英美文学｜浪漫主义时期

｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介

英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。

Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movementIts principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion 

哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。

小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。

VIP :

1William Blake

2William Wordsworth

3Percy Bysshe Shelley

4Jane Austen

How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best

1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace

2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes

3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind

威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。

在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。

布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。

《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。

1| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |

Brief introduce

A The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings

B His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

C Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

2 | Tyger |

What does "symmetry" mean

The well-proportioned body of the tiger

What does "tyger" refer to

There are different opinions about the tiger Some say the tiger is made by God Others say it is made by men One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation

  Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry

A His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes

B The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world

C The third --- Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs

For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

D The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression"

  What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal

The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, iethe exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance iethe role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitationIn the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

威廉•华兹华斯

• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。

• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。

• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）

• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。

• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。

• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。

• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。

作家作品：

The Prelude

Composed upon Westminster Brige

Lyrical Ballads

I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

The Solitary Reaper

1 | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |

This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature / His love for the daffodils

2 | Composed upon Westminster Brige |

3 | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |

《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road

4 | The Solitary Reaper |

《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)

| Questions |

Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature

A First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity" The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language

B Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems"

C Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern

D Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature

雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。

• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。

• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国***的战歌。

• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。

• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。

• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。

作家作品：

To a Skylark

Men of England

Ode to the West Wind

| Men of England | 

《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation

"drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society

"bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England

| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)

The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality

奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。

| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)

A It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice

| Questions |

What are Austen's writing features

Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists Austen's work has a very narrow literary field Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire

Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature

A Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature She creates six influential novels

B Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event This is what makes her important in English literature

C Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals

D She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women

Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )

A Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;

B Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind

C Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind

Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations

……

带思维导图版笔记在这里:  英美文学笔记

有一种爱从一开始就注定得不到回报，但仍然执着坚守，一往无前。因为当有一天繁华落尽，我们重新变得一无所有时，心中还有一份美好可以思念。

1462年的某一天，一位14岁的少年闯进了“恶魔修士”菲利普·利皮的工作室，坚持要留下来学画画。利皮见少年这么不守规矩，颇有自己小时候的风范，便果断把他留在身边，言传身教。不久之后，这位少年的名声就远远超过了自己的老师，响彻整个佛罗伦萨。

他就是桑德罗·波提切利。

和许多大牌画家一样，波提切利这个名字也是个外号。他的原名很长，叫亚历山德罗·迪·马里亚诺·迪·瓦尼·菲利佩皮，老师念完一遍估计就快下课了。不过波提切利这个外号也不怎么洋气，意思是“小桶”。这个外号本来属于他一个几乎胖成正圆型的哥哥，后来家里人觉得这个名字听上去萌萌哒，竟然决定以后全家都叫“小桶”。

不能决定自己叫什么，总能决定自己干什么。本来父母安排小桶同学做一个金匠，课外补习班也报好了，但小桶的梦想是像利皮一样成为一名画家。得到偶像的赏识后他很珍惜来之不易的机会，学画画特别刻苦，老师绘画风格中最精髓的柔美线条技法和优雅人物姿态，他都心领神会、驾驭自如。因此22岁的时候，波提切利就已经名声大噪，不仅拥有了自己的工作室，还成为了美第奇家族最器重的一位艺术家。

当时的美第奇家族正如日中天，大当家洛伦佐是佛罗伦萨共和国非官方任命的掌权者，称为“僭主”。由于洛伦佐的政治手段高明，又特别舍得砸钱订购艺术品，因此他统治的那段时期被称为佛罗伦萨艺术的“黄金时代”。

作为“黄金时代”的****，年少成名的波提切利自然是春风得意、春心荡漾，于是画了一幅春光无限的作品，叫《春》。

画面所描绘的这个主题，确实像一阵春风拂面，吹醒了人们对古老神话和人文精神的记忆。古罗马神话中的经典角色，又重新回到了人们的视野中，他们在一片长满橘子树的花园里嬉戏。人群正中间有点高冷的是爱与美的女神维纳斯，她旁边穿着碎花长裙的是花神芙洛拉。画面右边，西风之神仄费罗斯正在掳走山林仙女克洛莉丝，传说中这位仙女被 之后就升级为了花神芙洛拉。另一边，象征欢乐的美惠三女神正在翩翩起舞，爱神丘比特在空中瞄准了她们，准备搞点乱子。在左边，众神使者墨丘利正在用神杖驱赶着天空中的乌云，好让姑娘们玩得开心。

波提切利并没有用透视法来体现空间感，也没有通过人体解剖知识来塑造逼真的人物体量。相反，他用柔软的线条淡化了追求真实可能导致的突兀感，将人物表现得轻盈而优雅，从而为画面营造了一种浪漫化的氛围。从风格上看，波利切利似乎在绘画发展的道路上后退了一步，但也成功地让人们把注意力从科学分析的层面，转移到画面的纯粹美感中。表现了复兴时代里世俗贵族的奢华生活，和人们普遍兴起的享乐追求。

这个时候的波提切利，可以说是才气过人、后台过硬，离走上人生巅峰就差一个步骤——迎娶白富美。然而他的一生，永远差在了这一步上。

15世纪70年代的佛罗伦萨，曾有一位绝色倾城而又红颜薄命的女子，名叫西莫内塔。她来自港口城市热那亚，嫁到韦斯普奇家之后来到了佛罗伦萨。她的丈夫马尔科与美第奇家族关系十分密切，她自己也陷入到了与美第奇二当家朱利亚诺的一段绯闻中。1475年，在一次骑士比武大赛上，朱利亚诺举着画有西莫内塔肖像的旗帜进入了赛场，使她的美貌惊动了全城。而那幅肖像，就是出自波提切利之手。

然而仅仅过了一年，23岁的西莫内塔就死于肺病。香消玉殒之后，她迅速被人们所遗忘，丈夫马尔科也很快娶了另一位女子。但世界上却还有一个人还对她念念不忘，那就是曾为她画像的波提切利。作品《春》当中那个神情落寞的维纳斯，就是他脑海中西莫内塔的身影。对美好时光太过短暂的哀叹，也正是作品中隐隐透露的那一丝忧伤。

不久后波提切利创作的一幅《年轻女子肖像》，被认为是出自他脑海中对西莫内塔的记忆。

苏联诞生。1922年12月30日，苏联诞生，十月革命后，俄国境内各民族纷纷建立自己的独立国家或自治共和国。典故原指旧制、旧例，也是汉代掌管礼乐制度等史实者的官名。后来一种常见的意义是指关于历史人物、典章制度等的故事或传说。

典故是一个英雄，相反他却是一个因为诱骗了某贵族**而被驱逐并到处流亡的青年无赖式的人物。

他与拜伦本人某些经历和境遇的相似或许是他成为拜伦这部长诗的主人公的最大原因。但在拜伦笔下的唐璜同样不是一个浪漫主义的英雄，无论是其心灵还是性格，都和常人并无太大差异。不同的是这个“极美貌、骄傲、大胆而又运气好的人”竟充当了命运的宠儿。虽然他屡次身陷险境，但又每次都能从死神的身边安全逃开；虽然他经受过无数与情人生离死别的痛苦煎熬，但总有新的爱情给他带来新的幸福。正是这样一颗热情冲动、敏感正直的心灵在遭遇到饥饿的极度恐怖和沉船的厄运后，在希腊的海边遇见了美丽的希腊少女海蒂。

《哀希腊》原名《The Isles of Greece》，作者是George Gordon Byron（拜伦）。这个被勃兰兑斯认为“给他那个时代的诗歌文学打上了最后的决定性印记”的英国伟大诗人在他37年的短暂生命中写下了大量的优秀诗篇 。

诏书作为古代皇权的展示和象征，无论是用词还是格式都严肃生硬。

然而，在这样一份严谨的“红头文件”中，却有一个例外：这份特殊的圣旨，有着神秘的外表，背后却藏着一份感人的对孩子的爱。

年记载：公元前72年，汉武帝刘询突然颁布了一道莫名其妙的圣旨，圣旨中说：我以前穷的时候有一把古剑，现在非常怀念。你能帮我找到它吗，艾青？

许多大臣读了圣旨后，都感到困惑，不明所以。然而，这位善于察言观色的大臣在年轻时就开始探究汉高祖宣帝的生活经历。

汉武帝的曾孙刘询，出生仅几个月就与宫中的巫术有牵连。他还是个婴儿时就成了监狱里的囚犯，被他祖母家收养。

长期的人民生活使刘询看到了人民的疾苦，也培养了他朴实的个性和亲民的思想。直到汉武帝下诏让刘询在叶挺被收养，刘询的宗室地位才最终得到确认。

叶凌张鹤源是刘询父亲的老部下。他像对待自己的儿子一样对待刘询。他不仅支付了刘询的学费，还在刘询长大，并娶了当地一个普通家庭的女儿徐平君为妻。

徐平君是一个勤劳贤惠的女人。在刘询最困难的日子里，她没有抛弃丈夫，而是和他相依为命。她用自己的温柔，让这个落魄的王子感受到了家的温暖和爱的力量。

公元前74年，汉高祖死后，18岁的因为没有子嗣，出人意料地在大司马霍光的王位下登上了皇帝的宝座。为了拉拢统治国家的权臣霍光，他娶了霍光的女儿。知道自己是孤家寡人的刘询，生前一直对霍光百依百顺。

但是，只有一件事让霍光感到很不高兴，也让他的大臣们很困惑，那就是立皇后。当时君主大臣为了讨好霍光，都写霍光的女儿是最好的皇后。对此，刘询不置可否，第二天，他就颁布了“这叫谋微时势，所以剑”的圣旨。

善于揣测的大臣们很快就道出了这道圣旨的特殊含义：一个念念不忘自己穷时用过的一把旧剑的人，自然不会抛弃陪伴自己的女人。他作为皇帝和皇后，怎么能眼睁睁看着自己心爱的女人在关键时刻屈居第二呢？

醒来的大臣们立刻改变风向，让徐平君做皇后。于是，刘询“顺应”民意，立徐平君为皇后。从此，“所以剑情深”成为家喻户晓的浪漫典故。

1、秘密地、私下里。

2、一次维纳斯与情人幽会，被沉默之神哈勃克拉底撞见，丘比特为了维护母亲声誉，送给哈勃克拉底一朵玫瑰，求他别把这事张扬出去，哈伯克拉底受了玫瑰花就缄默不语了。

Under The Rose

读音：英 [ˈʌndə(r) ðə rəʊz]   美 [ˈʌndər ðə roʊz] 

语法：基本意思是“寂静的，无声的”。引申可作“沉默的，只字不提的”解，可指习惯上非绝对必要的话不说，也可指在特殊场合因特殊原因而对讲话有节制。

扩展资料

近义词：keep silent

keep silent

读音：英 [kiːp ˈsaɪlənt]   美 [kiːp ˈsaɪlənt] 

释义：保持沉默。

语法：silent还可作“不发音”解，作此解时无比较级和最高级形式。silent在句中常用作定语或表语，偶尔也可作宾语补足语。

例句：

Keep silent, and the spirits will rap out a message for you 

请安静，神灵将用敲击声给你们以启示。