我国浪漫主义诗歌的源头是

我国浪漫主义诗歌的源头是《离骚》。

《离骚》是战国诗人屈原创作的文学作品。“离骚”，东汉王逸释为：“离，别也；骚，愁也。”《离骚》以理想与现实的冲突为主线，以花草禽鸟的比兴和瑰奇迷幻的“求女”神境作象征，借助于自传性回忆中的情感激荡，和复沓纷至、倏生倏灭的幻境交替展开全诗。

楚辞是屈原创作的一种新诗体，并且也是中国文学史上第一部浪漫主义诗歌总集。原收战国楚人屈原，宋玉及汉代淮南小山，东方朔，王褒，刘向等人辞赋共十六篇。

《诗经》，是中国古代诗歌开端，最早的一部诗歌总集，收集了西周初年至春秋中叶前11世纪至前6世纪的诗歌，共311篇，其中6篇为笙诗，即只有标题，没有内容，称为笙诗六篇《南陔》《白华》《华黍》《由庚》《崇丘》《由仪》反映了周初至周晚期约五百年间的社会面貌。

｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介

英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。

Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movementIts principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion 

哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。

小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。

VIP :

1William Blake

2William Wordsworth

3Percy Bysshe Shelley

4Jane Austen

How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best

1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace

2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes

3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind

威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。

在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。

布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。

《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。

1| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |

Brief introduce

A The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings

B His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

C Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

2 | Tyger |

What does "symmetry" mean

The well-proportioned body of the tiger

What does "tyger" refer to

There are different opinions about the tiger Some say the tiger is made by God Others say it is made by men One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation

  Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry

A His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes

B The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world

C The third --- Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs

For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

D The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression"

  What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal

The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, iethe exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance iethe role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitationIn the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

威廉•华兹华斯

• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。

• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。

• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）

• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。

• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。

• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。

• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。

作家作品：

The Prelude

Composed upon Westminster Brige

Lyrical Ballads

I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

The Solitary Reaper

1 | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |

This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature / His love for the daffodils

2 | Composed upon Westminster Brige |

3 | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |

《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road

4 | The Solitary Reaper |

《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)

| Questions |

Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature

A First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity" The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language

B Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems"

C Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern

D Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature

雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。

• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。

• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国***的战歌。

• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。

• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。

• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。

作家作品：

To a Skylark

Men of England

Ode to the West Wind

| Men of England | 

《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation

"drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society

"bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England

| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)

The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality

奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。

| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)

A It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice

| Questions |

What are Austen's writing features

Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists Austen's work has a very narrow literary field Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire

Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature

A Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature She creates six influential novels

B Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event This is what makes her important in English literature

C Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals

D She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women

Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )

A Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;

B Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind

C Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind

Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations

……

带思维导图版笔记在这里:  英美文学笔记

先是原始神话故事的产生

进而是产生于战国时期的楚辞的产生 尤其是屈原的浪漫主义杰作《离骚》的产生 奠定了我国古典浪漫主义的基石 这个时期不能忽略庄子的寓言杰作 给后世浪漫主义文学发展立下的汗马功劳

在诗歌史上 我们会首先记起浪漫主义的诗人李白 他的诗歌在中国文学发展史上 是以浪漫主义著称的·······

浪漫主义诗歌的源头是：《楚辞》。

《楚辞》是中国文学史上第一部浪漫主义诗歌总集，相传是屈原创作的一种新诗体。《楚辞》在诗坛开创了一种文学传统，即今人视为“浪漫主义”诗风的一派都无一例外受其启发，从中汲取精神与艺术的滋养。《楚辞》也是中国第一部有作者的诗集。由屈原及后学所作，至汉代刘向编辑成书。

屈原正直，忠贞不屈，不为故俗所囿的品格都使他成为后世中国知识分子的楷模和典范。《楚辞》运用楚地的方言声韵，叙写楚地的山川人物、历史风情，具有浓厚的地域文化色彩。全书以屈原作品为主，其余各篇也都承袭屈赋的形式，感情奔放，想象奇特。

《楚辞》文学贡献

1、骚体

骚体文学包括楚歌和楚赋。刘邦《大风歌》、汉武《秋风辞》等帝王作品，以至整个两汉魏晋骚体都是《楚辞》的继承者。唐崇诗，文坛中心在诗，但韩愈、柳宗元、皮日休三家为代表的骚体作家，在中晚唐复兴。宋至清，据姜亮夫《楚辞书目五种》第三部《绍骚偶录》，这一时期作骚体作品有50人，约110题，共计作品300余篇。这些，都是直接起源于《楚辞》。

2、赋体

赋体文学出于“楚辞”。这里的“楚辞”指屈原开创的文学形式，包括《楚辞》之前的就流行于世、有可能未进入《楚辞》的楚辞体作品。赋体的形成前人有多说，从大的方面上讲，它与《诗经》传统、战国诸子文风、纵横家排比论辩的气势不无关系，然而最重要、最直接的渊源则是“楚辞”。

浪漫主义是法国大革命催生的社会思潮的产物。大革命所倡导的“自由、平等、博爱”的思想推动了个性解放和情感抒发的要求，对个人独立和自由的强调，成为浪漫主义文学的核心思想。

浪漫主义的兴起，发生在法国大革命之前，欧洲民主运动和民族解放运动高涨时期。它反映了资产阶级上升时期对个性解放的要求，是政治上对封建领主和基督教会联合统治的反抗，也是文艺上对法国新古典主义的反抗。

启蒙运动在政治上为法国革命作了思想准备，在文艺上也为欧洲各国浪漫主义运动作了思想准备。但是，法国革命胜利后所确立的资产阶级专政和资本主义社会秩序，却宣告了启蒙运动理想的破灭。

“和启蒙学者的华美语言比起来，由‘理性的胜利’建立起来的社会制度和政治制度竟是一幅令人极度失望的讽刺画。”（恩格斯）席卷欧洲的浪漫主义运动，正是当时社会各阶层对法国革命的后果以及启蒙思想家提出的“理性王国”普遍感到失望的一种反映。

扩展资料

浪漫主义作为欧洲文学中的一种文艺思潮，产生于18世纪末到19世纪初的资产阶级革命和民族解放运动高涨的年代。它在政治上反对封建专制，在艺术上与古典主义相对立，属于资本主义上升时期的一种意识形态。

18世纪末年，随着浪漫主义思潮在欧洲文坛的勃兴，浪漫主义这一术语就用得非常流行了，并且在1798年法兰西学别的创作方法的名称。它反映在艺术的各个领域：德国是诗和音乐；英国是诗、小说和风景画；法国是绘画和雕刻。

欧洲的浪漫主义思潮，是在人们对启蒙运动“理性王国”的失望，对资产阶级革命中的“自由、平等、博爱”口号的幻灭和对资本主义社会秩序的不满的历史条件下产生的。”当时的作家都对现实不满，企图寻求解决社会矛盾的途径。

但由于作家所持的阶级立场和政治态度不同，因而浪漫主义思潮中就形成两种对立的流派，即积极浪漫主义和消极浪漫主义。前者是进步的潮流，它引导人们向前看，后者属反动的逆流，它引导人们往后看。这种区别，实质上是对当时法国大革命和启蒙运动的两种截然不同的反响。

-浪漫主义 （文艺基本创作方法之一）