求英文定义romanticism,rhythm,heroic,coupletsonnet,neoclassicism

romanticism: Romanticism is attitudes, ideals and feelings which are romantic rather than realistic

rhythm:

A rhythm is a regular series of sounds or movements

A rhythm is a regular pattern of changes, for example changes in your body, in the seasons, or in the tides

heroic:If you describe a person or their actions as heroic, you admire them because they show extreme bravery

couplet:A couplet is two lines of poetry which come next to each other, especially two lines that rhyme with each other and are the same length

sonnet:A sonnet is a poem that has 14 lines Each line has 10 syllables, and the poem has a fixed pattern of rhymes

neoclassicism:revival of a classical style (in art or literature or architecture or music) but from a new perspective or with a new motivation

　　Classicall epic史诗

　　叙述英雄传说和重大历史事件的叙事长诗。史诗shǐshī 是一种庄严的文学体裁，内容为民间传说或歌颂英雄功绩的长篇叙事诗，它涉及的主题可以包括历史事件、民族、宗教或传说。

　　alliteration 头韵（即一群字的起头字母）

　　头韵(Alliteration)是英语语言学分支文体学的重要术语。头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力

　　头韵在英语里叫alliteration，又叫initial rhyme，或head rhyme，是从拉丁语短语 ad literam (根据字母)转化而来的，指两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同，形成悦耳的读音，最常见的押头韵的短语有：first and foremost（首先）、（with）might and main (尽全力地)、saints and sinners （圣人与罪人）、（in）weal and (or) woe（无论是福是祸）。若追本探源的话，恐怕押头韵手法可以上溯到古英语(Old English)时期。 大约五世纪时，盎格鲁萨克逊( Anglo-Saxons)入侵者给英国人带来了作为现代英语(Modern English)基础的盎格鲁萨克逊语，或许就在那时还带来一种新的诗歌形式，其主要特征就是频繁使用押头韵手法。　头韵仅第一部分或第一部分辅音群的第一个音素相同。 如果第一部分完全缺失，那就只能让主元音相同。头韵是加强行内节奏感的一种手段，是节奏式辅助因素。这也是英语追求形式美，音韵美的一个重要表现。

　　medieval romance中世纪的，中古(时代)的罗曼史

　　“罗曼史”的意思：罗曼史是英文单词romance的音译。所谓罗曼史是指欧洲在资产阶级革命以前的封建社会里流行的一种传奇文学。这是一种非现实的，封建形态的文学。

　　“罗曼史”在政治上的作用就是利用一个“理想的”世界来粉饰现实，以巩固封建阶级统治。而18世纪后，随着现实主义小说的出现，这种传奇文学逐渐衰微，但是至今仍旧影响着欧美作家的创作。同时单词“罗曼蒂克”(romantic)也因此而来，意思是“浪漫的，传奇的”。

　　14行诗

　　十四行诗，又译“商籁体”，为意大利文sonetto，英文Sonnet、法文sonnet的音译。欧洲一种格律严谨的抒情诗体。最初流行于意大利，彼特拉克的创作使其臻于完美，又称“彼特拉克体”，后传到欧洲各国。由两节四行诗和两节三行诗组成，每行11个音节，韵式为ABBA，ABBA，CDE，CDE或ABBA，ABBA，CDC，CDC。另一种类型称为“莎士比亚体”（Shakespearean）或“伊丽莎白体”，由三节四行诗和两行对句组成，每行10个音节，韵式为ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG。

　　purtanism这个应该是“puritanism”吧？意思是清教主义（清教徒习俗,清教主义；清教徒式生活准则,）

　　清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。其因信称义、天职思想、山颠之城等核心理念，虽然构成宗教行为规范要素，却在很大程度上起到了消解禁锢人们思想与行为的主流教会传统的作用，促进了社会世俗化进程，在早期的美国，推动了个性解放，促成建立现代劳动、职业和财富观，以宗教的理想勾勒出国家未来追求的目标。它们奠定了今日美国主流文化(wasp)价值观念的基础，铸就了美国民族特性。

　　古典主义

　　古典主义（Le Classicisme），17世纪流行在西欧、特别是法国的一种文学思潮。这一潮流是特定历史时期产物，因它在文艺理论和创作实践上以古希腊、罗马文学为典范和样板而被称为“古典主义”。作为一种文艺思潮，古典主义在欧洲几乎流行了两个世纪，直到19世纪初浪漫主义文艺兴起才结束。它在17世纪的法国最为盛行，发展也最为完备。法国古典主义的政治基础是中央集权的君主专制，哲学基础是笛卡儿的唯理主义理论。古典主义在创作和理论上强调模仿古代，主张用民族规范语言，按照规定的创作原则（如戏剧的三一律）进行创作，追求艺术完美。

　　Gothic novel 哥特小说

　　哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，是西方通俗文学中惊险神秘小说的一种。一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。哥特小说可以说是恐怖**的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。 显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。

　　Passive or Escapist Romanticists被动或逃避现实的浪漫主义者，即消极浪漫主义者。这可以和

　　Active Romanticists即积极浪漫主义者联系起来解释：

　　浪漫主义思潮中就形成两种对立的流派，即积极浪漫主义和消极浪漫主义。前者是进步的潮流，它引导人们向前看，后者属反动的逆流，它引导人们往后看。这种区别，实质上是对当时法国大革命和启蒙运动的两种截然不同的反响。

　　积极浪漫主义作家，敢于正视现实，批判社会的黑暗，矛头针对封建贵族，反对资本主义社会中残存的封建因素，同时对资产阶级本身所造成的种种罪恶现象也有所揭露，因而充满反抗、战斗的激情，寄理想于未来，向往新的美好生活，有的赞成空想社会主义。代表作家有英国的拜伦，雪莱，法国的雨果、乔治·桑，德国的海涅，俄国的昔希金(早期)，波兰的密茨凯维支以及匈牙利的裴多菲等等。他们的生活实践和艺术实践，都是同当时资产阶级民主革命思想、与各国的民族解放运动联系在一起的，大多数作家是这些民族解放运动的积极参加者。

　　消极浪漫主义者则不然。他们不能正视社会现实的尖锐矛盾，采取消极逃避的态度，他们的思想是同那个被推翻了的封建贵族阶级的思想意识相联系的。他们从对抗资产阶级单命运动出发，反对现状，留恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神上的安慰与寄托。消极浪漫主义的出现，实际上是被打倒的封建贵族阶级没落的思想情绪在文学上的反映。代表作家有德国的史雷格尔兄弟，即奥·史雷格尔和弗·史雷格尔，诺瓦里斯，法国的夏多布里昂，拉马丁·维尼，俄国有茹科夫斯基，英国有华兹华斯、柯勒律治，骚塞，等等。

　　The Victorian Values 维多利亚价值观

　　维多利亚女王是英国十九世纪中后期的统治者。在这个时期，英国社会普遍讲求对于宗教的信仰，对于道德价值观的追求，反对伤风败俗的行为，形成了总体而言比较压抑的社会气氛。

　　Naturalism自然主义

　　自然主义，在各个领域有不同的意思。在此对自然主义的界定大多来自文学上的自然主义的写作风格，这种写作风格大致产生于十九世纪后期，大体上说，采用自然科学的方法，对事物进行客观地描述，期间运用最新的科学方法，以达到真实的再现生活的本来面目。

　　嗯，由于我没学过专八文学常识，这些内容参考了，灵格斯翻译和相关的知识。希望能对你起到帮助！^-^

　　以上。

浪漫的英文是romantic，读音是/rəʊˈmæntɪk/。

浪漫：

1、广义上的浪漫，意为纵情，富有诗意，充满幻想；不拘小节（情侣关系而言）。

2、狭义上的浪漫来源于19世纪20年代至19世纪末诞生于西欧的浪漫主义，这里的浪漫特指对现实世界感到不满，对未来充满期望和追求，理想远大，不甘堕落的个人英雄主义情怀。

3、欧洲人认为贝多芬开创了浪漫主义的先河，因为贝多芬不向命运屈服，敢于同贵族、同命运抗争。“我要扼住命运的咽喉，它从不能使我屈服。”贝多芬便是射手座的，所以后人喜欢把浪漫作为射手座的特征。

心理学中几种人格是：完美型、助人型、成就型、艺术型、理智型、忠诚型、活跃型、领袖型、和平型

1、完美型

追求不断进步，爱劝勉教导，逃避表达忿怒，相信自己每天有干不完的事。他们的心胸狭隘，容易激动，还是一个恪守教条的分子。只要别人一犯一点小错误，完美型人格的他们就抓住别人错误不放手，而且会猛烈的攻击。

主要特征：原则性、不易妥协、常说"应该"及"不应该"、黑白分明、对自己和别人要求甚高、追求完美、不断改进、感情世界薄弱。

2、助人型

很喜欢帮人，而且主动，慷慨大方！他们害怕自己不被外人认可，他们就通过帮助别人，然后让别人因为欠他们的而帮助他们，让这些被帮助的人内心感到羞愧。

主要特征：渴望别人的爱或良好关系、甘愿迁就他人、以人为本、要别人觉得需要自己、常忽略自己。

3、成就型

成就型的人精力充沛，总是动力过人，因为有很强的争胜欲望，喜欢接受挑战，非常的懂得算计。最害怕的就是失败，如果能成功，让他们做什么事情都可以，在外人看来，他们就是一个没有感情的冷血动物。

主要特征：强烈好胜心,喜欢认威,常与别人比较,以成就衡量自己的价值高低，着重形象，工作狂，惧怕表达内心感受。

4、艺术型

自怜、觉得自己与其他人不一样、喜欢沉醉于自己的想象世界……很多时，觉得自己不同，其他人不会明白，又觉得其他人都拥有很多你们没有的东西，所以在现实的社交圈子里很难得到满足。

主要特征：情绪化,追求浪漫,惧怕被人拒绝,觉得别人不明白自己, 烈占有欲,我行我素生活风格：爱讲不开心的事，易忧郁、妒忌，生活追寻感觉好。

5、理智型

热爱知识，很冷静，总想跟身边的人和事保持一段距离。很多时，都会先做旁观者，后才可投入参与。需要充分的私人空间和高度的私隐，否则会觉得很焦虑，不安定！

主要特征：冷眼看世界,抽离情感,喜欢思考分析,要知很多,但缺乏行动,对物质生活要求不高,喜欢精神生活,不善表达内心感受。

6、忠诚型

对很多事情皆忧虑，很多时都向坏处打算，所以做人很谨慎。同一原因，由于害怕做错决定，所以当面对决择的时候，大都显得很犹疑，心大心细。

主要特征：做事小心谨慎,不轻易相信别人,多疑虑,喜欢群体生活,为别人做事尽心尽力,不喜欢受人注视,安于现状,不喜转换新环境

生活风格：爱平和讨论，惧怕权威，传统可给予安全感，害怕成就、逃避问题。

7、活跃型

乐观、精力充沛、迷人、好动、贪新鲜、五时花六时变……不喜欢被束缚、被控制，很讲即庆，想做就去做。因为内心的恐惧和害怕，他们用享乐来麻痹自己，忽略自己应该去承担的责任。

主要特征：乐观，要新鲜感，追上潮流，不喜承受压力，怕负面情绪。

8、领袖型

豪爽、不拘小节、自视甚高、遇强越强、关心正义、公平。你们清楚自己的目标，并努力前进。由于不愿被人控制，且具有一定的支配力。动力较强，有时会予人侵略之感，有争胜及控制的欲望。

主要特征：追求权力,讲求实力,不靠他人,有正义感,要话事,喜欢做大事。

9、和平型

追求和平，善解人意，随和。却不是太清楚自己想要什么，会显得优柔寡断。相对地说，主见会比较少，宁愿配合其他人的安排，做一个很好的支持者。

主要特征：须花长时间作决定，难于拒绝他人，不懂宣泄愤怒。

参考资料：

给你发来微软百科的说明

Romanticism (literature)

I INTRODUCTION

Romanticism (literature), a movement in the literature of virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to about 1870, characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature The term romantic first appeared in 18th-century English and originally meant “romancelike”—that is, resembling the fanciful character of medieval romances

II ORIGINS AND INSPIRATION

By the late 18th century in France and Germany, literary taste began to turn from classical and neoclassical conventions (see Classic, Classical, and Classicism) Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

A The Romantic Spirit

Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit; his famous announcement was “I felt before I thought” Goethe and his compatriots, philosopher and critic Johann Gottfried von Herder and historian Justus Möser, provided more formal precepts and collaborated on a group of essays entitled Von deutscher Art und Kunst (Of German Style and Art, 1773) In this work the authors extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Shakespeare Goethe sought to imitate Shakespeare's free and untrammeled style in his Götz von Berlichingen (1773; translated 1799), a historical drama about a 16th-century robber knight The play, which justifies revolt against political authority, inaugurated the Sturm und Drang (storm and stress) movement, a forerunner of German romanticism Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774; translated 1779) was also in this tradition One of the great influential documents of romanticism, this work exalts sentiment, even to the point of justifying committing suicide because of unrequited love The book set a tone and mood much copied by the romantics in their works and often in their personal lives: a fashionable tendency to frenzy, melancholy, world-weariness, and even self-destruction

B The Romantic Style

The preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads (1800), by English poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge was also of prime importance as a manifesto of literary romanticism Here, the two poets affirmed the importance of feeling and imagination to poetic creation and disclaimed conventional literary forms and subjects Thus, as romantic literature everywhere developed, imagination was praised over reason, emotions over logic, and intuition over science—making way for a vast body of literature of great sensibility and passion This literature emphasized a new flexibility of form adapted to varying content, encouraged the development of complex and fast-moving plots, and allowed mixed genres (tragicomedy and the mingling of the grotesque and the sublime) and freer style

No longer tolerated, for example, were the fixed classical conventions, such as the famous three unities (time, place, and action) of tragedy An increasing demand for spontaneity and lyricism—qualities that the adherents of romanticism found in folk poetry and in medieval romance—led to a rejection of regular meters, strict forms, and other conventions of the classical tradition In English poetry, for example, blank verse largely superseded the rhymed couplet that dominated 18th-century poetry The opening lines of the swashbuckling melodrama Hernani (1830; translated 1830), by the great French romantic writer Victor Hugo, are a departure from the conventional 18th-century rules of French versification; and in the preface to his drama Cromwell (1827; translated 1896), a famous critical document in its own right, Hugo not only defended his break from traditional dramatic structure but also justified the introduction of the grotesque into art In their choice of heroes, also, the romantic writers replaced the static universal types of classical 18th-century literature with more complex, idiosyncratic characters; and a great deal of drama, fiction, and poetry was devoted to a celebration of Rousseau's “common man”

III THE GREAT ROMANTIC THEMES

As the romantic movement spread from France and Germany to England and then to the rest of Europe and across to the western hemisphere, certain themes and moods, often intertwined, became the concern of almost all 19th-century writers

A Libertarianism

Many of the libertarian (see Libertarianism) and abolitionist movements of the late 18th and early 19th centuries were engendered by the romantic philosophy—the desire to be free of convention and tyranny, and the new emphasis on the rights and dignity of the individual Just as the insistence on rational, formal, and conventional subject matter that had typified neoclassicism was reversed, the authoritarian regimes that had encouraged and sustained neoclassicism in the arts were inevitably subjected to popular revolutions Political and social causes became dominant themes in romantic poetry and prose throughout the Western world, producing many vital human documents that are still pertinent The year 1848, in which Europe was wracked by political upheaval, marked the flood tide of romanticism in Italy, Austria, Germany, and France

In William Tell (1804; translated 1825), by German dramatist Friedrich von Schiller, an obscure medieval mountaineer becomes an immortal symbol of opposition to tyranny and foreign rule In the novel The Betrothed (1825-1827; translated 1834), by Italian writer Alessandro Manzoni, a peasant couple become instruments in the final crushing of feudalism in northern Italy Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who for some most typify the romantic poet (in their personal lives as well as in their work), wrote resoundingly in protest against social and political wrongs and in defense of the struggles for liberty in Italy and Greece Russian poet Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, whose admiration for the work of Byron is clearly manifested, attracted notoriety for his “Ode to Liberty” (1820); like many other romanticists, he was persecuted for political subversion

The general romantic dissatisfaction with the organization of society was often channeled into specific criticism of urban society La maison du berger (The Shepherd's Hut, 1844), by French poet Alfred Victor de Vigny, expresses the view that such an abode has more nobility than a palace Earlier, Rousseau had written that people were born free but that everywhere civilization put them in chains This feeling of oppression was frequently expressed in poetry—for example, in the work of English visionary William Blake, writing in the poem “Milton” (about 1804-1808) of the “dark Satanic mills” that were beginning to deface the English countryside; or in Wordsworth's long poem The Prelude (1850), which speaks of “ the close and overcrowded haunts/Of cities, where the human heart is sick”

B Nature

Basic to such sentiments was an interest central to the romantic movement: the concern with nature and natural surroundings Delight in unspoiled scenery and in the (presumably) innocent life of rural dwellers is perhaps first recognizable as a literary theme in such a work as “The Seasons” (1726-1730), by Scottish poet James Thomson The work is commonly cited as a formative influence on later English romantic poetry and on the nature tradition represented in English literature, most notably by Wordsworth Often combined with this feeling for rural life is a generalized romantic melancholy, a sense that change is imminent and that a way of life is being threatened Such intimations were early evinced in “Ode to Evening” (1747) by William Collins, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1751) by Thomas Gray, and The Borough (1810) by George Crabbe The melancholic strain later developed as a separate theme, as in “Ode on Melancholy” (1820) by John Keats, or—in a different time and place—in the works of American writers: the novels and tales of Nathaniel Hawthorne, which probe the depths of human nature in puritanical New England, or the macabre tales and melancholy poetry of Edgar Allan Poe

In another vein in American literature, the romantic interest in untrammeled nature is found in such writers as Washington Irving, whose Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent (1819-1820), a collection of descriptive stories about the Hudson River valley, reflects the author's knowledge of European folktales as well as contemporary romantic poetry and the Gothic novel The Leather-Stocking Tales by James Fenimore Cooper celebrate the beauty of the American wilderness and the simple frontier life; in romantic fashion they also idealize the Native American as (in Rousseau's phrase) the “noble savage” By the middle of the 19th century the nature tradition was absorbed by American literary transcendentalism, chiefly expressed in the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

C The Lure of the Exotic

In the spirit of their new freedom, romantic writers in all cultures expanded their imaginary horizons spatially and chronologically They turned back to the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century) for themes and settings and chose locales ranging from the awesome Hebrides of the Ossianic tradition, as in the work of Scottish poet James MacPherson (see Ossian and Ossianic Ballads), to the Asian setting of Xanadu evoked by Coleridge in his unfinished lyric “Kubla Khan” (1797) The compilation of old English and Scottish ballads by English poet Thomas Percy was a seminal work; his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) exerted a significant influence on the form and content of later romantic poetry The nostalgia for the Gothic past mingled with the tendency to the melancholic and produced a fondness for ruins, graveyards, and the supernatural as themes In English literature, representative works include Keats's “The Eve of St Agnes,” the Gothic novels of Matthew Gregory Lewis, and The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), by Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, and his historical novels, the Waverley series (1814-1825), combine these concerns: love of the picturesque, preoccupation with the heroic past, and delight in mystery and superstition

D The Supernatural

The trend toward the irrational and the supernatural was an important component of English and German romantic literature It was reinforced on the one hand by disillusion with 18th-century rationalism and on the other by the rediscovery of a body of older literature—folktales and ballads—collected by Percy and by German scholars Jacob and Wilhelm Karl Grimm (see Grimm Brothers) and Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen From such material comes, for example, the motif of the doppelgänger (German for “double”) Many romantic writers, especially in Germany, were fascinated with this concept, perhaps because of the general romantic concern with self-identity Poet Heinrich Heine wrote a lyric apocryphally titled “Der Doppelgänger” (1827; translated 1846); The Devil's Elixir (1815-1816; translated 1824), a short novel by E T A Hoffmann, is about a double; and Peter Schlemihl's Remarkable Story (1814; translated 1927), by Adelbert von Chamisso, the tale of a man who sells his shadow to the devil, can be considered a variation on the theme Later, Russian master Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky wrote his famous novel The Double (1846), an analysis of paranoia in a humble clerk

IV DECLINE OF THE TRADITION

By about the middle of the 19th century, romanticism began to give way to new literary movements: the Parnassians and the symbolist movement in poetry, and realism and naturalism in prose

See also American Literature: Poetry; American Literature: Prose; Brazilian Literature; Danish Literature; Dutch Literature; English Literature; French Literature; German Literature; Italian Literature; Latin American Literature; Polish Literature; Portuguese Literature; Russian Literature; Spanish Literature; Swedish Literature

Contributed By:

Robert J Clements

Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2003 © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation All rights reserved

罗曼蒂克，英文romantic。

罗曼蒂克又称为浪漫，辞典上的解释是：富有诗意，充满幻想。(浪漫的，激情的，也就是罗曼蒂克）和romance（恋爱史、故事、浪漫）的词根都是Rome，就是罗马。Romance还有罗曼语系的意思。

英文romantic，又称为浪漫，辞典上的解释是：富有诗意，充满幻想。(浪漫的，激情的，也就是罗曼蒂克）和romance（恋爱史、故事、浪漫）的词根都是Rome,就是罗马。

出自希腊神话中《宙斯与罗曼蒂克》，主要讲宙斯与人间的一个叫罗曼蒂克的女孩的爱情故事。