type clutch in structural design is quite perfect Using the axial elastic platen, improve the clutch of comfort The clutch platen assembly installed in reverse, prevent the transmission system of shock of torsional resonances, reduced the transmission system of noise and load
As the car comfort requirements, clutch in original basis has been obtained by car, by continuously improved by increasing the quality of the flywheel has double shock absorber, can turn better reduce transmission noise
Due to heavy clutch, commercial, engine power tends to large-scale increasing, but the size of the space increased clutch allows the use of limited, clutch, cool 1, increase conditions to improve ability, preaching clutch torsion life-span, simplify the operation has become the development trend of the heavy clutch In order to improve the ability of torsion, in heavy vehicles can be used on double dry type clutch Theoretically, in the same radial dimensions, biplate clutch torsion ability and the service life is 2 times of single chip But other objective factors, the actual effects of low value than others
In recent years, the wet clutch on technology improvement, some heavy cart in abroad and start using multiple wet clutch Compared with dry type clutch, due to the use of the pump are forced cooling, friction surface temperature is lower than 93 degrees Celsius (not), therefore, long time also does not start sliding friction loss Refer to the information at home and abroad were told that this clutch can use dry type clutch of 5-6 times, but the advantages of the wet clutch play must be in a temperature range, more than it can achieve a temperature range will play a negative effects Now this technology is not perfect
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