组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等。
顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当。
Helikeswatch'ingTV他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。
一般可分为两类:
1),简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。
Westud'yforthepeo'ple我们为人民学习。
2),复合谓语:情态动词+不定式
Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish我可以说一点英语。
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当。
Mysis'terisanurse我姐姐是护士。
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。
WelikeEng'lish我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。
Hegavemesom'eink他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如:
Wemakehimourmon'itor我们选他当班长。
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。
Heisanewstu'dent他是个新生。
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。
Thebikeintheroomismine房间里的自行车是我的。
6、状语
修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
HelivesinLon'don他住在伦敦。
从句是指用于复合句中担当某个句子成分的主谓结构。虽说从句自身的句子结构是完整的, 但是它不能视为独立的句子,因为它离开了主语就无法独立、完整地表达意思。按其所能表达的意义而言,它相当于一个词或是一个词组例如: 1) Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at movies as well (状语从句)许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话,所以他们认为在**院也可以如此。 2) Whether he comes or not doesn't make any difference to me (主语从句) 他来与不来对我都一样。 3)There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured(宾语从句)什么是货币以及怎样计量货币经济学家之间存有分歧。 4) China is not what it used to be (表语从句)中国不是它过去的样子了。 5) Is there any proof that the food of plant differs from that of animals (同位语从句)有没有什么证据说明植物性食品不同于动物性食品? 6) Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government (定语从句) 税款是人们支持政府而交的钱。 如果将上面的复合句中所有的从句都独立出来,那将是这样的: 1) Because they talk at home while the television is on 2) Whether he comes or not 3) what money is and how money is measured 4) what it used to be 5) that the food of plant differs from that of animals 6) that people pay to support their government 我们很容易看出,上面的所有这些句子既不是陈述句、疑问句,也不是祁使句,更不是感叹句。也就是说,它们不是独立的句子;也只有在附属于主句后才能获得意义如下:1)因为许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话 2)他来与不来 3)什么是货币以及怎样计量货币 4)它过去的样子5)植物性食品不同于动物性食品6)人们支持政府而交的上面的这些句子在我们中文里如同是人们常说的"半截话";在英文中也就是个"词或词组"了。 B 我们虽然说过,从句自身的句子结构基本是完整的,但是它不同于"独立句子"的是--每个从句的最前面都好象"戴了顶帽子"即:从属关系词。由此可以看出,从句的另一个特点是:从属关系词总是立于从句之首 C 从句的再一个特点是:一般说来(除少数倒装的情况外),从句中的语序应该是正常语序。 D 关于从句种类的划分有两种方法:按从句的词性划分和按从句的句子功能划分。如果按从句的词性划分,从句可分为三种:名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句。如果按从句的句子功能划分(也就是按从句在句子中所担任的成分来划分),从句可分为:主语从句、宾语从句、 表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。其实,这两种划分从句的方法在逻辑上是一致的我们知道,能在句子里充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语的往往是名词、代词等,所以名词从句涵盖了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。形容词和副词常分别在句中担当定语和状语,所以,形容词从句和副词从句其实分别是定语从句和状语从句。 名词从句名词从句在句中是一个相当于名词的主谓结构。我们在前面说过,名词从句含盖了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。连接这些从句与主句的关系词主要有三类: 1从属连词:that(无有词义) , whether(是否) ,if (是否) 2关系代词:who(谁,主格) , whom(谁,宾格),whose谁的,所有格) , what(什么),which(哪个,哪些) 3关系副词:when(什么时候) where(什么地方)why(为什么) , how(怎样) 名词从句中的从属连词在从句里不担任任何成分,只起连接的作用;而关系代词和关系副词不仅仅是起连接的作用,而且还在从句里担任一定的成分;关系代词常在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语等成分;关系副词常在从句中担任状语。另外,在使用上面的这些关系词时,有几个问题值得我们注意:首先,只能用whether而不能用if的情况 1)引导主语从句,例如: Whether we'll make a loan for the project has not been decided (正确)我们是否要为这个项目还没有定下来。 OR: It has not been decided whether we'll make a loan for the project (正确) If we'll make a loan for the project has not been decided (错误) OR: It has not been decided if we'll make a loan for the project (错误) 2)作介词的宾语,例如: I have no idea about whether I can raise the money for buying a car (正确)我不知道我是否能为买车筹措到资金。 I have no idea about if I can raise the money for buying a car (错误) 3)后接不定式 ,例如: He didn't know whether to go all himself first or wait for her here(正确)他不知道是他自己先去还是在这儿等她。 He didn't know if to go all himself or wait for her here (错误) 4)后接or not ,例如: We wonder whether they'll come in time or not(正确) 我们担心他们会不会准时到。 We wonder if they'll come in time or not (错误)其次,what引导的名词从句表达的意思是"……所……的"。这个"所怎么的"定义根据"从句谓语的动作意义"而定。例如: I don't understand what you said我不理解你所说的话。 What he needs is to practice more他所需要的是勤于练习。 Money is what she is really after金钱是她所真正追求的东西。 People have different ideas about what happiness means 人们对于幸福的含义有不同见解。最后,要了解 -ever = no matter ,用于表示强调,意为"无论……"。也就是说: whatever = no matter what(无论什么) whoever = no matter who(无论谁) whichever = no matter which(无论那个) whenever =no matter when (无论何时) wherever = no matter where(无论何地) however = no matter how (无论怎样) A 主语从句用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。例如: Whether he'll come or not remains a question 他是否会来依然是一个问题。 Whoever says that is not allowed 无论谁这样说都是不允许的。 That she reads English aloud every morning helps her a lot in the improvement of her English study 她每天早晨朗读英文对提高她的英语学习起了很大的作用。 要点提示在使用主语从句中,有几个问题值得我们注意: 1)尽管主从连词that在主语从句中没有任何意义,但一般不能省略。 That there is no elevator in the building is the critical inconvenience 这幢楼里没有电梯是极大的不便之处。 It is necessary (that) he have his further study incollege(当主语从句在后面时,连词that可以省去)他在大学进一步深造是完全必要的。 2)为了保持句子平衡或在正式文体中,常用先行It代替主语从句而将主语从句置于句末。 It remains a question Whether he'll come or not 他是否会来,依然是一个问题。 It is not allowed Whoever says that 无论谁这样说都是不允许的。 3)在It + be +形容词/ 名词 + that从句的结构中,由于某些形容词/ 名词的原因,that从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式。这类形容词/ 名词常见的有: essential(绝对必要的), important(重要的), advisable(明智的), desirable(希望能够的), imperative(必须的), natural(自然的), necessary必要的), regretful(遗憾的), strange(奇怪的), proper(适当的), urgent(紧急的), duty(义务、责任), a pity (遗憾), no wonder(难怪), a regret(遗憾)。例如: It is strange that he ( should ) say so 他居然会这样说,真是奇怪。 It is a great pity that you ( should ) think so 他居然会这样想,真是一件憾事。 It is natural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees 鸟在树上安歇是很自然的。 It is a wonder that he should have passed the exam 他这次考试居然会及格,真是个奇迹。 4)以what引导的主语从句常用于句首表示强调。 What they need now is financial aid 他们现在所需要的是经济援助。 What she thinks of me doesn't mean much to me 她怎么样看我,对我来说无所谓。 What you have said hurt her a lot 你所说的话对她伤害很大。 B 宾语从句用作谓语动词、介词以及非谓语动词形式的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。也就是说,只要是用一个主谓结构去充当宾语,那么这个主谓结构就称为宾语从句。 例如: I believe that he will find a job in that publisher (作谓语动词的宾语)我相信,他一定会在那家出版社找到工作。 He laughed at what they said (作介词的宾语)她对他们说的话,一笑置之。 要点提示在使用宾语从句中,有几个问题值得我们注意: 1)宾语从句与主句的时态一致性问题这种一致性的要求,只有当主句的谓语动词用于"过去时区"的时候才存在。凡是在"过去时区"内的各种不同时态都在其中。另外,这种一致性只要求宾语从句的谓语动词也用于"过去时区"即可,至于用什么样具体的时态就要依从句的需要而定了。 He had told me that he would join the club sometime 他曾经告诉我说,他会在某个时候参加俱乐部的。 I remembered that I had met him somewhere 我记得我曾在哪儿见过他。 She thought that she would have finished what she was doing by the end of the month 她认为在那个月底她将完成她手头上做的事。 2)if引导的宾语从句不能作介词的宾语,而只有用whether引导才行。这一点在上面刚刚讲过(略) 3)某些动词后面,宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟式。这一点已在"虚拟语气"一章中讨论过了,本章只作简单的复习。这类要求宾语从句的谓语用虚拟式的动词,常见的有:command(命令), demand(要求), desire(希望), insist(坚持), order(命令), propose(提议), recommend(推荐), request(要求), require(要求), suggest(建议),等。例如: He proposed that we ( should ) set a dead line for the complement of the plan 他提议拟定一个执行计划的期限。 C 表语从句在句子中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。它常位于句中联系动词或是起联系动词作用的动词之后例如: The problem is where we can hold our meeting 问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。 It seems that everything goes smoothly 似乎一切都进行得很顺利。 The cause is that the temperature of water is lower that needed 其原因是水的温度低于所需要的温度。 That is what he really wants 那就是他真想要的东西。 D 同位语从句同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构在使用同位语从句时要特别注意:尽管主从连词that在同位语从句中没有任何意义,但却不能省略。另外,同位语从句常用于下面这些名词的后面(其中,斜体字的名词后面所接的同位语从句中要用虚拟语气): fact(事实), fear(担心、害怕), belief(信念,意见), evidence(证据), hope(希望), idea(想法) news(新闻), doubt(怀疑), suggestion(建议), motion(动议), proposal(提议), order(命令), recommendation(推荐),等等。例如: There is the news that an American delegation will arrive in Beijing tomorrow afternoon 有消息说一个美国代表团将于明天下午抵达北京。 Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals 是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢? We all know the fact that organization helps memorization 我们都知道这样一个事实:把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。 What do you think of his proposal that we ( should ) put on a play at the English evening 他建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧,你觉得怎么样? 发哥 回答采纳率:170% 2009-11-14 01:23 句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。
1)主语:是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,常用名词,数词或代词担任,一般放于句首。如:
Students study (学生学习。)
We are friends(我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词students是个名词,we是代词,它们在句中做主语。
2)谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。如:
Students study (学生学习。)
We are friends (我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词study和are都是动词,study叫做实意动词,are叫做be动词,它们在句中作谓语。
3)宾语:表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:
They are teachers ( 他们是老师。)
I play with him (我和他一起玩。)
这两句话中单词teachers是名词,单词him是带词,它们在句中作宾语。
4)定语:是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如:
This is a red sun(这是个红太阳)
He is a tall boy(他是个高个子男孩。)
这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词,它们作定语。
5)状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如:
The students study hard (这些学生学习努力。)
I often write to him (我常给他写信。)
The bag is too heavy (这个书包太重了。)
这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词,第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词,它们都作状语。
6)表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如:This table is long (这个桌子是长的。)
通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下:
(定语) 主语 (状语) 谓语 (定语) 宾语 (状语)
如:(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo
(The happy) child --- went (his) home yesterday
主语从句:What I said just now is very important
表语从句:This is what I said just now
宾语从句:You should keep in mind what I said just now
同位语从句:The fact that he passed away last night surprised us a lot
定语从句:The boy who is wearing a blue T-shirt is my brother
状语从句:If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go there
在网络上找了完整的句子来分析:
The best place to meet a lot of polyglots is an event where hundreds of language lovers meet in one place to practice their languages
意思:能够遇到很多多语言者的最佳地点是聚集了数百名多语言者的地方,他们在那里进行练习。
where在这里放在event后面,引导了定语从句,来修饰an event,where作为关系副词,有两个作用,1、起连接作用,连接了主句The best place to meet a lot of polyglots is an event和从句 hundreds of language lovers meet in one place to practice their languages 2、where在从句中充当地点状语。
I'll tell you about it when we meet 我们见面时,我会告诉你有关情况的。
As he was carrying out the experiment , he found something abnormal 正当他在做试验时,他发现情况有些不常。
Please eat it while it is hot 请趁热吃。
It has been more than two years since we parted last time
自我们上次分手至今已有两年多了。
Tom will tell him the truth when he comes back
他回来时,汤姆会告诉他事实真相的。
He will not play football if it rains tomorrow
明天要是下雨,他就不踢足球了。
Tom would tell him the truth when he came back
他回来时,汤姆会告诉他事实真相的。
He would not play football if it rained the next day
次日要是下雨,他就不踢足球了
While she was watching TV , she was cracking seeds
她一边看电视一边磕瓜子。
As he was doing his packing , some of his friends came to say good-bye to him 正当他在收拾行装的时候,他的一些朋友来向他告别。
They were ready to go out when the telephone rang (这个句子表示主句谓语动作rang发生的突然性。按常规应该是:When they were ready to go out , the telephone rang )就在他们准备出去的时候,电话铃响了。
He didn't go to sleep until 12 last night
他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。
They didn't realize their fault till we pointed it out to them
直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误,他们才意识到。
Not until we pointed out their fault to them did they realize it
直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误,他们才意识到。
The students made much noise till the teacher came into the classroom
直到老师走进教室学生们才停止了大声喧哗。
The young couple were very happy until they used up all their money
那对年青夫妇直到花光了所有的钱才沮丧起来。
I may not come to see you recently unless I can complete the project ahead of time 除非我能提前完成那个项目,否则我最近不会来看你了。或者:除非我能提前完成那个项目,我最近才会来看你了。
We can surely attain our goal as long as we are united as one
只要我们团结成一个人,我们肯定能实现我们的目标。
What shall we do if we can not get the necessary data?
如果我们弄不到必要的数据,我们怎么办?
They promised to let us have a meeting in their office on condition (that) we could keep it clean 如果我们能保持清洁,他们答应让我们在他们的办公室里开会。
He can't deliver his lectures today because he has got a bad cold
他今天不能去讲课了,因为他患了重感冒。
I may not be able to attend your wedding party not because I'm not willing to but because I've been caught by something recently
我或许无法参加你的婚礼了,不是我不想去而是近来有些事情缠着我无法脱身。
I won't dwelt too much time on this matter as it is known to everybody
由于大家都知道这件事,我就不在这件事上多花时间了。
Since you are busy enough we won't trouble you any more
既然你们忙得够呛,我们就不再麻烦你们了。
Because it is raining heavily, we have to change our plan to go outing现在下着这么大的雨,我们不得不改变去郊游的计划。
As the weather was fine, we decided to climb up the mountain
由于天气晴朗,我们决定去登山。
She is loved by all for she is kind and pretty
由于她长得漂亮、人又好而深受大家喜欢。
Air exists everywhere although we can't see it
尽管我们看不见空气,但它却无处不存在。
No matter where you go on the earth, you will feel the gravity
无论你走到地球的什么地方,你都会感觉到地引力。
We'll start our meeting on time whether he comes or not
无论他来不来,我们将准时开会。
Even if we are approaching the end of the experiment, we still have no time to lose即使我们即将完成试验,我们依然要分秒必
Although he is old, he is still energetic (主从复合句,正确)
尽管他上了年纪却还是依然精力充沛
He is old but (he is) still energetic (并列句,正确)
尽管他上了年纪却还是依然精力充沛
He speaks English almost as a native speaker does
他的英文几乎说得如讲英语母语的人一样。
He speaks English as if he were a native speaker
他讲英文的样子似乎象说英语母语的人。
She looked unwell as though she got a bad cold
她看上去身体不适好像患有重感冒。
In this reading-room you can read anything as everyone does here
在这间阅览室里,你可以象这儿的每个人一样想看什么就看什么。
英语从句在英语学习中起着很重要的作用,无论是在输入(如语篇分析、阅读理解等)还是在输出(如口语、写作)中一直是中国学生英语学习中的难点,下面是我整理的在英语中什么是从句,欢迎阅读。
在英语中什么是从句从句[1] 是复句中具有分属地位的分句,它是一种绝大部分语言都有的语法结构。在现代汉语的语法中,“从句”不作为专业术语被使用。在现代英语的语法中,从句指复合句中不能独立成句,但具有主语部分和谓语部分,由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which等引导词(Connective)引导的非主句部分。现在中国教育的“从句”二字常指现代英语的从句结构,故以下只列出现代英语的从句使用。
一,名词性从句
1主语从句Whether it's right or not remains to be seen
2宾语从句I wonder whether it's right or not
3同位语从句This is a question whether it's right or not 4表语从句The question is whether it's right or not
二,定语从句
1限定性定语从句She is the student who can speak English well 2非限定性定语从句She is the student,who can speak English well
三,状语从句
1时间状语从句The fact will come out when he comes here
2地点状语从句You can go wherever you like
3原因状语从句Pay more attention to your lessons because you are a student 4方式状语从句He walks as if he were a king
5目的状语从句She went to Japan so that she could learn Japanese well 6结果状语从句She went to Japan so that she learned Japanese well 7条件状语从句I will understand it if he tells me
8让步状语从句He knows a lot though he is little
PART2:经典名词性从句
主语从句(subject clauses)在复合句中起主语作用的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的词有从属连词、、关系代词、连接副词等。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词that、whether,关系代词:who, what, which , whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever;关系副词:when, where, how, why, however, whenever, wherever等。
That you don’t like him is none of my business你不喜欢她不管我的事。 What he said is true 他说的是真的。
Do you remember how he arrived almost at the end of the party 你记得他几乎是在宴会快结束时才到的吗 This party's really where it's at, man! 啊,这个晚会真棒!
Tell us how you fulfilled the heavy task ahead of schedule告诉我们,你们是怎样提前完成这一艰巨任务的。 We have reason to believe that the fighting on the border may develop into a full-blown war (喻)我们有理由相信边境上的冲突可能发展成一场全面战争。
He said that he would come 他说他要来。
Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。
表语从句 用作表语的从句叫作表语从句,它位于主句中的连系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有从属连词that、whether、as though(if);关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等;关系副词when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等。可以接表语从句的连系动词由be, look, remain, seem等。That引导表语从句时,在口语中,间或可以省略。
The trouble is that we are short of money困难是我们资金短缺。
That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields这就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因。
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow当时,我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
宾语从句(object clauses)用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同。宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语,也可以作介词和非谓语动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词)和某些形容词的宾语。宾语从句可以由从属连词that whether、if,关系代词what, who, whose, which和关系副词when、where、how、why等引导。
He said he wanted to go to town 他说他想去城里。
I hope you'll be better soon我希望你能很快好起来。
I’m so glad that you were able to come to this party你能设法抽空出席这个交际会,我很高兴。
I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知。
Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains除了雨天,大多数中国人一般都骑自行车上班。
He asked me whether she was coming 他问我,她来还是不来。
同位语从句 用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在抽象名词fact,idea,news,hope,belief,thought,truth,doubt,suggestion,warning, instruction,reason,information, question等之后,对这些名词进行说明或解释。引导同位语从句的词除连词that,whether外,还有关系代词what, which, who, 以及关系副词how,when,where,why等。
It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health 吸烟危害健康,这是事实。
I have no idea what you mean我一点儿也不明白你的意思。
He made the suggestion that we go by train 他建议我们坐火车去。 There is no doubt that he is guilty 毫无疑问,他是有罪的。
PART3:经典定语从句
1窗户朝南的那间房间是我的。
The room whose window faces south is mine=The room of which the window faces south is mine
1 整座城市躺在废墟中,其中百分子75的工厂和大楼消失不见了。 The whole city, 75% of whose factories and buildings were gone, lay in ruins
2 我们公司有2000工人,三分之二是女工。
Our company has 2000 workers, of whom two thirds/ two thirds of whom are women
3 那些被困在废墟里的人已经得救了。
Those who were trapped under the ruins finally got rescued
4 你们刚才谈论的那场地震好可怕呀!
The earthquake that you were talking about sounded frightening/shocking=The earthquake about which you were talking sounded frightening
5 我的家人都是音乐爱好者,今晚将去看**。
My family, all of whom are music lovers, are going to the movie tonight
6 我们正在看的这幢大楼过去曾经是一家医院。
The building which we are looking at used to be a hospital
7 约翰向母亲说起过把他在国外见过的人和城市。
John once talked to his mom about the people and cities that he had visited abroad
8 他是去过伦敦的一位以观光者之一。
He is one of the tourists who have been to London
9 他是这些观光者当中唯一去过伦敦的。
He is the only one of the visitors that/who has been to London
10 这就是你们上个礼拜参观过的学校吗
Is this the school that you visited last Sunday
11 这所学校就是你们上个礼拜参观过的那所吗
Is this school the one that you visited last Sunday
12 他们曾经居住过的是在这个地方里。
It is in this place that he once lived
13 这是他们曾经住过的地址。
It is the place where he once lived
14 他有两个儿子,每一位都看起来像他。
He has two sons, either of whom looks like him
15 他有连个儿子,并且每一个都看起来像他。
He has two sons, and either of them looks like him
16 这是一本封面是蓝色的书。
17 This is a book whose cover is blue=This is a book,of which the cover is blue=This is a book,the cover of which is blue
18 他不说令她生气的话。He said nothing that made her angry
19 那就是他拒绝在会上发言的理由。That was the reason why/for which he refused to speak at the meeting =That was the reason which/that he refused to speak for at the meeting
20 那就是前几天麦克给我的理由。
That was the reason that/which Mac gave me
21 正如我们大家都知道的一样,比尔盖茨创建了微软公司。
As is known to us all, Bill Gates founded Microsoft on his own
22 比尔盖茨创建了微软公司是我们大家都知道的。
It is known to us all that Bill Gates founded Microsoft on his own=That Bill Gates founded his own Microsoft is known to us all
23 是他那夹杂着乡村音乐,布鲁斯音乐和福音的风格成就了他的名气。你是同谁一起去看的**
It is his voice, with his country, blues and Gospel styles, that made him famous Who was it that you went to the movie together with=With whom was it that you went to the movie together
24 他不像是那种把工作留下一半的那种人。
He isn’t such a man as would leave his work half done
25 我要用与你们工厂里用过相同的那种工具。
I prefer to use the same tools as were used in your factory
26 我丢了一本书,书名我一时记不起来了。
I have lost a book whose title escapes me at the moment=I lost a book,of which the title escapes me at the moment
27 像你在读的那本小说我不欣赏。
I don’t enjoy such a book as you are reading=I don’t appreciate the same book as you are reading
28 擦黑板的那一位应该受到表扬
The one who cleans the blackboard should be praised。
29 我在初中度过的那三年我永远不会忘记。
I will never forget the three years that I spent in the junior middle school
30 那不是我做事情的方法。
That isn’t the way( in which/that) I do it
31 他们能用不同的方法拼写单词,这是你们发现有趣的方法。
They could spell words in different ways which/that you might find interesting=They could spell words by different means that /which you might find interesting
32 照现在的样子抄写这个表达词语,不要有任何更改。
Copy this expression as it is; don’t make any change
33 我们将尝试着帮助家长改善他们与孩子交谈的方式。
We will try to help parents improve the ways (that/in which) they talk with their children
34 只有用这种方法才会停止比尔盖茨的快速成功。
Only in this way/by this means can Bill Gates’ quick success be stopped=Only in this way/By this means can they stop Bill Gate‘s quick success。
35 这位在救援中左脚受伤的士兵,年仅二十岁。、
The soldier whose left foot got wounded during the rescue is only twenty years old
36 他们破坏法律的方式开始的时候是和平的。
At first the ways that/in which they broke the laws were peaceful
PART4: 经典状语从句
1条件状语从句:
1) 除非,若不;相当于if---not) 即:If you are too tired,we’ll not go out for a walk
2)只要,表示条件的唯一性)
3)(以防---,以免---)
4)条件是---)
5) 如果,假如)
6)He won't be against us in the meeting that we ask for his advice in advance( 假如,除非以……为条件)
7)一旦---就--)
2时间状语从句:
1)当---的时候,表示“瞬时动词”)
2当---的时候,was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)
3)(然而,表示“对比”)
4)(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
5)(as表示“一边……一边”)
6)Einstein almost knocked me down he saw me(“在---之前”或“----才”)
7)(“刚好在---之前”或“---就”)
8)(在---之后)
9)“直到----才”,主句中的动词为非延续性动词)
10)“直到----才”,主句中的动词为延续性动词) 自从---)
12) I will go there I have finished my breakfast (一----就---,另外有immediately, instantly)
I heard the news, I hastened to the spot (一----就---,另外有the instant, the minute,ect) 一----就---)
15) He had arrived home he was asked to start on another journey (一----就---,另外有hardly/scarcely----when---)
16) you came back, I had finished this book(“到---时为止”,从句是一般过去时,主句是过去完成时。)
you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work (“到---时为止”,从句是一般现在时,主句是将来完成时。)
“每当---的时候”或“每次”,复习each time, every time和whenever)
3有关时间状语从句的重点句型
1)过很久才----)
2)come back( It won’t be---before---不久就---)
2)meeting was over he began to teach me English(“ It was not until---that----” not until的强调句型)
3)的倒装句型。) 我们老板离开北京有五个月了。(“It is/has been---since” 自从---以来多长时间)
had I sat down he stepped in我刚坐下,他就进来了。(“hardly/scarcely----when---”/同“no sooner ---than” 注意时态的应用。)
4原因状语从句
1)The sweater shrank it was washed badly (强调“直接原因”)
we’ve no money, we can’t buy it (由于)
you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics (“既然”强调双方共知的原因,复习 “now (that),seeing (that), considering (that), in that”)
4)引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因, 只提供一些辅助性的补充说明, for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。)
5)国强不在大。(“not because”结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句)
5结果状语从句
1)太---以至于) 太---以致于) (以致于)
4) 注意状语从句与too…toenough to…, so… as to结构的不同。
6目的状语从句
1)You must speak you can be heard by all( 为了;以便)
2)He wrote the name down (生怕,以免)he should forget it
3)以免)the weather is cold
4) Say it louder(so)that everyone can hear you( 以便)
7让步状语从句
1)虽然,纵然,尽管) you may, I’ll go( 虽然,纵然,尽管) 虽然,纵然,尽管) 虽然,纵然,尽管)
5) We’ll make a trip “即使……”) (“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”)
you are, you must keep the you are, you must keep the law(无论谁,复习no matter +疑问词引导的状语从句。)
8)(尽管)
8方式状语从句
1)minds
2)3)说明:as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:He stared at me as if seeing me for the first time(他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。)
He cleared his throat 么似的。)
The waves dashed on the rocks 很愤怒。)
4)Please pronounce the word do(用---方式)
5)Leave the things they are(按照---)
9比较状语从句
1)You seem to know music you know astronomy(as---as 结构)
2)There his in this city (no so---as 结构)
3)There were not so many tickets available as were asked for (not so---as 结构)
4)Finally he has he wanted (as +adj +n+as 结构)
5)Your watch is not his(the same as结构)
6)I never met a man your younger brother(such---as 结构)
7)She studies her classmates(more than结构)
8)other book has had on my life(否定词和比较级连用表示最高级含义。)
9)This teacher explained the problem more clearly than (比较级与 “any other one”连用表示最高级含义。)
10)The more you read, the better will you write(the more----the more 结构)
11) He earned 800 dollars a month 他一个月只挣800美元。(no +比较级+than结构)
10地点状语从句
1)there is a will, there is a way
2)You should have put the book you found it
3) there is smoke , there is fire
4) When you read the book, you’d better make a mark you have any questions
从句,即从属子句,是复句中具有分属地位的分句,它是一种绝大部分语言都有的语法结构。在现代汉语的语法中,“从句”不作为专业术语被使用。在现代英语的语法中,从句指复合句中不能独立成句,但具有主语部分和谓语部分,由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、whether、which等引导词(Connective)引导的非主句部分。
从句用法总结
1主语从句
1)主语从句可直接位于主语的位置,如果从句较长,谓语又较短,可用it作形式主语,而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有:
It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that
It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that
It is clear\important\likely\possible that
It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that
It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation
It seems that the performance is very useful
2)what引导的主语从句表示“的东西时”,一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience
3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义,但它们引导的主语从句,都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again
I did know why I felt like crying
2宾语从句
1)宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是)已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
I promised that I would change the situation
All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship
He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children
This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long
2)宾语从句后如有宾补,要用形式宾语it来代替,而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind
3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中,如果谓语是否定的,一般将否定词移至主句谓语上,宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent
3表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外,还可由because,as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句,不可用because
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller
4同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词that引导,由于先行名词的意义不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time
The news came that their team had won the championship
5定语从句
定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词,也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导。
限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句修饰先行词,对先行词起修饰作用,紧接先行词之后,无逗号,若省去,原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人,whose有时也可指物,相当于of which;which用于指物;that既可指人也可指物,但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句,替代先行词外,还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。
The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations
Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people
The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother
1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导从句。
That is all that I've heard from him
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时不可用that,只可用which或whom引导从句,并且不可省略,但当介词位于宾语从句句末时,作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语,意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day
5定语从句
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,也可修饰整个主句,起补充说明作用,与主句之间有逗号隔开,若省去,原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism
“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配,或先行词的习惯搭配。
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar
as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“suchas”及“the sameas”的结构中,代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet(as代替主语)
英语八类状语从句的用法归纳一、概说
状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义,状语从句可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点,也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别,以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。
二、时间状语从句
1引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多,常见的有before,after,when,while,as,since,till,until,assoonas等。
2表示“当…时候”的while,when,as的用法区别是:while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词;表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时,只能用when;当表示“一边…一边…”或“随着”时,只能用as。另外,用于此义的as所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词,不能是状态动词。如下面一道高考题的答案是B而不能是A:
“I’mgoingtothepostoffice”“_____you’rethere,canyougetmesomestamps”
AAs BWhile CBecause DIf
3until在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词,表示相应动作结束的时间;在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词,表示相应动作开始的时间,意为“直到…才”。如:
Hewaiteduntilshewasabouttoleave他等着一直到她准备离开。
Ididnotbegintoworktillhehadgone他走了后我才开始工作。
4表示“一…就”除用assoonas外,还可用theminute,thesecond,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,nosooner…than,hardly…when等。如:
Icameimmediatelyyoucalled你一来电话我就来了。
Hardlyhadshearrivedwhenitbegantosnow她刚到就下起雪来了。
ThemomentIhavefinishedI'llgiveyouacall我一干完就给你打电话。
5everytime,eachtime,(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime,bythetime,thefirsttime,anytime等以time结尾的词语也可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。如:
Nexttimeyoucomein,pleaseclosethedoor下次你进来,请关门。
Hedidn’ttellmeanythingthelasttimeIsawhim上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。
BythetimeIgothome,shehadalreadygonetobed我到家时她已睡觉了。
三、条件状语从句
1引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有if,unless,as[so]longas等。如:
Don’tcomeunlessItelephone除非我打电话,否则你别来。
Ifyouwatchcarefullyyouwillseehowtodoit如果你仔细瞧你会看出该怎样做。
Aslongasyoudoyourbest,we’llbehappy只要你尽力,我们就满意了。
2incase也可引导条件状语从句,其意为“如果”、“万一”。如:
IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit如果我忘了,请提醒我。
四、让步状语从句
1引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有although,though,however(=nomatterhow),evenif(即使),whether…or(不论…还是)等连词。如:
Thespeechisgood,thoughitcouldbebetter这次演讲不错,虽然还可以再好一点。
Hewentouteventhoughitwasraining尽管下雨,他还是出去了。
2as也可引导让步状语从句,但要将名词、形容词或副词等提到as前,若提前的是单数可数名词,要省略a/an。如:
Teacherasheis,hecan’tknoweverything虽然是老师,他也不可能什么都懂。
3连词while有时也可表示“尽管”、“虽然”,引导让步状语从句。如:
Whilewedon’tagreewecontinuetobefriends尽管我们意见不同,我们还是朋友。
4whatever,whoever,however,whenever,wherever等引导让步状语从句。如:
Don’tloseheartwhateveryoudo不管你做什么,都不要灰心。
Whoeveryouare,youcan’tpassthisway不管你是谁,你都不能从这里通过。
注:表示“虽然”的though,although不可与but连用,但可与yet,still连用。
五、原因状语从句
1引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because,as,since,seeing(that),now(that)等:
Theycan’thavegoneoutbecausethelight’son他们不可能出去了,因为灯还亮着。
Sinceyouaregoing,Iwillgo既然你去,我也去。
Nowthatwearealone,wecanspeakfreely现在我们单独在一起,可以随便谈了。
2除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外,when有时也可引导原因状语从句,其意“既然”。如:
Ican’ttellyouwhenyouwon'tlisten既然你不想听,我就不告诉你了。
3有关原因状语从句还应注意以下几点:
(1)as与since,nowthat一样表示双方都知道的原因,通常位于主句前,且均不可用于强调结构被强调。
(2)当表示直接的因果关系,回答why时,或有only,just,all,partly,not,but等副词修饰时,或用在强调结构中都只能用because。
(3)for有时也可引出表示原因的分句,但它只能位于后面,对前一分句加以解释或推断。
(4)不要受汉语意思影响将表示“因为”的连词与表示“所以”的so连用。
六、地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要有where(在…的地方),wherever(无论什么地方),everywhere(每个…地方),anywhere(任何…地方)。如:
I’mnotlivingwhereIwas我不在原处住了。
Youcan’tcampwhere[wherever,anywhere]youlikethesedays如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。
EverywhereIgo,Ifindthesamething不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。
2有的同学认为地点状语从句在平时见得不多,误认为考试不会涉及,但恰恰相反,地点状语从句却是英语考试经常考查的一个知识点。请看以下考题:
(1)Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark_____youhaveanyquestions
Aatwhich Batwhere Ctheplacewhere Dwhere
(2)Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup_____therehadoncebeenatheatre
Athat Bwhere Cwhich Dwhen
(3)Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethings_____youcanfindthemagain
Awhen Bwhere Cthen Dthere
(4)Shefoundhercalculator______shelostit
Awhere Bwhen Cinwhich Dthat
以上四题均选where,其意为“在…的地方”,用以引导地点状语从句。
七、目的状语从句
1引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要有inorderthat,sothat,incase,forfear等。如:
IhiredaboatsothatIcouldgofishing我租了一条船去钓鱼。
Takeyourcoatincaseitrains(shouldrain)带着雨衣以防下雨。
Hestudiedhardinorderthathecouldpasstheexam他努力学习,是为了能通过考试。
2引导目的状语从句的sothat有时可省so或that,即单独用so或that来引导目的状语从句。如:
Checkcarefully,soanymistakewillbecaught仔细检查,以便任何错误都可检查出。
BringitcloserthatImightseeitbetter拿近些,使我能看得清楚些。
八、结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要有sothat,so…that,such…that等。如:
Hewassoangrythathecouldn'tspeak他气得话都说不出来。
Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke他关窗子用力很大,结果玻璃震破了。
注:so…that和such…that中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略。
主语从句
1)主语从句可直接位于主语的位置,如果从句较长,谓语又较短,可用it作形式主语,而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有:
It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation
It seems that the performance is very useful
2)what引导的主语从句表示“的东西时”,一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience
3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义,但它们引导的主语从句,都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again
2宾语从句
1)宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是)已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
I promised that I would change the situation
3表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外,还可由because,as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句,不可用because
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America
4同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词that引导,由于先行名词的意义不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time
The news came that their team had won the championship
5定语从句
定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词,也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导。
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar
6状语从句
时间状语从句
As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses
The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy
地点状语从句
Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station
条件和让步状语从句
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently(=though he is a child)
方式状语从句
The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him
Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened
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