我去过南京两次英文翻译为什么用been

I've been to Nanjing twice

因为你已经去过了两次，所以是现在完成时，那么就要用have + been (be的过去分词)的固定搭配。

go表示的是一个动作，不能用在完成时这种时态。

南京作为六朝古都，有着非常悠久的历史和文化传承意义。是帝国集中的地方，在南京你会体验到不一样的风土人情和智慧。下面分享一下你的南京自由行游记。

秦淮夜色

你觉得一个城市有情感吗？

比如提到杭，就会想到“三秋桂子，十里莲花”的浪漫。提起南京，总会有“国虽分裂，山河长存，草木皆春”的感慨。

很多年前，我第一次去南京，去了中山陵，在392级的石阶上驻足行走，想起了这位一生追求“天下为公”的伟人。那时候的南京，金碧辉煌，庄严肃穆。

今年五一，我又去了南京。入住号称世界第11高楼的绿地洲际酒店时，我在52楼的房间玻璃窗台上俯瞰玄武湖乃至整个金陵城。大人们有点恐高，孩子们在蹦蹦跳跳，纳闷。此时的南京，居高临下，时尚。

走在南京大学的时候，走过青藤覆盖的古朴建筑，遇见一波又一波的绿色；走进东南大学，寻找《人民的名义》，《致青春》的景点，却被漫天飞舞的梧桐柳絮打扰。此时的南京，富可敌国，娱乐大众。

在夫子庙和别人擦肩而过的时候，我在夫子庙、东宫、贡院转悠，差点迷路。孩子们向孔子祈祷，并写下他们“考试及格”的愿望。此时的南京历史悠久，山高云淡。

当我在秦淮河时，我看到了岸边成群的游客，五颜六色的建筑，以及河上船只的声音。刘、陈圆圆、李这些非凡的名字自然而然地跃入我的脑海。他们不仅在秦淮边才华横溢，多才多艺，而且侠义体贴，深明大义，活得让那些所谓的失了操守的名士汗颜。尤其是“我见青山多娇，料青山见我如是”的刘，身处乱世，却有着良好的节操。就连后来的学者陈寅恪也被他的优美文字惊呆了。晚年双目失明时，他用80万字写出了《柳如是别传》。

孩子旅游带《江苏寻宝记》，特别期待坐船看秦淮河夜景。排队的人太多了，已经到了岸边排起了长队。似乎不会花两个小时。而且他们个子太矮，周围都是人群，根本看不到对岸的风景，只好厌恶地走开。他们出来的时候，有自动卖南京纪念币的机器。过了很久，他们找到了自己喜欢的纪念币，又兴高采烈了。

此时的南京，在孩子们的眼里，不仅热闹，而且热闹。在我看来，这是一种清晰。

南京这么多变，为什么逃不出悲伤的背景？

因为南京大屠杀。1937年12月13日，南京沦陷，侵华日军踏入金陵城，杀人、强奸、掠夺、放火，历时六周。昔日繁华的六朝古都瞬间成为人间炼狱，30多万同胞在这场灾难中丧生。

在各种令人震惊的材料基础上，美籍华裔女作家张纯如于1997年撰写并出版了英文版《南京暴行：被遗忘的大屠杀》，与德文版《拉贝日记》、美国版《魏特琳日记》一起，成为向世人展示侵华日军在南京犯下滔天罪行的铁证。

张纯如的这本书震惊了西方世界，在随后的几年里重印了十多次，至今已印了近百万册。此后，她不断遭到日本右翼势力的报复和恐吓。在准备写二战美国被俘士兵在菲律宾被日军虐待的历史时，她再次面对残酷的历史事实，引发抑郁症，最后在自己的车里拔枪自杀。她风华正茂的一生在36岁就结束了，这是一声悲叹。

铭记历史，勿忘国耻。是的，念念不忘，又不忍回首。原谅我，我敢

“关系就是我们这一代没有经历过战争的人，在我们现在站着的这片土地上发生了屠杀。到目前为止，仅仅过去了短短的79年。”这是知乎上最好的回答。

对过去的记忆是未来的老师

之前有南京大屠杀，之后有钓鱼岛事件。只有真正强大的美国才能强势回应“钓鱼岛自古以来就是中国的固有领土。”

“今天的责任，不在别人，而全在我的青春。少年的智慧是国家的智慧，少年的财富是国家的财富，少年的强大是国家的强大，少年的独立是国家的独立，少年的自由是国家的自由，少年的进步是国家的进步，少年在欧洲的成功是国家在欧洲的成功，少年在地球的成功是国家在地球的成功。”梁启超老师100多年前写的《少年中国说》，读完还在耳边回响。我们应该把这种自我激励和努力工作的精神传递给下一代。

自强不息从来不是一句空话。

五月的南京，你自由呼吸，自由赏花的地方，我与你共勉。

北京(Peking)是清时候已有的叫法了 一般来说 这种拼音也是跟汉语拼音一样有对应的 如汉语拼音b对应韦式拼音p, 汉语拼音x对应韦式拼音ts, 汉语拼音g对应韦式拼音k 因此北京(BEIJING)就译成PEIKING ,同理南京就是NANKING了

这是威妥玛式拼音法。威妥玛(1818--1895)，英国人。从1841年起在英国驻华使馆任职，1871年升为英国驻华公使。 威妥玛在华任职期间，为了外国人便於学习和掌握汉语、汉字，威妥玛使用他根据北京读书音制订的拉丁字母拼音方案给汉字注音。这个方案以后被普遍用来拼写中国的人名、地名等，一般称为威妥玛式拼音，如重庆Chungking、成都Chengtu、广州Kwangchow、南京Nanking、天津Tietsin、桂林Kweilin、台北Taipei等

　　Confucius[kən’fu∫jəs 孔子] temple[templ寺庙 ] & the Qinhuai river scenic[si:nik风光 ] area[εə riə 地带]

　　孔庙和秦淮河风光带

　　1:The Confucius temple, located [lou’keitid位于]at the Qinhuai River scenic[si:nik风景的] area,

　　孔庙位于秦淮河风光带

　　2:is a well-known tourist[tu:rist旅游者 ] resort[ri’zэ:t常去度假的地方 ] of the ancient capital Nanjing

　　她是古都南京闻名的旅游度假地。

　　3the river banks of Qinhuai are known for Confucius Temple

　　秦淮河因孔庙而闻名。

　　4and jointly[ d3эintli连带地] called the Confucius temple area

　　因此也叫夫子庙地区。

　　5the Confucius temple is no doubt[ daut 怀疑] the most famous

　　孔庙无疑是最著名的

　　6The temple is the place for people to pay worship[wə:∫ip 崇拜] to Confucius

　　庙是供人们崇拜孔子的地方

　　7:The Confucius temple here in Nanjing was first built in 1034

　　孔庙在南京第一次建于1034。

　　8and rebuilt[ri:blt重建] in 1986

　　重建于1986年

　　9The temple we often mentioned[men∫ən提出] should include[inklu:d包括] three architectural [a:kitekt∫ərə建筑]complexes[kэmpleks群，综合体]:

　　我们常提的孔庙应该包括三个建筑群：

　　10the temple of Confucius with the hall of great achievements[ə’t∫i:vmənt大成] as the main [mein主要的]body,

　　孔庙及主体建筑大成殿

　　11the palace[pælis宫殿] of learning and the imperial[impiəriəl帝国] examination [igzæmi’nei∫ən考试]center

　　学宫和国家考试中心。

　　12As early as in 337 AD[ei’di:公元],

　　早在公元337年

　　13but at that time there was only the palace[pælis宫殿] of learning without the Confucius temple

　　那时仅有学宫，没有孔庙。

　　14The temple was built up and extended[ikstendid扩大] on the basis [beisis基础]of the palace of learning until 1034

　　直到1034年孔庙才在学宫的基础上建立和扩大起来

　　15The Confucius temple complex[kэmpleks 复杂] covers [k∧və 包括]the pan[pæn畔] pool[pu:l池],screen[skri:n屏，照壁] wall,the gateway[geitwei通道] of all scholars[skэlə学生，有文化],

　　孔庙综合包括：泮池、照壁、天下文枢坊、

　　16juxing[聚星] pavilion[pə’viljən亭],Kuixing[魁星] pavilion, Lingxing[灵星 ] gate,

　　聚星亭、魁星亭、棂星门。

　　17the hall of great achievements[ə‘t∫i:vmənt 达成] and the gate etc[ =et cetera等等et’setərə ]

　　大成殿和大成门等等。

　　18As the confucius temple in qufu，Shandong province

　　在山东省曲阜的孔庙

　　19is built by the side of the pan river,

　　是建在泮水之滨的

　　20all the temples of Confucius in the country

　　所有全国的孔庙

　　21are built at the riverside

　　都建在河边

　　22and the water in front of Confucius temple is called pan pool

　　孔庙前面的水叫泮池。

　　23And this has become a custom[k∧st∂m惯例] through[θru：在期间] long usage[ju：sidЗ惯用法]

　　这形成了长期的惯例。

　　24this confucirs temple makes the natural stream[stri：m流动] of the Qinhuai river as its pan pool,

　　这里的夫子庙把秦淮河流动的水作为它的泮池

　　25which is also called the pool of crescent[kresnt新月] moon “by the local[louk∂l当地] people

　　当地的人们把它叫着月牙池

　　26Standing at the southern bank of the pan pool is the screen[skri：n屏] wall,

　　泮池南边站立的是照壁

　　27which is 110 meters long and 10 meters high

　　它110米长，10米高

　　28it ranks[ræηk最高点] top among all the screen walls across[∂’krэ：s遍布各地] the county

　　它位于全国所有照壁之冠

　　29The wall was built in 1575 and newly renovated [‘ren∂,veit重做]in 1984

　　这个照壁建于1575年，近来重建于1984年

　　30the function [f∧ηk∫n功能]of the wall

　　照壁的功能

　　31was to indicate[indikeit表明] that the confucirs’ learning was too profound[pr∂faund渊博] to be understood by common[kэm∂n普通] folks[fouk民众]

　　是表明孔子渊博的学问被普通百姓所接受

　　32Another function was to cover up遮挡 the main building of the temple,

　　另一功能是遮挡住寺庙的主体建筑

　　33so as to以便 give people an impression [impre∫∂n印象]of its grandeur[’græn dЗ∂辉煌] and magnificence[mæg’nifisns庄严]

　　以便给人们一个它辉煌而庄严的印象

　　34The gateway[geitwei入口处] of all scholars[skэl∂学者] was first built in 1586 in an imitation[imitei∫∂n仿制] of that in Qufu

　　天下文枢坊始建于1586年仿曲阜天下文枢坊，

　　35The meaning of the structure[str∧k t∫∂] was to refer[rif∂：归于] to Confucius as the hub[h∧b中心] of all writings and ethics[eθiks道德] in ancient times

　　它结构的意思是所有文章和道德的中心都归于孔子。

　　36lingxing gate is also called the gate of etiquette[eti’ket礼仪]

　　棂星门又叫礼仪门

　　37specially built for emperors[emp∂r∂皇帝] to offer[э：f∂提供] sacrifice[sækrifais祭祀] to Confucius

　　它是专为皇帝祭祀孔子而建的

　　38the gate built in front of confucius temple

　　它建于孔庙前

　　39implies[implai暗指] the meaning of

　　它的寓意是

　　40“people of talent[tæl∂nt天才] coming forth[fэ：θ涌现] in large numbers[n∧mb∂大量]

　　大量人才涌现

　　41and stability[st∂‘biliti稳定] of the country”

　　国家稳定

　　42Dacheng gate or the gate of great achievements[∂t∫ivm∂nt达成]

　　大成门或集大成的门，

　　43is also called halberd[hæb∂d戟] gate,

　　又叫戟门

　　44which is the front door of the Confucius temple

　　它是孔庙的前门

　　45As Confucius epitomized[ipit∂maiz作为缩影] Chinese culture,

　　作为中国文化的宿影的孔子

　　46he was posthumously[pэstjum∂死后] granted[gra：ntid假定] the title[taitl称号] of super saint[seint圣徒] Confucius

　　他死后被授予至圣先师的称号

　　47In the entrance[entr∂ns入口] hall[门厅] of the gate there are four old stone tablets [tæblit碑]:

　　在大门的入口门厅有四块古石碑

　　48The tablets of Confucius asking laozi of the ethical[eθiks道德] codes[koud经][孔子问礼图碑]

　　一是孔子请教老子道德经的图碑

　　49It was made in 484 AD during the southern dynasty

　　它是刻于南朝公元484年

　　50recorded[rekэ：d记录] on the tablet is the personal[p∂s∂nl个人] experience[ikspi∂ri∂ns经验] of Confucius on his visit to Luoyang,

　　碑上记录的是孔子去洛阳访问的经验

　　51the capital of the eastern zhou dynasty in 518 BC

　　在公元前518年东周王朝首都

　　52where Confucius made investigations[investingei∫∂n研究] on the system of institutions[institju：∫∂n制度] of the zhou

　　孔子研究了周王朝制度

　　53and went in quest[kwest寻找] of the ways of how to prosper[prэsp∂繁荣] and stabilize[steibilaiz稳定] the country

　　去寻找了如何繁荣和稳定国家的方法

　　54and of how to consolidate[k∂nsэlideit联合] the power of slave[sleiv奴隶] owners[oun∂主人] in the lu state[steit国家]

　　如何在鲁国联合奴隶主的力量

　　55The tablet of jiqing Confucius temple

　　[集庆孔庙碑]

　　56In 1308 when the yuan dynasty reigned[rein统治] over the country,

　　1308年，元朝统治全国

　　57emperor wuzong issued[i∫iu发布] an imperial[impi∂ri∂l帝国] edict[i：dikt布告]

　　武宗皇帝发布了圣旨

　　58”take education as the state administration[∂dministre∫∂n管理] of the empire[empai∂皇权]”

　　以兴学作士为王政

　　59In the next fall when the Confucius temple started to be rebuilt ,

　　第二年孔庙开始被重建

　　60lu zhi wrote an inscription[inskrip∫∂n碑文] for the tablet

　　卢挚为碑撰写了碑文

　　61but the tablet was not made right away until 22 years later in 1330

　　当时没有勒石，直到22年后在1330年

　　62In the xianfeng years of the qing dynasty,the Confucius temple was burnt down in a war

　　清朝咸丰年，在战争中被毁，

　　63and the tablet was missing[misiη失踪]

　　此碑失踪。

　　64during the reconstruction[ri：k∂nstr∧kl∂n重建] of the Confucius temple in 1986, the tablet happened[偶然发生] to be unearthed[∧n’∂：θ发掘] from the underground[地下]

　　1986年复建文庙时碑在地下被发现

　　65The tablet of the four saints[封四圣碑]

　　66In 1331 emperor wenzong of the yuan dynasty granted [gra：ntid加封]the four disciples[di’sai’pl门徒] of Confucius

　　在1331年元朝文宗皇帝加封孔子的四个门徒

　　67Yanhui, zengshen, kongji and mengke as 4 saints[] second to Confucius

　　颜回、曾参、孔伋和孟轲为四亚圣

　　68and they were carved [ka：v雕刻]on a stone tablet to inform [infэ：m告知]the whole country

　　以此刻在石碑上告知全国。

　　67tablet of madam super saint Confucius[封至圣夫人碑]

　　68 In 1331 the wife of Confucius was posthumously awarded the title of Madam Super Saint(孔子之妻被加封为至圣夫人)

　　1331年孔子之妻被加封为至圣夫人

　　69and a stone tablet was made for her according to the imperial decree (以此旨勒石刻碑) and erected here side by side with the tablet of the four saints (与封四氏碑并列于夫子庙)

　　70Dacheng Hall or the Hall of Great Achievements (大成殿) is the main building of Confucian Temple

　　大成殿是文庙的主体建筑，

　　71and the very place to enshrine and worship Confucius (供奉和祭祀孔子的地方)

　　72 The hall is a double-eaved and gable-roofed structure in ancient imitation (重檐歇山顶仿古建筑),

　　73Displayed in the hall there is a huge portrait of Confucius (孔子巨幅画像),

　　which is the largest one through out the country

　　Also put on show are the portraits of Yan Hui (颜回), Zeng Shen (曾参), Kong Ji (孔伋) (the grandson of Confucius) and Mengke (Mencius), the four disciples of Confucius as well as a number of ancient musical instruments

　　Hung on the inner walls of the hall there are 38 jade-and-jadeite-carved paintings inlaid with gold, jewelry and mother-of-pearl (罗钿) about the life story of Confucius (孔子生平事迹)

　　In the temple courtyard (庙院) enclosed by roofed corridors, there is a large open-air terrace (露台), which used to be an altar for holding sacrificial ceremony and performance of songs and dance (曾是祭祀和歌舞的地方) on the terrace there stands a huge bronze statue of Confucius the forehead of the statue appears a unique wisdom-and-foresight of the great thinker (眉宇间透露出伟大思想家特有的睿智), better making a deep impression on visitors

　　Juxing Pavilion At the west of the temple square there stands a hexagonal pavilion (the pavilion with its 6 eaves upturned) called “Juxing” The name of Juxing means “assembly of stars” (群星汇聚) and “a galaxy of talent” (人才荟萃), because all the men of letters or well-educated people were regarded as stars over the sky in feudal China Juxing pavilion was the place for intellectuals to converge on (聚集) and to learn from each other by exchanging their experience in study (切磋学习心得)

　　Kuixing Pavilion (now called Kuiguang Pavilion) (魁光阁) at the east of Pan Pool lies the Kuixing Pavilion, which is also called the Pavilion of God of Literature (文星阁) The three-storied hexagonal tower was the place for provincial examination candidates (乡试士子们) to pay worship to Confucius before they sit for imperial examinations (应考前拜孔的地方) Later,the pavilion was turned into a teahouse (茶社) for candidates (考生) to meet friends with tea drinking

　　Kuixing is the star at the tip of the bowl of the Big Dipper (魁为北斗星之第一星), one of the 28 constellations over the sky (天上28个星宿之一) It was said to be God of literature dominating the fortune of culture and education (主宰文运之神) and ,Confucius was regarded as the God In times of imperial examinations (在科举时代), the examination candidates often came to offer sacrifice to Confucius in the hope of successfully passing the imperial examinations and becoming a provincial graduate (以求中举)

　　The Palace of Learning (学宫) The Palace of Learning is an architectural complex consisting of Mingde Hall or the Hall of Bright Virtue (明德堂), Zunjing Library (尊经阁), Qingyun Tower (青云楼) and Ancestral Temple for Worshiping the Parents of Confucius (崇圣祠) etc The Palace of Learning was an institution of higher learning (高等学府) of the prefecture in ancient times, usually built behind Confucian Temple

　　Mingde Hall or the Hall of Bright Virtue (明德堂) was the main hall (正堂) of Palace of Learning ,the place for putting up the list of successful candidates (张悬科第题名榜) in the years of the imperial examination system and was also an assembly auditorium (集会礼堂) for the students to attend lectures on Confucius teachings(圣教)and imperial edicts (上谕) given by assistant instructor(听训导师宣讲圣教和上谕) after their pilgrimage on the first and the 15th day (朔、望日) every lunar month

　　Zunjing Library (尊经阁) was a two-storied building with each having 5 rooms (上下两层各五楹) The upstairs was used to collect the Chinese traditional learning of the Ming Dynasty (明代国学), The downstairs was the lecture hall (讲堂)，where assistant instructors (训导师) used to give students lectures

　　Qingyun Tower (青云楼) and Ancestral temple of Confucius Parents (崇圣祠)

　　The Qingyun Tower is a memorial temple (祠宇或祠堂) for enshrining educational inspectors (督学) of the past dynasties (青云楼是供奉历代督学使的祠宇) The Ancestral Temple for Parents (崇圣祠) of Confucius was the place for students to offer sacrifices to Confucius parents But someone also says it is the Saint-Admiring Temple specially for enshrining the deciples of Confucius (是祭祀孔门弟子的专祠)