英国浪漫主义湖畔派三位诗人

湖畔派诗人是英国早期浪漫主义的代表。指居住在英国北部昆布兰湖区的三诗人华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞结成的诗歌流派。早年向往法国大革命，以后转向保守立场，主张恢复封建宗法制。在文学上，共同反对古典主义传统，向往唯情论，歌颂大自然。通过缅怀中古的淳朴来否定现实的城市文明。

1、罗伯特·骚塞（ROBERT SOUTHEY，1774-1843年），英国作家，湖畔派诗人之一。“消极浪漫主义”诗人，他曾一度激进，后反对法国革命，于1813年被国王封为桂冠诗人。

作为早期的浪漫主义者，在他的带领下，民谣体诗得以复兴。他尝试使用无韵的不规则诗句，是十九世纪和二十世纪自由诗体运动的先行者。

2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge，1772-1834年），英国诗人和评论家，他一生是在贫病交困和鸦片成瘾的阴影下度过的，诗歌作品相对较少。尽管存在这些不利因素，柯勒律治还是坚持创作，确立了其在幻想浪漫诗歌方面的主要浪漫派诗人地位。

3、华兹华斯（William Wordsworth，1770-1850年），英国浪漫主义诗人，曾当上桂冠诗人。其诗歌理论动摇了英国古典主义诗学的统治，有力地推动了英国诗歌的革新和浪漫主义运动的发展。他是文艺复兴运动以来最重要的英语诗人之一 ，其诗句“朴素生活，高尚思考（plain living and high thinking）”被作为牛津大学基布尔学院的格言。

扩展资料

中国的湖畔派诗人：

中国的湖畔派诗人的诗歌与英国的浪漫主义湖畔派诗人的作品在风格上有相似之处,其最有特色的是歌颂爱情的诗歌。20世纪20年代，中国爱情诗创作又一次进入了一个繁荣期。“五四”前后，在民主、科学观念的影响下，沉睡的国人开始醒来，追求个体解放、婚姻自由。

《伤逝》主人公子君喊出“我是我自己的，谁也没有干涉我的权利”的吼声。《沉沦》主人公大胆宣称，“知识我不要，名誉我不要，我所要的就是爱情，我所要求的就是异性的爱情”。以周作人《小河》、康白情的《窗外》为肇始，爱情诗的大幕徐徐拉开。1922年4月，湖畔社在杭州成立，他们多写情诗，显示出争取婚姻自由、反对封建主义的勇气和激情。

潘漠华、冯雪峰、应修人、汪静之四诗人，专事爱情诗写作，相继推出诗歌合集《湖畔诗集》、《春的歌集》，掀起了“五四”爱情诗创作的一个新高潮。

——罗伯特·骚塞

——柯勒律治

——威廉·华兹华斯

——湖畔派

雪莱、拜伦、济慈、威廉·布莱克、威廉·华兹华斯

1、珀西·比希·雪莱，英国浪漫主义民主诗人、作家，第一位社会主义诗人、小说家、哲学家、散文随笔和政论作家、改革家、柏拉图主义者和理想主义者，受空想社会主义思想影响颇深。

雪莱生于英格兰萨塞克斯郡霍舍姆附近的沃恩汉，12岁进入伊顿公学；1810年进入牛津大学；1811年3月25日由于散发《无神论的必然》，入学不足一年就被牛津大学开除；1813年11月完成叙事长诗《麦布女王》；1818年至1819年完成了两部重要的长诗《解放了的普罗米修斯》和《倩契》，以及《西风颂》；1822年7月8日逝世。

2、约翰·济慈，19世纪初期英国诗人，浪漫派的主要成员。1815年就读于伦敦国王大学，1817年开始写作。1818年到1820年，先后完成《伊莎贝拉》《圣艾格尼丝之夜》《海壁朗》《夜莺颂》《希腊古瓮颂》《秋颂》等作品。1821年2月23日，因肺结核病逝于意大利罗马，享年25岁。济慈与雪莱、拜伦齐名，被推崇为欧洲浪漫主义运动的代表。

3、乔治·戈登·拜伦、，是英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人，代表作品有《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》、《唐璜》等，并在他的诗歌里塑造了一批“拜伦式英雄”。他不仅是一位伟大的诗人，还是一个为理想战斗一生的勇士，积极而勇敢地投身革命——参加了希腊民族解放运动，并成为***之一。拜伦女儿阿达·洛芙莱斯是计算机程序的创始人。

4、威廉·布莱克：英国诗人、画家、雕版师，浪漫主义文学代表人物之一。他的作品尤其是诗歌，生前大多籍籍无名，多年以后才得到广泛传诵。他在1789年自创了一套印刷技术，尝试把诗歌与绘画融合，并完成多篇杰作，包括《天堂与地狱的婚姻》《耶路撒冷》和《天真与经验之歌》等。

5、威廉·华兹华斯：英国浪漫主义诗人，湖畔派魁首，生于律师之家，幼丧父母，曾就读于剑桥大学，写了很多脍炙人口的写景抒情诗，曾与柯勒律治合作发表《抒情歌谣集》。1843年被封为桂冠诗人。名篇主要有《我们是七个》《水仙》《致杜鹃》等。

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Romanticism (literature)

I INTRODUCTION

Romanticism (literature), a movement in the literature of virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to about 1870, characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature The term romantic first appeared in 18th-century English and originally meant “romancelike”—that is, resembling the fanciful character of medieval romances

II ORIGINS AND INSPIRATION

By the late 18th century in France and Germany, literary taste began to turn from classical and neoclassical conventions (see Classic, Classical, and Classicism) Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

A The Romantic Spirit

Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit; his famous announcement was “I felt before I thought” Goethe and his compatriots, philosopher and critic Johann Gottfried von Herder and historian Justus Möser, provided more formal precepts and collaborated on a group of essays entitled Von deutscher Art und Kunst (Of German Style and Art, 1773) In this work the authors extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Shakespeare Goethe sought to imitate Shakespeare's free and untrammeled style in his Götz von Berlichingen (1773; translated 1799), a historical drama about a 16th-century robber knight The play, which justifies revolt against political authority, inaugurated the Sturm und Drang (storm and stress) movement, a forerunner of German romanticism Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774; translated 1779) was also in this tradition One of the great influential documents of romanticism, this work exalts sentiment, even to the point of justifying committing suicide because of unrequited love The book set a tone and mood much copied by the romantics in their works and often in their personal lives: a fashionable tendency to frenzy, melancholy, world-weariness, and even self-destruction

B The Romantic Style

The preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads (1800), by English poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge was also of prime importance as a manifesto of literary romanticism Here, the two poets affirmed the importance of feeling and imagination to poetic creation and disclaimed conventional literary forms and subjects Thus, as romantic literature everywhere developed, imagination was praised over reason, emotions over logic, and intuition over science—making way for a vast body of literature of great sensibility and passion This literature emphasized a new flexibility of form adapted to varying content, encouraged the development of complex and fast-moving plots, and allowed mixed genres (tragicomedy and the mingling of the grotesque and the sublime) and freer style

No longer tolerated, for example, were the fixed classical conventions, such as the famous three unities (time, place, and action) of tragedy An increasing demand for spontaneity and lyricism—qualities that the adherents of romanticism found in folk poetry and in medieval romance—led to a rejection of regular meters, strict forms, and other conventions of the classical tradition In English poetry, for example, blank verse largely superseded the rhymed couplet that dominated 18th-century poetry The opening lines of the swashbuckling melodrama Hernani (1830; translated 1830), by the great French romantic writer Victor Hugo, are a departure from the conventional 18th-century rules of French versification; and in the preface to his drama Cromwell (1827; translated 1896), a famous critical document in its own right, Hugo not only defended his break from traditional dramatic structure but also justified the introduction of the grotesque into art In their choice of heroes, also, the romantic writers replaced the static universal types of classical 18th-century literature with more complex, idiosyncratic characters; and a great deal of drama, fiction, and poetry was devoted to a celebration of Rousseau's “common man”

III THE GREAT ROMANTIC THEMES

As the romantic movement spread from France and Germany to England and then to the rest of Europe and across to the western hemisphere, certain themes and moods, often intertwined, became the concern of almost all 19th-century writers

A Libertarianism

Many of the libertarian (see Libertarianism) and abolitionist movements of the late 18th and early 19th centuries were engendered by the romantic philosophy—the desire to be free of convention and tyranny, and the new emphasis on the rights and dignity of the individual Just as the insistence on rational, formal, and conventional subject matter that had typified neoclassicism was reversed, the authoritarian regimes that had encouraged and sustained neoclassicism in the arts were inevitably subjected to popular revolutions Political and social causes became dominant themes in romantic poetry and prose throughout the Western world, producing many vital human documents that are still pertinent The year 1848, in which Europe was wracked by political upheaval, marked the flood tide of romanticism in Italy, Austria, Germany, and France

In William Tell (1804; translated 1825), by German dramatist Friedrich von Schiller, an obscure medieval mountaineer becomes an immortal symbol of opposition to tyranny and foreign rule In the novel The Betrothed (1825-1827; translated 1834), by Italian writer Alessandro Manzoni, a peasant couple become instruments in the final crushing of feudalism in northern Italy Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who for some most typify the romantic poet (in their personal lives as well as in their work), wrote resoundingly in protest against social and political wrongs and in defense of the struggles for liberty in Italy and Greece Russian poet Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, whose admiration for the work of Byron is clearly manifested, attracted notoriety for his “Ode to Liberty” (1820); like many other romanticists, he was persecuted for political subversion

The general romantic dissatisfaction with the organization of society was often channeled into specific criticism of urban society La maison du berger (The Shepherd's Hut, 1844), by French poet Alfred Victor de Vigny, expresses the view that such an abode has more nobility than a palace Earlier, Rousseau had written that people were born free but that everywhere civilization put them in chains This feeling of oppression was frequently expressed in poetry—for example, in the work of English visionary William Blake, writing in the poem “Milton” (about 1804-1808) of the “dark Satanic mills” that were beginning to deface the English countryside; or in Wordsworth's long poem The Prelude (1850), which speaks of “ the close and overcrowded haunts/Of cities, where the human heart is sick”

B Nature

Basic to such sentiments was an interest central to the romantic movement: the concern with nature and natural surroundings Delight in unspoiled scenery and in the (presumably) innocent life of rural dwellers is perhaps first recognizable as a literary theme in such a work as “The Seasons” (1726-1730), by Scottish poet James Thomson The work is commonly cited as a formative influence on later English romantic poetry and on the nature tradition represented in English literature, most notably by Wordsworth Often combined with this feeling for rural life is a generalized romantic melancholy, a sense that change is imminent and that a way of life is being threatened Such intimations were early evinced in “Ode to Evening” (1747) by William Collins, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1751) by Thomas Gray, and The Borough (1810) by George Crabbe The melancholic strain later developed as a separate theme, as in “Ode on Melancholy” (1820) by John Keats, or—in a different time and place—in the works of American writers: the novels and tales of Nathaniel Hawthorne, which probe the depths of human nature in puritanical New England, or the macabre tales and melancholy poetry of Edgar Allan Poe

In another vein in American literature, the romantic interest in untrammeled nature is found in such writers as Washington Irving, whose Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent (1819-1820), a collection of descriptive stories about the Hudson River valley, reflects the author's knowledge of European folktales as well as contemporary romantic poetry and the Gothic novel The Leather-Stocking Tales by James Fenimore Cooper celebrate the beauty of the American wilderness and the simple frontier life; in romantic fashion they also idealize the Native American as (in Rousseau's phrase) the “noble savage” By the middle of the 19th century the nature tradition was absorbed by American literary transcendentalism, chiefly expressed in the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

C The Lure of the Exotic

In the spirit of their new freedom, romantic writers in all cultures expanded their imaginary horizons spatially and chronologically They turned back to the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century) for themes and settings and chose locales ranging from the awesome Hebrides of the Ossianic tradition, as in the work of Scottish poet James MacPherson (see Ossian and Ossianic Ballads), to the Asian setting of Xanadu evoked by Coleridge in his unfinished lyric “Kubla Khan” (1797) The compilation of old English and Scottish ballads by English poet Thomas Percy was a seminal work; his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) exerted a significant influence on the form and content of later romantic poetry The nostalgia for the Gothic past mingled with the tendency to the melancholic and produced a fondness for ruins, graveyards, and the supernatural as themes In English literature, representative works include Keats's “The Eve of St Agnes,” the Gothic novels of Matthew Gregory Lewis, and The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), by Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, and his historical novels, the Waverley series (1814-1825), combine these concerns: love of the picturesque, preoccupation with the heroic past, and delight in mystery and superstition

D The Supernatural

The trend toward the irrational and the supernatural was an important component of English and German romantic literature It was reinforced on the one hand by disillusion with 18th-century rationalism and on the other by the rediscovery of a body of older literature—folktales and ballads—collected by Percy and by German scholars Jacob and Wilhelm Karl Grimm (see Grimm Brothers) and Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen From such material comes, for example, the motif of the doppelgänger (German for “double”) Many romantic writers, especially in Germany, were fascinated with this concept, perhaps because of the general romantic concern with self-identity Poet Heinrich Heine wrote a lyric apocryphally titled “Der Doppelgänger” (1827; translated 1846); The Devil's Elixir (1815-1816; translated 1824), a short novel by E T A Hoffmann, is about a double; and Peter Schlemihl's Remarkable Story (1814; translated 1927), by Adelbert von Chamisso, the tale of a man who sells his shadow to the devil, can be considered a variation on the theme Later, Russian master Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky wrote his famous novel The Double (1846), an analysis of paranoia in a humble clerk

IV DECLINE OF THE TRADITION

By about the middle of the 19th century, romanticism began to give way to new literary movements: the Parnassians and the symbolist movement in poetry, and realism and naturalism in prose

See also American Literature: Poetry; American Literature: Prose; Brazilian Literature; Danish Literature; Dutch Literature; English Literature; French Literature; German Literature; Italian Literature; Latin American Literature; Polish Literature; Portuguese Literature; Russian Literature; Spanish Literature; Swedish Literature

Contributed By:

Robert J Clements

Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2003 © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation All rights reserved

1、拜伦

乔治·戈登·拜伦，出生于1788年的伦敦，终年36岁。他是英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人，代表作品有《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》、《唐璜》等，并在他的诗歌里塑造了一批“拜伦式英雄”。

2、雪莱

雪莱出生于1792年英国萨塞克斯郡霍舍姆附近的菲尔德·普莱斯的贵族家庭，他是英国空想社会主义色彩最浓的浪漫主义诗人。他被誉为诗人中的诗人。其一生见识广泛，不仅是柏拉图主义者，更是个伟大的理想主义者。

3、济慈

济慈，全名约翰·济慈，出生于18世纪末年的伦敦，他是杰出的英诗作家之一，也是浪漫派的主要成员。济慈很早就尝试写作诗歌，他早期的作品多是一些仿作，1817年，济慈的第一本诗集出版。

他在疾病和贫困中依然写出了大量的优秀作品，其中包括《圣艾格尼丝之夜》、《夜莺颂》和《致秋天》等名作。1821年2月23日，济慈于在意大利疗养时逝世。

4、华兹华斯

英国浪漫主义诗人，曾当上桂冠诗人。其诗歌理论动摇了英国古典主义诗学的统治，有力地推动了英国诗歌的革新和浪漫主义运动的发展。

5、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治

英国诗人、文评家，英国浪漫主义文学的奠基人之一。一生作诗不缀，但中年时自称弃诗从哲，精研以康德、谢林为首的德国唯心论。他的“鸦片瘾”、他的个人魅力、他与华兹华斯的微妙关系，使他成为西方文学史上最令人注目的作家之一。