有关爱情的英语和中文翻译

Love is a profound feeling of tender affection for or intense attraction to another People in love are often considered to have "good" interpersonal chemistry[1] Love is described as a deep, ineffable feeling shared in passionate or intimate interpersonal relationships In different contexts, however, the word love has a variety of related but distinct meanings: in addition to romantic love, which is characterized by a mix of emotional and sexual desire, other forms include platonic love, religious love, familial love, and the more casual application of the term to anyone or anything that one considers strongly pleasurable, enjoyable, or desirable, including activities and foods This diverse range of meanings in a single word is commonly contrasted with the plurality of Greek words for Love, reflecting the word's versatility and complexity

Although clearly and consistently defining love is a difficult task, and often a subject of much debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't "love" As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like), love is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more "pure" form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is commonly contrasted with friendship, though other definitions of the word love may be applied to close friendships in certain contexts

In ordinary use, love usually refers to interpersonal love, an experience felt by a person for another person Love often involves caring for or identifying with a person or thing, including oneself (cf narcissism)

The concept of love, however, is subject to debate Some deny the existence of love Others call it a recently-invented abstraction, sometimes dating the "invention" to courtly Europe during or after the middle ages—though this is contradicted by the sizable body of ancient love poetry Others maintain that love really exists, and is not an abstraction, but is undefinable, being a quantity which is spiritual or metaphysical in nature Some psychologists maintain that love is the action of lending one's "boundary" or "self-esteem" to another Others attempt to define love by applying the definition to everyday life

Cultural differences make any universal definition of love difficult to establish Expressions of love may include the love for a soul or mind, the love of laws and organizations, love for a body, love for nature, love of food, love of money, love for learning, love of power, love of fame, love for the respect of others, etc Different people place varying degrees of importance on the kinds of love they receive Love is essentially an abstract concept, easier to experience than to explain Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a thought-terminating cliché, and there are a number of common proverbs regarding love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All you need is love" Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to relative value

Though love is considered a positive and desirable aspect of existence, love can cause a great deal of emotional harm Consider Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Great Expectations, and other classical and popular works that enumerate how love can lead to tragedy and emotional pain In human interactions, love becomes a peril when love is not bilateral, known as Unrequited love A further peril for individuals that love, or can love others, is that love is not enduring and that many people have psychological defense mechanisms inhibit their ability to accept or reciprocate love

Human bonding
Main article: Human bonding
People, throughout history, have often considered phenomena such as “love at first sight” or “instant friendships” to be the result of an uncontrollable force of attraction or affinity One of the first to theorize in this direction was the Greek philosopher Empedocles who in the fourth century BC argued for existence of two forces: love (philia) and strife (neikos), which were used to account for the causes of motion in the universe These two forces were said to intermingle with the four elements, ie earth, water, air, and fire, in such a manner that love, so to say, served as the binding power linking the various parts of existence harmoniously together

Later, Plato interpreted Empedocles’ two agents as attraction and repulsion, stating that their operation is conceived in an alternate sequence[2] From these arguments, Plato originated the concept of “likes attract”, eg earth is thus attracted towards earth, water toward water, and fire toward fire In modern terms this is often phrased in terms of “birds of a feather flock together” Later, following developments in electrical theories, such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed such as "opposites attract" Over the last century, researcher on the nature of human mating, such as in evolutionary psychology, agree that pairs unite or attract to each other owing to a combination of opposites attract, eg people with dissimilar immune systems tend to attract, and likes attract, such similarities of personality, character, views, etc[3] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and or affinities

Religious views
Main article: Love (religious views)
Love in early religions was a mixture of ecstatic devotion and ritualised obligation to idealised natural forces (pagan polytheism) Later religions shifted emphasis towards single abstractly-oriented objects like God, law, church and state (formalised monotheism)

A third view, pantheism, recognises a state or truth distinct from (and often antagonistic to) the idea that there is a difference between the worshipping subject and the worshipped object Love is reality, of which we, moving through time, imperfectly interpret ourselves as an isolated part

The Bible speaks of love as a set of attitudes and actions that are far broader than the concept of love as an emotional attachment Love is seen as a set of behaviours that humankind is encouraged to act out One is encouraged not just to love one's partner, or even one's friends but also to love one's enemies

The Bible describes this type of active love in 1 Corinthians 13:4-8:

Love is patient, love is kind It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres Love never fails

Romantic love is also present in the Bible, particularly the Song of Songs (also known as Song of Solomon, Canticles) Traditionally, this book has been interpreted allegorically as a picture of God's love for Israel and/or the Church When taken naturally, we see a picture of ideal human marriage

"Place me like a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm; for love is as strong as death, its jealously unyielding as the grave It burns like a blazing fire, like a mighty flame [like the very flame of the LORD] Many waters cannot quench love; rivers cannot wash it away If one were to give all the wealth of his house for love, it would be utterly scorned" [8:6-7, NIV]
The passage dodi li v'ani lo ("my beloved is mine and I am my beloved," Song of Songs 2:16) is often engraved on wedding bands [citation needed]

Cultural views
Main article: Love (cultural views)
Although there exist numerous cross-cultural unified similarities as to the nature and definition of love, as in there being a thread of commitment, tenderness, and passion common to all human existence, there are differences For example, in India, with arranged marriages commonplace, it is believed that love is not a necessary ingredient in the initial stages of marriage – it is something that can be created during the marriage; whereas in Western culture, by comparison, love is seen as a necessary prerequisite to marriage

Scientific views
Main article: Love (scientific views)
Throughout history, predominantly, philosophy and religion have speculated the most into the phenomenon of love In the last century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject Recently, however, the sciences of evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have begun to take centre stage in discussion as to the nature and function of love

Biological models of sex tend to see it as a mammalian drive, just like hunger or thirst Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon Psychologist Robert Sternberg created his Triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: Intimacy, Commitment, and Passion Intimacy is a form where two people can share secrets and various details of their personal lives Intimacy is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs Commitment on the other hand is the expectation that the relationship is going to last forever The last and most common form of love is simply sex, or passion Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love This led researchers such as Yela to further refine the model by separating Passion into two independents components: Erotic Passion and Romantic Passion

爱是一种发乎人内心的情感，在中文里有著很多解释，由某种事物给予人少许满足(如我爱进食这些食物)至为了爱某些东西而死(如爱国心、对偶结合)。其可以用来形容爱慕的强烈情感、情绪或情绪状态。在日常生活里，其通常指人际间的爱。可能因为其为情感之首位，所以爱是美术里最普遍的主题。爱有时亦会被形容为强迫观念-强迫行为症。

爱最佳的定义可能是主动行动，以真心对待某个体（可以是人、物件或神），使整体得到快乐。简而言之，爱即主动使整体得到快乐。(Thomas Jay Oord)。

爱是与生俱来的，所以可以认为是人性的特质，换言之，爱是作为人必须具备的本质之一。虽然世界各民族间的文化差异使得一个普世的爱的定义难以道明，但并非不可能成立。请参看沙皮亚-沃尔福假设。爱可以包括灵魂或心灵上的爱、对法律与组织的爱、对自己的爱、对食物的爱、对金钱的爱、对学习的爱、对权力的爱、对名誉的爱、对别人的爱，数之不尽。不同人对其所接受的爱有著不同的重视程度。爱本质上为抽象慨念，可以体验但难以言语

吸引与依附
生物学观点普遍认为爱有两种主要意欲，性魅力与依附。成人间的依附被假设为共同协作以孕育下一代，并让其依附其父母。

2006年2月，该期的国家地理杂志的封面文章“爱：化学反应”讨论了爱与化学反应的关系。其作者史雷特解释了部份关於此领域的研究，部份重点为：

化学触发反应可以表示为热烈的爱，长期的依附的爱则要双方互相参与而非只是单人参与。
沉醉在爱河时的血清素效应(serotonin effects)拥有与强迫观念-强迫行为症相似的化学表现(这解释了为何沉醉在爱河的人无法想到其他人)。因此亦有人主张若患有强迫观念-强迫行为症的精神病人服食血清素再回收抑制剂或其他抗抑郁药，其堕入爱河的能力会被阻碍。举例：
"我知道一对夫妇在离婚边缘，那位妻子在服食抗抑郁剂。但当其停止服食后，其能再次享受性高潮，感到其对丈夫的性魅力得到更新，而其夫妇两人亦再次与对方相爱。"(38)
当刚开始时期的热爱消失后，便会转为长期依附的爱，这是因为催产素等化学物的影响。按摩与做爱可以帮助触发催产素的作用。
为了触发吸引力，进行费神的活动如驾驶云霄飞车很有作用。即使只是做了十分钟的工作，亦可使其对他人的吸引人增加，这是因为其心跳加速与其他生理反应加速。

友爱与热爱
传统心理学的观点认为爱是由友爱与热爱组成。热爱是强烈的渴望，通常陪随著生理激起(呼吸急促、心跳加速，如堕入爱河)。友爱是由紧密的行为而引起的爱慕与感觉，但不陪随著生理激起(如君子之交)。

爱情三角理论
主条目：爱情三角理论

在1986年，心理学家史登堡在《心理评论》(Psychological Review (Vol 93, No2, 119-135))里发表了其著名的爱情三角理论，对爱作出几何学的假设。根据爱情三角理论，爱由三部份组成：

亲密 – 包括了紧密感、联络感与约束感。
激情 – 包括了驱使人恋爱、互相吸引与进行性行为的动力。
承诺 – 包括了短期的爱恋与长期的爱的维系。
对其他人的爱的程度主要是看这三个组成部件的绝对强度；而对别人的爱的种类则是看这三个组成部件的相对强度。这三个组成部件可当为三角形，互相影响，使得爱出现很多不同类别。三角形的大小代爱的程度，越大代表越爱对方。而三角形的形状则代表爱的种类，普遍分为激情阶段(三角形倾向右方)、亲密阶段(正常三角形)、承诺阶段(三角形倾向左方)。这三个元素可以构出七种不同的爱的组合：

亲密 激情 承诺
好感 或 友谊 x
迷恋 或 深恋 x
虚爱 x
浪漫之爱 x x
友伴爱 x x
热爱 x x
圆熟之爱 x x x

[编辑] 爱的风格
苏珊·汉迪斯与克莱德·汉迪斯根据李约翰的理论开发了爱的态度指标，称为爱的风格。其将人际关系分为六个基本类别：

情欲之爱 — 基於对方的外表而产生的热爱。
游戏之爱 — 爱就如游戏，充满乐趣，通常不重视承诺而著重征服对方。
友谊之爱 — 缓慢发展的重情义的爱，基於双方互相尊重与友善。
现实之爱 — 倾向选取可以帮助自己的朋友，使双方皆可由此得益。
依附之爱 — 重情绪的爱，不稳定，是由浪漫之爱衰退而成，充满妒忌与争执。
利他之爱 — 完全无私的爱，重视神交。
两位汉迪斯认为男人会渐渐趋向游戏之爱与依附之爱，反之女人则会渐渐趋向友谊之爱与现实之爱。而两者之间的关系若是具有相类的爱可维持得更为长久。

[编辑] 爱的阶段
费雪提议爱有三种主要的状态：情欲、吸引、依附。爱通常会由情欲状态开始，主要著重激情而忽略其他元素。此阶段最基本的推动力是基本性本能、如外表、气味与其他相似的因素是选取伙伴的主要因素。然而随著时间的流逝，其他元素可能会增多而激情则减少，但这却是每个人皆不同。在吸引阶段，人们会将注意力集中在其对对方的影响上，而此时忠诚最为重要。

与此相似，当一个人长时间被爱，其将会与其伙伴发展出依附的关系。根据现代科学对爱的解释，由吸引至依附转移需要三十个月时间。其后激情消失，爱会由热爱转向友爱，或由浪漫之爱转向好感。

"神圣的爱对比肉体的爱" ，由乔凡尼·巴里欧列所绘
[编辑] 文化观点

[编辑] 中华文化
现代汉语与中华文化里，少数的词汇被用作描绘爱的慨念∶

爱这个字可用作动词如我爱你或名词，如爱情。
恋这个字并不会作单词用，通常会与其他字组合，如谈恋爱、恋人或同性恋。
情这个字通常解作感觉或情绪，通常指代为爱，而其可与其他字组合为相爱的意思，如爱情、情人。
在儒家学说里，恋是纯爱之意。恋为所有人追求的东西，为道德生活的反映。而中国的哲学家墨子则发展出与儒家的恋慨念相对的爱的慨念。爱在墨家学说里为兼爱之意，即爱无等差，对众生皆持对等的爱。浪费与攻伐对爱则不利。虽然墨子的想法亦有一定影响力，但儒家的恋仍是大部份中国人对爱的慨念。

感情指两人之间的感觉。两人会以建立良好感情来表达对对方的爱，如互相帮助。而且可以对万物存有感情，不只限於人。

缘份是指两人间命运的关连。俗语说∶有缘千里能相聚，无缘见面不相识。

早恋是在当代中国常用的概念，指的是青年 、童年时发生的“爱情”或者对某异性人“感兴趣” 或“痴情”。早恋包括青年“男女朋友”以及儿童的早恋感觉（跟英文的“crush”这概念有一点关系）。这概念表示当代中国文化 、社会上的普通观点，就是未成年人由于学习的压力，不应该谈恋爱，否则对他们前途和出息可以有坏处。很重要一种原因是当代中国教育制度的极大竞争性。报纸和别的媒体也报导早恋这现象对学生的危险与家长的担心。

[编辑] 大和文化
在日本佛教里，爱意味著关怀、热情与基本渴望。其可发展为自私或无私与教化两方面。

甘え，在日语里指撒娇，是日本人抚养子女的文化。日本母亲通常会紧抱与纵容其子女，其子女则会通由依赖与孝顺来回报其母亲。部份社会学家(最著名的为土居健郎)认为日本人在长大后的社交手法很大程度建基於童年时对母亲撒娇的手法。

在日语语言学里，最常见与爱相关的两个字为爱与恋。通常非浪漫之爱均以前者表示，而浪漫之爱则以后者表示。父母之爱则称为亲の爱，而与人相恋则称为恋する。当然亦有特例，爱人此词解为相爱之人并暗示为非法的关系，通常表示为婚外情，反之恋人则有男朋友、女朋友或伴侣的含意。

在每天的交谈里，爱与恋却较少用到，反之以爱している或恋している来表示我爱你的人较多，例如日本人会说好きです来表示我喜欢你 -- 好き解为喜好，亦可以用作表示对食物、音乐或其他事件的爱好，就如寿司が好きです解为喜欢寿司，其暗示爱，但没有淡化其情感。

Diligere解为尊重，较少在浪漫之爱里使用。这个字可以通常用以形容两个男性之间的友谊。其对应的名词为diligentia，然而其有著努力、细心之意，与其动词形态只有少量意义重叠。

Observare为'diligere'的同义字，其对应的名词'observantia'亦解为尊重或影响。

Caritas在拉丁文圣经里解为慈爱，但在古典罗马非基督教文学里却无此解。因为其由希腊文字演变而得，所以并没有对应的动词。

[编辑] 印尼与马来亚文化
在印尼与马来西亚的语言里，爱可以有数种定义∶

Cinta代表性欲。

Jatuh cinta指刚堕入爱河。

Sayang指无条件去爱，但亦指损失某些东西产生的遗憾。