英语写作的整体模式之开头段

考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。

1开头段开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。考生应注意以下若干要点：1）开头段的作用概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。

2）写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题①开头偏离主题太远；②使用抱歉或埋怨之词句；③内容不具体，言之无物；④使用不言自明的陈述。

3）开头段的表达方法①使用引语（use a quotation）

使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。

例：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity， but to make them”Colton， a great writer once remarked But it still has a profound significance now To a person， in whose lifetime opportunities are not many， to make opportunities is more essential to his success②使用具体详实的数字或数据（use figures or statistics）

引用一些具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。

例：In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children， coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing According to official statistics， in 2003， about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children， compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent③提出问题（ask a question）

提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。

例：What do you want from your work？ Money？ Promotions？ Interesting challenges？ Continual learning？ Work-based friendships？ The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials？ Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ， all agree that work provide more than material things④给出背景（offer relevant background）

描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等。

例：Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son， the woman at last watched her son sink to death The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV， and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern⑤定义法（give definition）

针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。

例：Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change In the course of your lifetime， it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance， as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities Paradigms change over time， and so must you Your company may restructure， and you will have to survive Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage， and you will have to cope Technology will continue to advance and change， and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it⑥主题句法（use of topic sentence）

文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。例：Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language To them， the knowledge of a foreign language， say， English， often means a good opportunity for one's career， even a passport to a prosperous future Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language 4）开头段的常用核心句型The arguer may be right about…， but he seems to neglect （fail） to mention；　　 （takesintosaccount） the fact that…。

As opposed to （Contrary to） widely （commonly / generally） held （accepted）；　　 belief （ideas / views）， I believe （argue） that…

Although many people believe that…， I doubt （wonder）whether the argument；　　 bears much analysis （close examination）。

The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from （carry more weight；　　 than those of / are much greater than） A Although it is commonly （widely / generally） held （felt / accepted /；　　 agreed） that…， it is unlikely to be true that…。

There is an element of truth in this argument （statement）， but it ignores；　　 a deeper and more basic （important / essential） fact （reason） that…。

It is true that （True， / To be sure， / Admittedly，）…， but this is not to；　　 say （it is unlikely / it doesn't follow / it doesn't mean / it won't be the case） that…。

The main （obvious / great） problem （flaw / drawback） with （in） this；　　 argument （view / remark） is that it is ignorant of （blind to） the basic （bare） fact that…。

It would be possible （natural / reasonable） to think （believe / take the；　　 view） that…， but it would be absurd （wrong） to claim （argue） that…。

In all the discussion and debate over…， one important （basic） fact is；　　 generally overlooked （neglected）。

There is absolutely （in fact） no （every） reason for us to believe （accept；　　 / resist / reject） that…。

Logical （Valid / Sound） as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with；　　 it， it appears insignificant （absurd） when…is takensintosconsideration（account）。

To assume （suggest） that…is far from being proved （to miss the point）。；A close （careful） inspection （examination / scrutiny） of this argument；　　 would reveal how flimsy （groundless /fallacious） it is On the surface （At first thought）， it （this） may seem a sound （an；　　 attractive） suggestion （solution / idea）， but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）， we find that…

Too much emphasis placed on （attention paid to / importance attached；　　 to）…may obscure （overlook / neglect） other facts…。

The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that…。；What the arguer fails to understand （consider / mention） is that…。；We don't have to look very far to see （find out） the truth （validity） of；　　 this argument （proposition）。

However just （logical / sound / valid） this argument may be， it only skims；　　 the surface of the problem Among the most convincing （important） reasons given （cited / offered /；　　 identified） by people for…， one should be stressed （emphasized / mentioned）。

As far as I am concerned， however， I believe that…。；I believe that the title statement is valid because （of）…。；I agree with the above statement because I believe that…。；Although I appreciate that…， I cannot agree with the title statement；There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of…。 Those who；　　 object to…argue that…。 But people who favor…， on the other hand， argue that…。

Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now），；　　 there is （has been） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）…。

Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought /；　　 held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that…。 But I wonder （doubt） whether…。

These days we are often told that （often hear about）…， but is this really；　　 the case？

没有固定模式，一般都是选择重点介绍你自己对于学术方面的热情，有些事例最好，不要流水账，否则没看头。

下面是我写过的PS。

The story doesn’t begin with “once upon a time”

It was only recently that I realized what my “real” career would be I have dreamed of becoming a scientist, a teacher, an ice cream vendor, and all sorts of different people when I was a kid However, I knew these dreams would not become true the day I was determined to become an entrepreneur

Yes, an entrepreneur, maybe not so big and established, but small and successful And why I wanted to be an entrepreneur

I have been holding part-time media jobs since I was in high school in China This media experience takes me to the world that is called “business” Being a part-time journalist for the Beijing Youth Daily and the Middle School Times in China and a part-time special New York correspondent for the Global Times (a newspaper in China), I have interviewed some entrepreneurs Every successful entrepreneur has a million stories to tell Every story of success demonstrates an entrepreneur’s in-depth knowledge in business, quick response to the ever-changing marketplace, and confidence in his/her own ability to succeed It was simply fascinating to just hear these stories

However, besides writing down these entrepreneurs’ success, I kept asking myself one question: can I become one of them This one little question has awakened the “business” side of myself

Running a business is not easy What’s the first thing You have to know what you are going to run Living in New York, I have had quite a few inspirations by observing this world’s financial and business center I often said to myself, “oh, this thing’s gonna be a hit if I can bring it to the public,” or, “this service’s so cool, and the best part is that no one has even thought about it!” These daydreams were soon hit by the reality: how can I manage to present something to the public

That was why I chose marketing as my undergraduate major I believe that marketing, more than accounting and management, is something that you need to be trained with Accounting folks are almost always good at math, and management people almost always have ambition and leadership in their hearts As for marketing, you may be creative, but creativity may be largely found in only one part of marketing that is called “advertising and promotion” There are a lot more to learn As a marketing major, I was exposed to the internationally accepted marketing concepts, such as the four P’s (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion), as well as the American way of doing marketing, such as strict rules on bribery when it comes to promotion and other business activities

However, besides marketing classes, other business classes are just as important as marketing courses The functional areas of business are integrated And I know a successful businessperson may be specialized in one of these areas, but he/she will also know about how other areas are functioned So I took some accounting, finance, and management classes to build myself as a businessperson, but not only a marketer

My undergraduate marketing classes went so smoothly that I began to think maybe I would become a good entrepreneur after I graduate with my Bachelor of Science in Marketing Well, I was partially wrong Right now I am taking the undergraduate capstone class and having a team of three people to run a business in a simulated game I can read the financial reports, calculate ratios, and utilize the results in the decision-making and management of the business However, when it comes to more complicated management problems, the answer is nowhere to be found This makes me think about the real world In the real, fast-paced business environment, not knowing an answer to a management problem should be a businessperson’s shame That should never be the case

Then I put in some serious thoughts into my pursuit of career goal I don’t want to become just a marketer I want to become an entrepreneur And a successful entrepreneur needs to know everything of all the functional areas of business from an international perspective Of course books and real-life experience may help me to succeed, but I don’t believe these can show me a prosperous business as fast as does learning on campus Systematical learning in business administration will help me make better decisions later in my career So an MBA is a must on my way to success

Now the story of me becoming an entrepreneur doesn’t end here because I know that after getting my Master’s degree in business administration, I will be ready

山西省长治市城区高新技术产业开发区北三环路复兴花园北侧华信汽贸园内

Huaxin Qimao Garden, north od Fuxing Garden, Beisanhuan Road, High-tech Industrial Zone, Cheng District, Changzhi, Shanxi

山西省运城市盐湖区机场大道

Airport Avenue, Yanhu District, Yuncheng, Shanxi

河北省保定市定州市定曲路

Dingqu Road, Dingzhou, Baoding, Hebei

山西省阳泉市新北区李荫路666号

No666, Liyin Road, Xinbei District, Yangquan, Shanxi

河南省郑州市管城回族区郑汴路东建材对面中博汽车广场

Zhongbo Automobile Squre, in front of Contructive Material, East of Zhengbian Road, Huizu District, Guangcheng, Zhengzhou,Henan

山西省临汾市尧都区屯里村北霍侯一级路南泽林医院西

West of the Zelin Hospital, South of Yiji Road, Beihuo Hou, Tunli Village, Raodu District, Linfen, Shanxi

山西省晋城市城区经济开发区兰花路690号

No690, Lanhua Road, Economical Development Zone, Jincheng, Shanxi

辽宁省沈阳市铁西区路官一街16号(沈辽中路与保工街交叉口南向400米)

No16, Guanyi Street, Tiexi District, Shenyang, Liaoning(400 meters to the south of crossing of Shenliaozhong Road and Baogong Street)

辽宁省沈阳市铁西区北二东路16-1号

No16-1,Beierdong Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, Liaoning

辽宁省大连市甘井子区怡宁路6号

No6, Yining Road, Gangjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning

辽宁省大连市甘井子区华北路426-1号

No426-1, Huabei Road, Gangjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning

辽宁省锦州市松山新区南广路15号

No15, Nanguang Road, Songshanxin District, Jinzhou, Liaoning

辽宁省朝阳市龙城区西大营子镇北山村

Zhenbeishan Village, Dayingzi Town, West of Longcheng District, Chaoyang, LIaoning

辽宁省本溪市明山区大峪村四组

Team 4, Dayu Village, Mingshan District, Benxi, Liaoning

辽宁省鞍山市铁西区千山西路59号

No59, Qianshanxi Road, Tiexi Distirct, Anshan, Liaoning

辽宁省辽阳市太子河区繁荣路中段

Middle part of Fanrong Road, Taizihe District, Liaoyang, Liaoning

辽宁省营口市老边区庄林路上海大众4S店旁

Next to SVW 4S store, Zhuanglin Road, Laobian District, Yingkou, Liaoning

河南省济源市新济路气象局西侧

West of Meteorological Bureau, Xinji Road, Jiyuan, Henan

河南省商丘市永城市芒山路南段永城汽车城

Yongcheng Automobile Mall, South of Mangshan Road, Yongcheng, Shangqiu, Henan

吉林省长春市朝阳区经济技术开发区仙台大街1229号(赛得广场内)

No1229, Xiantai Avenue, Economical and Technic Development Zone, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin