解构一词是指对恒定意义的分离,它作为后现代对“结构”(主义)的在场、秩序和中心整体性反击的一部分。
一是反映人的异化,即工业文明对人的自由精神的蚕食;二是讽刺左派激进行为的浪漫与不实际并引导观众进行反思(如反映文革的**);三是以拒绝整体性、同一性为前提,对**的传统模式、规范、语言和结构进行转换性尝试来离散**的中心话语权利,使观众的主观精神重获自由。
为当下人类这种情结提供最深刻解说,且为解开迷思提供方法论其基础和实则演练的,是法国的解构主义。必需注意的是解构主义并不是毁灭主义。因为解构主义对于任何形式透过语言传达的思想都进行解构,令我们知道思想的不稳定性,知识的无常,对任何思想进行系统化、集体性的统一解说都是谬误的。不过,这说法并不是极端的反智论,或者虚无主义,因为德里达反对的并不是思想或者知识本身,而是对思想成为体系,或者集结成为政治力量(例如各种意识型态后现代主义)的反动,德里达为所有我们认为是经典的核心理念,进行原教旨式的辩式,用类似中国人“以子之矛攻子之盾”的分析方法,令其意义向外扩散。论者认为解构主义是以诠释学(Hermeneutics)的一种变现,而且是极端原教旨主义的一种操作。由于语言成为哲学论说的必然方式,解构语言(包括内容及形式的交差指涉)进行极端细微的closereading,就能够策略上解读文字所包裹着的理念。其实后现代主义所使用的解读文字方法,并不是德里达所独创的。于七十年代当解构主义传到美国之后,在耶鲁大学的几位学者之中,就有HaroldBloom有关犹太神秘解经学Kabala的研究,成为一种独特的解读语言方式。这些也是后现代理论中最为神秘的部份。
在《失乐园》所塑造的人物中,撒旦形象历来受赞扬最多,同时争议也最大。
浪漫主义诗人布莱克,拜伦,雪莱等对这个形象所体现的英雄气概和崇高美更是推崇备至。他们相信撒旦在史诗中被作者塑造成了真正的英雄。布莱克认为,撒旦代表情欲,代表人类富于想象的灵魂。他说,弥尔顿写到天使和上帝时,感到缩手缩脚,但写到恶魔和地狱时却发挥得淋漓尽致,这是因为弥尔顿是一个真正的诗人,自己站在恶魔一边却不自知。
当然许多人不同意这种看法,因为在后面各卷中,撒旦的形象越来越渺小,猥琐,直到在第十卷中变成一条嘴里嚼着苦灰的令人厌恶的蛇。需要指出的是,撒旦那具有崇高美的叛逆者形象并非完全是弥尔顿的创造。在大约写于8世纪的宗教诗《凯德蒙的圣诗》中,作者就成功的塑造了一个不愿做奴仆,不向上帝折腰,只要自己做神的颇具叛逆精神的撒旦形象。米尔顿的撒旦无疑受到它的影响。
但无论怎样看,撒旦仍是一个塑造的十分成功的艺术形象。特别是在前两卷里,他被赶出天堂,扔到地域的火海中后,仍然充满不屈不挠的精神,发誓要继续与万能的上帝对抗。他说:
我们损失了什么?
并非什么都丢光:不挠的意志,
热切的复仇心,不灭的憎恨,
以及永不屈服,永不退让的勇气,
还有什么比这些更难战胜?
读到这些充满豪气的语言,看到他那克服一切困难去实现自己计划的不屈意志,人们不禁会感到,布莱克的话不无道理。撒旦能得到浪漫主义诗人和众多读者的赞叹,很大程度上就在于这个形象体现了意志的自由。
"Paradise Lost" to shape the character, the image of Satan has been praised by most, at the same time also the most controversial
Romantic poets Blake, Byron, Shelley, and so on the image embodied the noble and heroic spirit of the United States is more highly They believe that Satan was the author of the epic in the mold has become a real hero Black believes that passion on behalf of Satan, on behalf of the imaginative human soul He said that Milton wrote that God and angels, are overcautious, but wrote that the devil and hell when its head, because Milton is a true poet, standing on their own side of the devil do not know
Of course, many people do not agree with this view, because in the back of each volume, the image of Satan more and more small and insignificant until the X in the mouth in a chewing into the bitter ashes of the offensive snake It should be noted that Satan that has a noble image of the United States and the traitor is not entirely the creation of Milton In writing about in the 8th century religious poem, "Hymn of the Kaide Meng," the authors on the successful do not want to create a servant, not to Zheyao God, as long as God's very own rebellious spirit of Satan's image Milton's Satan is no doubt it has been
In any case, Satan is still a very successful in shaping the image of the arts Especially in the first two volumes, he was expelled from paradise into flames in the area, still full of indomitable spirit, vowed to continue with the fight against God Almighty He said:
We have lost what
Diuguang is not everything: unswerving will of the fervent heart of revenge, hatred is immortal,
and never yielding, never give courage,
but also more difficult to overcome than these
I read these full of heroic language, to see that he overcome all difficulties to realize their plans indomitable will of the people can not help but feel, not without reason, then black Satan can be romantic poet and admiration of many readers, to a large extent this is reflected in the image of the will of freedom
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