谁知道美国浪漫主义时期文学的特征?

谁知道美国浪漫主义时期文学的特征?,第1张

  这一时期大多数美国文学作品中,普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素,注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。美国作家特别注意感情的自由表达和人物的心理描写。作品中的主人公富有敏感激动的特质。注重表现个人和普通人是这一时期作品的强烈倾向,几乎成了美国的信仰。富雷诺、布雷思特和库柏等人的作品对客观自然的描写有强烈的兴趣。富雷诺在"帝国的废墟"主题中对过去情景的描写绘声绘色,布雷恩特对北美五大湖区的史前印第安人描述引人入胜,欧文对哈德逊河传说的巧加利用炉火纯青,库柏的长篇历史小说深入细致。总的来说,美国浪漫主义时期的文学上接英国文学传统,下开美国文学之风。

  虽然美国文学受到外国文学的影响,但这一时期著名的文学作品表现的却是富有美国色彩的浪漫主义思想。"西部开拓"就是一个说明美国作家表现自己国家的恰好的例子。他们大量描述了美国本土的自然风光:原始的森林、广袤的平原、无际的草原、沧茫的大海、不一而足。这些自然景物成为人们品格的象征,形成了美国文学中离开尘世,心向自然的传统。这些传统在库柏的《皮袜子的故事》(Leather Stocking Tales〉、梭罗的《沃尔顿》 (Walden)以及后来马克·吐温的《哈克贝里·芬历险记》(Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn)中都得到了明显的表现。随着美国民族意识的增长,在小说、诗歌中美国人物都越来越明显地操本地方言,作品多表现农民、穷人、儿童以及没有文化的人,还有那些虽然没文化但心地高尚的红种人和白种人。美国清教作为一种文化遗产,对美国人的道德观念产生了很大影响,在美国文学中也留下了明显的印迹。一个明显的表现就是,比起欧洲文学, 美国文学的道德倾向十分浓厚。在霍桑(Hawthorne)、梅尔维尔(Melville)以及其他一些小作家的作品中加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。

西方文学一直以“人学”作为题目,以这个为出发点

先来说欧洲浪漫主义所在的历史地位:

浪漫主义是欧洲文学史上的重大文学革命。浪漫主义终结了以前主导西方两百多年已久的古典主义文学思潮并取而代之,成为了西方文学领域的新兴领导力量

浪漫主义颠覆了此前主导西方文学两千多年的“模仿说”并倡导自己的“表现说”从整体上革新了西方文学的理念

浪漫主义是西方文学进入现代化阶段的标志

历史地位说明白了,接下来便是浪漫主义的核心观念:自由

雨果的一句话:“浪漫主义只不过是文学领域的自由主义”

认为只有在精神层面,人的自由才是无限的、无条件的

与推崇理性的古典主义相比,浪漫主义所推崇的自由。古典主义的理性主义是社会人的“人学”表现;浪漫主义则是举起个人自由,并强调个人情感与心理的深层探索,是个体“人学”表现。

在浪漫主义的时期,“自由”的观念逐渐取代了“理性”的观念,成为了西方文学文化系统重的最高理念。所有的问题几乎都可以归到“自由”观念的高扬来获得答案与解释。这其实也是一种认识并去理解西方浪漫主义的文学关键。

(顺带一提,浪漫主义所反对的古典主义的起源地也是法国)

浪漫主义:romanticism is a movement prevailing the 19th centure in Weasterm World in literatureart music and philosophy beginning as a reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and customs of neo-classicismIt was marked and is always marked by a story reaction It returned to nature and plain humanity for materialItbrought about a renewed interest in medieval literatureIt was also marked by sympathy for poor people and thus a deep understanding toward common peopleIt was a movement expression of indivdual orignality and different poets realized their varietyA dream of golden age is established against stern realities Imagination is the key point

自然主义:naturelism is a literary trend prevailing in the second half of the 19th century in Europeespecially France and GermanyNaturalism is an attempt to achieve fidelity to nature by rejecting idealized protrayals of licesIn literatureit can be further defined as a technique of objective view of man or a mood with frankness and accuracyAccording to naturalists writesman is shaped by hehedity and environmentover which they cannot controlThey tend to show "true-to-life'description without selectionThey show man'struggling for survival

preromanticism前浪漫主义

romanticism浪漫主义(18世纪末19世纪初盛行于艺术、音乐及文学领域,以情感强烈、想象和回归自然为特征);浪漫精神;浪漫的态度;强烈的爱情;情感的表达

扩展资料

  Thought to Romanticism of Rule by Law in the Researches on Sports Law

  体育法学研究中法治浪漫主义思潮探析

  The causes of the rise of American romanticism are various

  美国浪漫主义文学兴起的'历史背景复杂多样。

  On the Relationship Between Man and God in American Romanticism

  美国浪漫主义文学中的人神关系

现实主义(Realism),一般认为现实主义关心现实和实际。现实主义在博雅人文范畴中有很多意思,特别是在绘画、文学和哲学中。它还可以用于国际关系。 在艺术上,现实主义指对自然或当代生活做出准确的描绘和体现

|浪漫主义时期|• 简介

英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年,标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版,终于1832年,标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。

Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movementIts principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion 

哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。

小说主要元素:暴力,恐怖,超自然力量的描写。

VIP :

1William Blake

2William Wordsworth

3Percy Bysshe Shelley

4Jane Austen

How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best

1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace

2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes

3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind

威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭,一生中,他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色,他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的,只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。

在文学上,布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人,表现出对理性至上的轻视,对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。

布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界,尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界,一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界,笔调极为忧伤压抑。

《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应,纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似,笔调不同。

1| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |

Brief introduce

A The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings

B His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

C Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

2 | Tyger |

What does "symmetry" mean

The well-proportioned body of the tiger

What does "tyger" refer to

There are different opinions about the tiger Some say the tiger is made by God Others say it is made by men One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation

  Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry

A His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes

B The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world

C The third --- Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs

For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

D The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression"

  What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal

The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, iethe exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance iethe role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitationIn the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

威廉•华兹华斯

• 1797年,结识了科勒律治,两人成为知心密友,合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。

• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。

• 1842年,华兹华斯荣获政府津贴,次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate)

• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。

• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人,对他来说,生命犹如轮回的旅程,生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。

• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格,厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源,即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。

• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星,是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表,他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物,开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路,并号召人们回归自然。

作家作品:

The Prelude

Composed upon Westminster Brige

Lyrical Ballads

I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

The Solitary Reaper

1 | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |

This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature / His love for the daffodils

2 | Composed upon Westminster Brige |

3 | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |

《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road

4 | The Solitary Reaper |

《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)

| Questions |

Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature

A First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity" The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language

B Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems"

C Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern

D Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature

雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭,父亲是个保守的乡绅,母亲貌美。

• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中,如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。

• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》,诗中号召工人,农民起来斗争,在宪章运动时期成为英国***的战歌。

• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机,却孕育着新春的希望,诗人希望自己也化作这西风,把他对未来的预言传遍人间。

• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。

• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致,文化底蕴深厚,含有丰富的典故,并多用拟人和隐喻,将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。

作家作品:

To a Skylark

Men of England

Ode to the West Wind

| Men of England | 

《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation

"drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society

"bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England

| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)

The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality

奥斯汀一生完成六部作品,她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》;《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上,她倡导新古典主义,坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关,正因如此,她的作品具有普遍的意义。

| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)

A It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice

| Questions |

What are Austen's writing features

Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists Austen's work has a very narrow literary field Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire

Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature

A Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature She creates six influential novels

B Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event This is what makes her important in English literature

C Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals

D She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women

Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )

A Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;

B Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind

C Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind

Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations

……

带思维导图版笔记在这里:  英美文学笔记

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