“情感因素在英语教学中的作用”这句话怎么翻译? 以及关于这方面的毕业论文该怎么写啊，急，谢谢

the influence of emotional factors upon English teaching

这个毕业论文啊，可以结合具体的实例来谈，避免谈空话。

还有就是要自己提出一些新的见解，甚至是违反人们至今所认识的真理的见解，比如，过多的情感因素融入教学中也会有一些负面影响，或者，何种情感因素对于英语教学有促进作用？这个促进作用的发生过程是如何的？由谁发起？你也可以往更多的其他方面考虑，总之，要理论和实例相结合啊！

On suprasegmental features

Introduction

So far we have

been talking about phonetic features as they apply to single phonetic segments,

or phones Phonetic features can also apply to a string of several

sounds, such as a syllable, or an entire word or utterance The study of

phonological features which applies to groups larger than the single segment,

are known as suprasegmental

features, such as the syllable or the word The study of these features is known

as prosody It mainly includes

syllable, stress, pitch, tone, and intonation In this paper, I will talk about

the suprasegmental features in

great detail

Key words: phonetic, suprasegmental

Syllable

The most obvious prosodic feature in language

is the syllable Let's briefly discuss the notion of syllables Like all of our other basic linguistic concepts,

although everyone knows what a syllable is, the concept "syllable" is

difficult to define in absolute terms A syllable can be divided into three

parts, that is, onset, nucleus, and coda, of which nucleus is a must A

syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with coda

is called a closed syllable In English only long vowels and diphthongs can

occur in open syllables The onset may be empty or filled by a cluster of as

many as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled as many as four

consonants The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as

to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda

In some languages, syllables are always open,

that is, they always end in a vowel, never a consonant (Hawaiian)

On the other hand, every Hawaiian syllable must begin with a consonant (Aloha spoken as a single word begins

in a glottal stop) In other languages, syllables are always closed; they must

end in a consonant (Navaho): Háá'ishah dididiljah Let's build a fire Táá diné 'ooljéé'go naaskai' Three men went to the moon (Like

Hawaiian, they must also begin in a consonant

)

Stress

The nature of stress

The word stress is used differently by

different authors, and the relationship between stress, emphasis, accent and

prominence is also defined differently Robins has defined it as “a generic

term for the relatively greater force exerted in the articulation of part of

utterance” The nature of stress is simple enough—practically everyone would

agree that the first syllable of words like“father”, “open” is stressed, that

the middle syllable is stressed in “potato”, “apartment” and the final syllable

is stressed in “about”, “perhaps”, and most people feel they have some sort of

idea of what the difference is between stressed and unstressed syllables,

though they might explain it in many different ways

The production of stress is generally

believed to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for

unstressed syllables From the perceptual point of view, all stressed syllables

have one characteristic in common, and that is “prominence” Roach has

manifested that at least four different factors are important to make a

syllable prominent:

i) Loudness: Most people seem to feel

that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed ones; in other words,

loudness is a component of prominence

ii) Length: The length of syllables has

an important part to play in prominence; the syllables which are made longer

than the others will be heard as stressed

iii) Pitch: Pitch in speech is closely

related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical

notion of low-pitched and high-pitched notes; if one syllable is said with a

pitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have a

strong tendency to produce the effect of prominence

iv) Quality: a syllable will tend to be prominentif it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels

Languages differ in how they use stress

1) In some languages, eachsyllable is equally stressed or unstressed，as in Cambodian

2) the syllable in eachword is more stressed

The

place of stress is fixed on a

certain syllable:

1) initial Finnish,Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages

2) penultimate Polish,

3) final French

4) Complex set of

rules In Bulgarian nouns and verbs have separate sets of rules for

stress placement Hopi (phonetic: first syllable of a two syllable

word: síkwi meat; in

words of three or more syllables, accent falls on the first long vowel:

máamatsi to recognize; or on

the first short vowel before a consonant cluster: péntani to write; otherwise it falls on the

next to last syllable: wunúvtu stand

up)

The place of stress is random

1) In Russian the stress iscompletely random: xoroshó, xoróshi

2) In English the stress is

more predictable but still random Usually a middle syllable of a longer

word receives the stress In two syllable words stress is rando and often

renders differences in meaning: project/to

project, produce/produce, and insult/ to insult

Some languages have more than one stress per

word: English is such a language In English, words of four

syllables or more have a primary

and a secondary stress Some

English compounds have phrasal stress on the first element of the

compound Phrasal stress often distinguishes meaning in adjective/noun

combinations

Sentence stress in English

According to He Shanfen (1992), Englishsentence stress has two main functions:

⑴ to indicate the important words in the

sentence; ⑵ to serve as the

basis for the rhythmic structure of the sentence

Consequently, in connected English speech,

sentence stress usually falls on content ( or lexical) words, which carry the

basic meaning of a sentence, eg nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc Those which

are usually unstressed in sentences are form (or structural) words, which show

grammatical relationships, such as articles, auxiliary and modal verbs,

monosyllabic prepositions, etc

Pitch

Another prosodic feature is pitch, defined as the frequency of

vibration of vocal cords Pitch is measured in hertzes Physiologically, pitch tends to be higher in

woman than in men and higher before puberty than after puberty Also, the

pitch of women's voices tends to lower with old age; the pitch of men's voices

tends to get higher with age Despite these physiological, non-linguistic

universal, each language uses pitch distinctions for linguistically

meaningful purposes Starting

from the lowest pitch on the initial syllable, the pitch of each subsequent

syllable raises until the word reaches the "peak" From that point,

pitch either remains at the same level for the remainder of the word or it

drops again The choice between maintenance of high pitch or allowing it to

drop is a matter of formality: pitch is maintained in formal or careful speech,

but dropped in colloquial usage

七．Conclusion

Being the most important part, suprasegmental features can not be despised in phonology research

From the whole passage, we can understand that suprasegmental

features not only has its phonology significance, but also the practical

use as well We can not say this person is a good language user just by his or

her vocabulary, as well as the grammar Spoken language is also very useful I

do hope that the paper will be sufficient to prove that suprasegmental features is an efficient way for our studies and encourage

more and more students to pay attention to using it

Reference

1Cao

Jianfen The Rhythm of Mandarin Chinese Institute

of Linguistics of Chinese Academy

of Social Science RPR-IL/CASS (2000-2002)

2Chen Ying

2001 Contrastive Study of Suprasegmental Phonology in English and Chinese: a

Functional Perspective MA: Southwest

China Normal

University

3Chomsky,

N & Halle,

M 1968 The Sound Pattern of English New York: Harper and Row, Publishers