英语新闻的结构特征

新闻的种类很多，按分类标准的不同，有各种不同的分类方法。如按照事件的性质分类，新闻可分为“硬新闻（hard news）和“软新闻”（soft news）两大类，硬新闻也就是“纯新闻消息报道”，指题材严肃，具有一定时效性的客观事实报道；软新闻是指情感味浓，写作方法诙谐，轻松幽默的社会新闻，不注重时效性。新闻英语中常见的体裁主要有三大类：消息（news）、特写（features）和新闻评论（commentaries and columns）。

　标题（headline）：浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。

　在报纸、广播、电视等新闻媒体每天刊载和播发的新闻中，百分之九十是用倒金字塔结构写成的。对于报纸来说，倒金字塔结构的新闻有自己的优势。主要是可以使读者很快得到新闻的精华部分；在生活节奏越来越快的今天，一般读者很少把一条新闻从头到尾读完，他们可能随时放下报纸，因此，报纸有必要让读者首先读到最重要的新闻内容。

　为了帮助读者了解这种倒金字塔式结构，请见西方新闻学著作中的图表说明：

　The Inverted Pyramid Form

　Introduction containing most important or most interesting

　more facts 更多的事实材料

　supporting information or background 辅助性消息或背景材料

　quotes or more facts of lesser importance引语或次要的事实材料

　minor details 细节材料

　least significant information 最不重要的消息

　为了说明“倒金字塔结构”的新闻文体特点，现举美联社2001年11月22日的一篇报道为例：

　NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST，2001

　28 Killed in Colombia Landslide

　By JUAN PABLO TORO

　Associated Press Writer

　FILADELFIA Colom bia（AP）—Rain-softened walls of a condemned strip mine crashed down on

　scores of gold miners in western Colom- bia Thursday，killingat least 28 and leaving 40

　others missing，authorities said．

　The victims were said to be poor people who ignored government warnings that erosion had

　made the mine unsafe．It appeared both the illegal digging and recent heavy rains were to

　blame for the accident．

　Survivors said two separate mudslides occurred at the site in Filadelfia，a small town

　120 miles west of Bogotá．The second avalanche buried miners who were trying to rescue friends who had been engulfed in the first avalanche．

　Rescuers shoveled furiously for hours in hopes of finding som- ebody alive，butonly recovered bodies．

　As night fell Thursday，national disaster chief Eduardo Jose Gonzalez said hopes of finding anyone alive waned as crews prepared to suspend operations．The search was to resume Friday．

　Gonzalez said 28bodies had been recovered，and at least 40 people were missing． Thirty-two miners were reported injured and taken to hospitals．

　Hundreds of people had gathered at the scene，many of them anguished and weepingrelatives．

　Emergency crews from the Red Cross and

　the civil defense forces were using heavy machinery to remove the thick mud spread over

　the site．Complicating therecovery effort，huge pools of water had seeped into the site

　from a river running up to the hillside—used by the miners to rinse gold particles fromdirt．

　Survivors said the earth crashed down without warning on a group of about 200 people trying to scrape gold from the well-worn hill-side．The workers were toiling with shovels

　and picks inside a deep hole they had carved into the hill．The cavern had no structural

　supports．

　Many workers managed to scramble out of the way or crawl out from beneath the mud．

　Others were not so lucky．

　“We heard a very loud sound and the hill suddenly fell down upon us，”said 20-year-old Manuel Loaiza．“I was trapped up to my knees but some of the others dragged me out．”

　Loaiza said he made less than ＄9a day at the crude mine．His 39-year-old uncle is still missing under the mud．

　According to Julian Arboleda，an aide to Caldas State governor Luis Alfonso Arias，of- ficials ordered the mine closed several months ago．But residents thrown out of workby Colom bia's econom- ic downturn took the risk of working there anyway，Arboleda said．

　Landslides triggered by rains are Colombia's most common natural disaster，killing dozens of people annually．Thursday's accident was the worst such tragedy in recent years．

　According to the government's disaster relief agency，nearly 200 people died in a poor neighborhood in the city of Medellinwhen a 1987 landslide buried their houses．Landslides buried 150 dam workers in 1983 and a rescue team sent on their behalf．

　消息”。美联社新闻报道的时间通常置于消息的最前面（NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST），即美国的标准时11月22日19点43分。

　第一段十分简单明了地告诉读者：星期四，哥伦比亚西部的一露天金矿由于大雨而发生坍塌，至少28人死亡，40人失踪。

　第三段是背景材料。利用事故的生还者的所见所闻讲述当时的情景：共发生了两次塌方，第二次的塌方将赶去救援的矿工也吞没。

　第九、十、十一和第十二段也是背景材料，利用目击者的所见所闻进一步描述了金矿坍塌时的情景。

　第十三、十四和第十五段均是与新闻事实有关的次重要的材料：这个金矿几个月以前就关闭了，但由于经济衰退人们又重操旧业；山体滑坡是哥伦比亚最常见的自然灾害。

　Who—gold miners

　What—were killed

　When—Thursday（Nov．22）

　Where—in western Colombia

　Why—the walls of mine were softened by rain

　How—（were killed）by crash

negative、positive、optimistic、pessimistic、mild等。

一、negative　

英 ['neɡətɪv]  美 ['neɡətɪv]

adj 否定的；消极的；负面的；负的

n 否定；反面意见；底片；[数]负数

vt 否定

Now I am afraid of getting a negative response

现在真害怕收到否定的答复。

二、positive　

英 ['pɒzətɪv]  美 ['pɑːzətɪv]

adj 积极的；肯定的；明确的；正面的；正数的；阳性的

n 正面；正数；正片；[语]原级

He has a positive attitude towards life

他对生活持有积极的态度。

三、optimistic　

英 [ˌɒptɪ'mɪstɪk]  美 [ˌɑːptɪ'mɪstɪk]

adj 乐观的；乐观主义的

The stockholders are optimistic about the company's future

股东对公司的前景很乐观。

四、pessimistic　

英 [ˌpesɪ'mɪstɪk]  美 [ˌpesɪ'mɪstɪk]

adj 悲观的；悲观主义的

Her pessimistic attitude turns him off

她那悲观的态度很令他不高兴。

五、mild　　

英 [maɪld]  美 [maɪld]

adj 温和的；柔和的；宽大的；清淡的

He gave a mild answer, in spite of his anger

尽管他十分恼火，他还是态度温和地回答了。

表示感情的单词：

1、ambitious [æmˈbɪʃəs] adj 有野心的;有雄心的

2、angry [ˈæŋɡri] adj生气的；愤怒的

3、annoyed [əˈnɔɪd] adj 恼怒的；生气的

4、anxious [ks] adj忧虑的;焦虑的;担心的

5、ashamed [əˈʃeɪmd] adj 惭愧的；羞愧的

6、bored [bɔːd] adj 厌倦的；烦闷的

7、calm [kɑːm] adj镇静的；沉着的

8、cheerful [ˈtʃɪəfl] adj快乐的；高兴的

9、competent [ˈkɒmpɪtənt] adj胜任的;称职的

10、curious [ˈkjʊəriəs] adj 好奇的

11、depressed [dɪˈprest] adj 抑郁的；沮丧的

12、dishonest [dɪsˈɒnɪst] adj 不诚实的

13、dissatisfied [dɪsˈsætɪsfaɪd] adj不高兴的;不满意的

14、embarrassed [ɪm’bærəst] adj 尴尬的

15、enthusiastic [ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk] adj 热情的

16、envious [ˈenviəs] adj羡慕的 ；嫉妒的

17、excited [ɪkˈsaɪtɪd] adj 激动的；兴奋的

18、friendly [ˈfrendlɪ] adj 友好的

19、frightened [ˈfraɪtnd] adj 惊吓的;受惊的;害怕的

20、frustrated [frʌˈstreɪtɪd] adj懊恼的;沮丧的

21、funny [ˈfʌni] adj 滑稽的；好笑的

22、furious [ˈfjʊəriəs] adj狂怒的；暴怒的

23、glad [ɡlæd] adj高兴的；愉快的

24、grateful [ˈɡreɪtfl] adj感激的；感谢的

25、guilty [ˈɡɪlti] adj 内疚的；愧疚的

26、happy [ˈhæpi] adj 快乐的；高兴的

27、helpful [ˈhelpfl] adj有用的;有益的;有帮助的

28、honest [ˈɒnɪst] adj诚实的；正直的

29、hurt [hɜːt] adj 受伤的

30、impatient [mpent] adj不耐烦的;没有耐心的

31、independent [ˌɪndɪˈpendənt] adj 独立的

32、insecure [ˌɪnsɪˈkjʊə(r)] adj缺乏自信的

33、intelligent [ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt] adj聪明的

34、jealous [ˈdʒeləs] adj吃醋的；妒忌的

35、kind [kaɪnd] adj 体贴的；宽容的；慈祥的

36、lonely [ˈləʊnli] adj 孤独的；寂寞的

As for familial affection, sometimes we may meet terrible solutions among the family members Expressing personal emotion in right way is the key to deal with the problems At first, we must have a nice attitude to prepare to relieve the tension In fact, because there are many words in our heart, we need to speak out them loudly Then we should learn how to communicate with each other Good communication skills will lead our emotions expressing to the best condition Finally, we need to put down all the negative emotions, and open our heart to sincerely express our inner feelings and listen to the words carefully

就拿亲情来说吧，有时候，在我们家庭成员之间也会难免遇到一些麻烦。用对的方式表达个人情感是处理此类问题的关键。首先，我们需要良好的态度去准备释放紧张情绪。实际上，因为在我们心中有很多的话，所以我们需要大声说出来。然后，我们应该学习如何相互交流，良好的交流技巧将会让我们的情感表达处于最佳状态。最后，我们应该放下所有的负面情绪，然后打开心扉，诚挚地表达出我们内心的感受，并且做一个良好的倾听者。

1、It is graceful grief and sweet sadness to think of you, but in my heart, there is a kind of soft warmth that can’t be expressed with any choice of words----想你，是一种美丽的忧伤的甜蜜的惆怅，心里面，却是一种用任何语言也无法表达的温馨。

2、Do you understand the feeling of missing someone It is just like that you will spend a long hard time to turn the ice-cold water you have drunk into tears----你知道思念一个人的滋味吗，就像喝了一大杯冰水，然后用很长很长的时间流成热泪。

3、I know you like this song most and I know what you are thinking about ,too, I miss you ----我知道你最喜欢这首歌，我也知道你的心思，我想你。

4、Those days when we were together appear in my mind time after time, because they were so joyful, happy, blest, disappointing, sad and painful I miss you ,and miss you so much……----常常想起曾和你在一起的那些日子。开心、快乐、幸福、失落、伤心、痛苦的所有日子。很想你，很想你……

5、Do you know there is someone thinking of you and caring you all the time Your smiling eyes are just like the sparkling stars hanging on the curtain of my heart----你知道么，有个人时时想念着你，惦记你，你含笑的眼睛，象星光闪闪，缀在我的心幕上，夜夜亮晶晶。

6、Listening to my heart beating Seeing how much I love you ,I dare to admit how much I love you When thinking of you, I hope you can receive the passionate words I left for you！----心要让你听见，爱要让你看见，不怕承认对你有多眷恋；想你的时候，盼你能收到我的真情留言！

7、Thousand of time I have thought of you My heart is going high into the air and flying with my blessing towards you I don’t care loneliness I am satisfied when you are happy and I am happy when I think of you!----千万个思念，在空气中凝固。扬起风吹向你，带着我的祝福，寂寞我不在乎，你快乐我就满足，想你是我的幸福！

8、I miss you not because of my loneliness but I do feel lonely when I miss you Only when I miss you deeply I feel so lonely----不是因为寂寞才想你，是因为想你才寂寞。孤独的感觉之所以如此之重，只是因为太想你。

9、I miss you so deeply that my love just like a kite has broken its line and won’t stop flying until it reaches you at last----长长的思念，就像风筝断了线，飘啊飘啊，飘到你的身边。

10、Oh, How much I miss you! If the passionate refreshing breeze knows my heart, it can tell you that I miss you and care you for my life’s time If graceful white cloud knows my heart, it can tell you I love you and would be together with you forever----好想，好想你！如果清风有情，请带去我对你的思念，这一生都为你牵挂；如果白云有意，请带去我对你的爱恋，生生世世都愿和你共缠绵！

11、I really want to talk to you, but I feel like I’m annoying you ----真的好想跟你讲话，但又很怕你嫌我烦。

12、Meeting you was fate, becoming your friend was a choice, but falling in love with you was beyond my control----遇见你是命运的安排，成为了朋友是我的选择，而爱上你是我无法控制的意外。

13、Wish to meet my angle again lovely girl in my dream!----但愿会在梦中再见到我心爱的女孩！

14、Do you fear a love fool who is loving you so deeply----难道你怕一个深爱着你的痴情儿？

15、I am too happy to stand faint!----我要幸福的昏倒了！

16、The moonlight stands for my heart!----月亮代表我的心！

17、Your appearance, give my the sky is clear----你一出现，给我的天空就是晴天。

18、Words can't explain how much I miss you---- 关于我有多想念你，一切语言都显得苍白无力。

19、You are everything when you are with me, and everything is you when you are not----你在时你是一切，你不在时一切是你！

20、I don’t know whether I really love you, but I know I cannot lose you If the earth is going to be destroyed I want to tell you that you are the only one I want to see----我不知道我是否真的爱，但是我知道我不能没有你，如果地球将要毁灭，那么我要告诉你“你是我唯一想见的人”。

21、I can meet a person in a minute, like a person in an hour and love a person in a day, but it will take me a whole life to forget you----遇上一个人要一分钟的时间，喜欢一个人只需一小时的时间，爱上一个人要一天的时间，可要我忘记你却要用上一生的时间。

22、Every day I miss you It is a hard time for me to miss you but it is even harder not to do so In such a contrary mood, I miss you deeply! A happy Valentine’s Day to you!----在每个想念的日子，想你不容易，不想你更难，愿以一片难懂的心情，深深思念你！情人节快乐！

23、I will make you happy when you are depressed I will make you delighted when you are in great sorrow!----在你抑郁的时候，我就是你的开心果。在你忧伤的时候，我愿作你的忘忧树！

24、Because of loving you so much that I stood aside Although my figure left you away, my heart didn’t Today I have made up my mind to say “I love you”----正是因为爱才悄悄的躲开，躲开的是身影，躲不开的是默默的情怀；今天我终于鼓起勇气，向你表达我的爱。

25、As long as you are willing, please let me know what I can do for you When you are unhappy and want to cry on somebody’s shoulder, I will stand before you immediately----只要你愿意，当你失落失意的时候，最需要一个肩膀的时候，告诉我，我会立即出现。

26、 I pray for the swan goose, the moonlight and the spring breeze for thousands of times, wishing the swan goose can bring my miss to you; the moonlight can convey my greeting to you ; the spring breeze can send my care to you!----思念中我一千次一万次地问鸿雁问明月问春风，愿鸿雁将我的眷恋捎给你；愿明月将我的问候带给你；愿春风将我的关切送给你！

27、You and I remains the same in different time, at different places,among different people; time is changing, space is changing and everything is changing except my miss to you!----不同的时间，不同的地点，不同的人群，相同的只有你和我；时间在变，空间在变，不变的只有对你无限的思念！

28、Coffee is lonely without cups I am lonely without you----没有杯子……咖啡是寂寞的……没有你……我是孤独的……

29、My heart beats for you every day I am inspired by you every minute, and I worry about you every second It is wonderful to have you in my life----每一天都为你心跳，每一刻都被你感动，每一秒都为你担心。有你的感觉真好。

30、You know my loneliness is only kept for you, my sweet songs are only sung for you----你可知我百年的孤寂只为你一人守侯，千夜的恋歌只为你一人而唱。

31、If living on the earth is a mission from the lord… living with you is the award of the lord…----如果活着，是上帝赋予我最大的使命，那么活者有你，将会是上帝赋予我使命的恩赐……

32、 I prefer having your accompanying for life-long time to the short-time tenderness----我不要短暂的温存，只要你一世的陪伴。

33、 I want that my love to you will turn into bright sunlight so that to warm your heart----我想将对你的感情化作暖暖的阳光，期待那洒落的光明能温暖你的心房。

34、 I send my miss to the scattering stars and wish you a sweet dream under the light shedding through your window----我想将对你的思念寄予散落的星子，但愿那点点的星光能照进你的窗前，伴你好梦。

35、 I miss you when I am depressed, just as I miss the sunlight in winter; I miss you when I feel happy, just as I miss the shade in the hot sun----我在忧愁时想你，就像在冬天想太阳；我在快乐时想你，就像在骄阳下想树阴。

36、It’s you that led me out of the loneliness when I was lost in my mind----曾经迷惘的心中，是你牵引我走出寂寞。

37、I'm laughing somehow or otherJust because I'm thinking of you----我莫名其妙地笑了，原来只因为想到了你。

38、No matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world ----我的世界不允许你的消失,不管结局是否完美。

39、Tell me you are mine I’ll be yours through all the years, till the end of time ----请告诉我你是我的。岁岁年年，我都属于你，永远永远。

40、I never stopped loving you, I just stopped showing it ----我对你的爱从来没有停止，只是我不再让别人知道而已。