1专八的文学常识从哪里入手
我来回答一下这个问题。我是英语专业的，也过了八级了。
其实，英语专业的教学大纲对这一项并没有具体要求，但是八级考试大纲则有以下四点说明：
1 能基本了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、现状、文化传统等。
2 能初步具备英语文学知识。
3 能初步具备英语语言学知识。
4 考试时间为10分钟。
从考试大纲里看，这一部分涉及到三个方面的内容：英美文学，英语语言学和英语国家概况。
其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期：
1 Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。
2 The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。
3 The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。
4 The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。
5 The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。
6 The Modern Period（现代时期）。
美国文学主要分为四个时期：
1 The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。
2 American Romantici （美国浪漫主义文学）。
3 American Reali （美国现实主义文学）。
4 American Moderni （美国现代主义文学）。
语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。
关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。
星火出的那个小本很薄的再找一本模拟的就够了。我考试的时候错了1个，我是07年考的，没觉得多难，语言学部分也就是两个题，英国文学3-4个，美国文学3-4个。不用漫天撒网，典型时期，典型人物就行了。
2专八的文学常识从哪里入手
我来回答一下这个问题。
我是英语专业的，也过了八级了。 其实，英语专业的教学大纲对这一项并没有具体要求，但是八级考试大纲则有以下四点说明： 1 能基本了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、现状、文化传统等。
2 能初步具备英语文学知识。 3 能初步具备英语语言学知识。
4 考试时间为10分钟。 从考试大纲里看，这一部分涉及到三个方面的内容：英美文学，英语语言学和英语国家概况。
其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1 Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。
2 The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3 The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。
4 The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5 The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。
6 The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1 The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。
2 American Romantici （美国浪漫主义文学）。 3 American Reali （美国现实主义文学）。
4 American Moderni （美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。
关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 星火出的那个小本很薄的再找一本模拟的就够了。
我考试的时候错了1个，我是07年考的，没觉得多难，语言学部分也就是两个题，英国文学3-4个，美国文学3-4个。不用漫天撒网，典型时期，典型人物就行了。
3考英语专八,人文常识要仔细看书吗
专八人文分数共十分，其中包括英、美、澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大的国家概况（地理，比如美国的最长河流是密西西比等，国歌国旗，国家政治机构，党派（英美比较主要）等，其实澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大一般考得不深，只要记住它们的国歌国旗，地理状况，还有比如像英国女王，总督，总理这类的知识就行），还有英美文学史（作家作品，还有像桂冠诗人之类的诗人头衔，还有著名作家的时期，比如莎士比亚是英国文艺复兴时期的剧作家等），还有就是语言学的基本知识（这部分只要知道句法学、语法学、词素这些专业名词的含义，能够分辨就可以，还有就是一些关于语言学提出的理论），其实人文部分你做一下冲击波的题目，并且看看上面的知识点就行，不过由于东西比较多，要全记住比较困难，所以你尽量记吧，最主要的是比较有名的地方要记得住至于翻译，这要靠基本功了，平时多动手练练，扩大词汇量，今年专八的英译中其中的词汇就比较有难度，如果词汇量不够的话很难翻。
32、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）（Relativity of Knowledge）;Three Philosphical Poets三大哲学诗人；Poems（A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十书怀）;The Last Puritan最后的清教徒
33、William E·B Dubois威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-1963Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂（Of Booker T Washington and Others）;The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）
34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加·李·马斯特斯1868-1950A Book of Verse诗集；Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）；Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集（Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达。马物罗克）
35、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935Captain Craig克雷格上尉——诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon's Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集
36、Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯1870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat（realistic）小麦诗史（The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所）;A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事
37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇
38、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic）;An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗
39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔·劳伦斯。邓巴1872-1906We Wear the Mask我们带着面具他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为"黑种人的桂冠诗人"（Poet Laureate of the Negro Race）
40、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下
41、Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛克莱尔1878-1968Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon's Teeth龙齿
42、Irving Babbitt欧文·白壁德1865-1933（新人文主义主要代表）Literature and the American College文学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典文学教学；The New Laokoon新拉奥孔；Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义；Democracy and Leadership民主与领导；On being Creative论创造性
43、Villa Sibert Cather维拉·凯塞1873-1947O,Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor's House教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死
44、Gertrude Stein格特鲁德·斯坦因1874-1946The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas爱丽丝·托克拉斯的自传；Tender Button温柔的钮扣
45、Robert Frest罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963A Boy's Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北（Mending Wall修墙，After Apple-picking摘苹果之后）；Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）（The Road Not taken没有选择的道路）；West-running Brook西流的溪涧；A Further Range又一片牧场；A Witness Tree一株作证的树
浪漫主义是文艺的基本创作方法之一，与现实主义同为文学艺术上的两大主要思潮。作为创作方法，浪漫主义在反映客观现实上侧重从主观内心世界出发，抒发对理想世界的热烈追求，常用热情奔放的语言、瑰丽的想象和夸张的手法来塑造形象。浪漫主义的创作倾向由来已久，早在人类的文学艺术处于口头创作时期，一些作品就不同程度地带有浪漫主义的因素和特色。但这时的浪漫主义既未形成思潮，又不是自觉为人们掌握的创作方法。
Romantism is one of fundamental literature and art formula for creation, with actualism and for that literature and art is upper two big main trends of thought Put particular emphasis on the secondary subjective self's inner world as formula for creation , romantism on reflecting objective reality starting off, enthusiasm expressing to the ideal world runs after, come to mold an image language overflowing with enthusiasm , magnificent imagination and exaggerated gimmick in common use The romantism creation inclination is as old as the hills, as far back as human being's literature and art is in an oral creating a period, a little work the zone factor and characteristic having romantism right away to varying degrees Now that but romantism at this time not having formed a trend of thought, formula for creation being not that conscientious conduct grasps
romanticism
American Romanticism
The romantic period in Britain runs from 1790 until 1830 In America the Romantic period runs from about 1800 until 1860 So we can see that the Romantic Movement in America began a few years after it’s European cousin and continues for a much longer period after
Examples of European Writers; Wordsworth, Blake, Coleridge, Shelley, Keats, Byron, Goethe, Schelling Important American Romantic Writers:
Washington Irving
James Fenimoore Cooper
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Herman Melville
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Walt Whitman
Edgar Allen Poe
European and especially British romanticism was a big influence on American writers The important influences to remember are-
Gothic- gothic writers such as Ann Radcliffe, who wrote such works as The Mysteries of Udolfo, and The Italian, Matthew Lewis and, the tales of ETA Hoffman all were influential Gothic themes include solitude, ghosts, the natural world, darkness, death, doubling of characters and the devil
Sir Walter Scott- his border tales, where he writes of Scotland in a way that describes it as a wilderness was a big influence on James Fenimore Cooper, who wrote of American wilderness The book says “Scott was, in a way, responsible for the romantic description of landscape in American literature” (41)
Oriental Romances- these were an influence on the attempt by American Romanticists to develop a literature that dealt with American Indians, as writers like Longfellow, Cooper and Freneau all tried to do The important texts here were Byron’s tales such as Manfred, The Corsair and Lara, all of which dealt thematically with people of different cultures (in this case Muslims in the middle East), and these were adapted by the American writers
Wordsworth and Coleridge- firstly because of Lyrical Ballads, which was one of the very first “democratic” books of poetry- it wrote in very ordinary language of the concerns of common people, without using poetic artifice In a nation such as America, this was very important, as it matched what writers were trying to do in a land that was seen by Americans as totally democratic and egalitarian: as Crevecouer says “We are the most perfect society now existing in the world Here man is as free as he ought to be; nor is this pleasing equality so transient as others are” (39) Stylistically the book was also important in that it used traditional ballad forms which American writers adopted for their own ends- eg Longfellow, give examples on p170+ Secondly, because of the reverence that these poets felt for nature Both Coleridge and Wordsworth found that there was holiness present in Nature that was beneficial to the spirit of man- quote here This proved to be a big influence on the New England Transcendentalists, who we shall study in the next class, who combined Romantic and Puritan attitudes towards nature, and also they were a big influence on Walt Whitman
Politics All of the important English Romantic poets held very radical, democratic ideas as to how society should be governed They all disliked monarchy, and social privilege, and believed that ordinary men and women should have more of an influence on the way that government was run Since Americans were so proud of their own country being a democracy and a republic (no king) this theme too found a ready audience in America English Romantics were all influenced by the French revolution, which they saw as a model way of governing society, and this was reflected in America, in writers such as Thomas Paine
Interest in folk culture The German writers, the Brothers Grimm, and Hoffman drew on folk tales and stories in their work- as Washington Irving does in his Sketch Book stories
Differences
Yet we cannot say that American Romanticism was a mere copy of European Romanticism There were a number off factors that made it unique to the country
Newness For Americans in the early 19th century, their country and their landscape was an entirely new one Unlike in Europe, where landscape always carried with it overtones of history – cf “Tintern Abbey”- America seemed to be an entirely fresh and new land, one that did not have lots of traces of continuous human habitation on it America was on the whole a wilderness, undiscovered and unspoiled The trees and wildlife were totally different So there were no nightingales or skylarks, but different birds, and trees that in Europe carried a symbolic power- such as the oak for wisdom, or the yew tree for age- did not exist here The newness of the whole place meant that even fairly ordinary, day-to-day things were very interesting, and lots of American writers wrote about ordinary events in a way that made them fresh and exciting Irving wrote of the Hudson Valley, William Cullen Bryant wrote of the wild west as did Cooper On the other hand, some writers felt that this newness also meant an absence of history Washington Irving was attracted to Europe because he felt that it had history- on page 54 – “Europe held forth the charms of storied and poetical associationsthe accumulated treasures of ages” Etc
Puritanism Although in the early nineteenth century, America was a significantly less religious society than it had been 100 years before, Puritanism remained a strong influence The public opinion was still overwhelmingly Puritan, and this meant that American Romanticism was more Puritan than its European counterpart This happened in two ways Firstly American writers were often very didactic- they did not hesitate to moralize about the people they were writing about Washington Irving takes a moralistic tone towards his characters, though he is also quite kind and charitable towards their faults The other result of Puritanism was that certain topics remained off limits- specifically sex Romanticism in England had often engaged with this topic- The Monk talks of fetishism and incest, Coleridge’s “Christabel” talks of a lesbian relationship, Shelley was a great believer in free love (“Epipsychidion”) and Byron based his public persona in a large part on his attractiveness to women In America, authors were more reticent The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne talks of adultery, but only in terms of its effects on people, but not of the act itself Edgar Allen Poe, though very graphic in lots of ways was also very prudish when it came to sex and love
The ideals of Americans were also different They thought of America as a new Garden of Eden, and believed strongly in individualism and equality, to the extent that they saw themselves as a new kind of man- a pioneer This pioneering spirit was different from European Romanticism, where man used nature as a retreat, rather than something to be explored Later Romantic writers, such as Emerson, in his “The American Scholar” and Whitman gave expression to this new kind of man
Optimism I spoke last week of the optimistic character of the Puritans, and the idea of optimism continues throughout American Romanticism European Romantics were on the whole a pessimistic bunch, who wrote a lot about the negative states of feeling: Shelley’s “Dejection: An Ode”, Goethe’s Sorrows of Young Werther, and Keats’ Ode to Melancholy American Romantics did not dwell on the bad parts of human feeling; rather they concentrated on the good emotions- joy, love, happiness etc
There were also other differences between American and European Romanticism
Childhood “The child is the father to the man” said Wordsworth The idea of childhood as the central defining factor in a person’s life was central to the European Romantic imagination, but American romanticism did not place such a great an emphasis on it
Industry The Industrial/bourgeoisie revolution took place in England from 1750 onwards The new kind of society it built up- where some people got very rich of the work of others, the filthy living conditions, inhuman working conditions, that made men seem scarcely human, etc made the city and the modern world something that Romantic poets in Europe flee from- eg Coleridge, “This Lime-tree Bower, my Prison” or Keats’ “To One who has been Long in the City Pent” In America on the other hand, the attitude was different America was becoming very wealthy very quickly, and this growing economic confidence, coupled with a growing sense of political confidence, meant that as a nation American writers were less concerned with the problems of industrialization and money
Problems of American Romanticism
Society Although they referred to equality and democracy as founding aspects of their identity, American Romanticists were often less committed to attacking the social problems of the day, such as slavery and the question of what to do with American Indians
Derivative Lots of American poets copied English ones, quite obviously The New England Poets, Longfellow, William Bryant, John Whittier and Oliver Wendell Holmes, all copied English authors , such as Cowper, Dryden and Pope, who were, and are, not popular even in England So the poetry can sound very dated to modern ears, as often it was quite clearly aping the past masters
我找到了一个word文档，但是百度不给发链接，你上百度文库输入“英美浪漫主义比较 ”，就能找到了。
另外还有一个：
英国
英国是最早出现浪漫主义文学的国家之一。英国的浪漫主义作家不满于资本主义城市文明的发展，具有愤世嫉俗、归隐自然的倾向。18世纪中后期的诗人罗伯特·彭斯（1759年－1796年）和威廉·布莱克（1757年－1827年7）是浪漫主义文学的先驱，他们在英语诗歌文体和语言上做出了很多可贵的尝试。彭斯从苏格兰民歌中吸取养料，其《苏格兰方言诗集》擅长抒情和讽刺，语言通俗；布莱克的《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》则具有象征意义和神秘色彩，在20世纪大放异彩，影响了整个现代英诗。
然而，英国浪漫主义第一批真正的大师则是被称为“湖畔派”的三位诗人。威廉·华兹华斯（1770年－1850年）是湖畔派诗人中成就最高者，他与“湖畔派”另一诗人萨缪尔·柯勒律治（1772年－1834年）共同出版《抒情歌谣集》，成为英国浪漫主义文学的奠基之作。诗集中收录的诗歌大部分为华兹华斯所做，而柯勒律治的名诗《古舟子咏》和《忽必烈汉》亦收入其中，充满幻觉和奇谲的意象。然而华兹华斯这一时期最重要的作品则是长诗《序曲》。骚塞的诗歌极富古之幽情，与世俗格格不入。湖畔派三位诗人均蛰居于英国西北湖区，缅怀中世纪和宗法式的乡村生活，是浪漫主义文学中温婉清丽的代表。
乔治·拜伦（1788年－1824年）和雪莱（1792年－1822年）两位诗人将英国的浪漫主义文学推向高峰。他们和湖畔派诗人的不同之处在于其作品更具战斗意识和政治倾向。雪莱的代表作《解放了的普罗米修斯》通过神话描写被压迫的人民的苦难和暴君的必然下场，预言革命一定会到来。他的短诗《西风颂》、《致云雀》等音韵铿锵，更有“冬天如果来了，春天还会远吗？”等名句传世。拜伦是19世纪上半期最为著名的浪漫主义诗人，他一生游历各地，其诗作充满异域情调。代表作《唐璜》是对资本主义制度的一场深入骨髓的检阅，发人深省。在欧洲，拜伦成为一种文化现象。人们把孤独、悲壮、崇尚个人式反抗的浪漫主义者形象称为“拜伦式英雄”。拜伦晚年投身于希腊的民族解放运动，并最终因伤寒而死于希腊战场。
英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物还包括约翰·济慈（1795年－1821年）。他的创作生涯只有5年，却写出了著名的抒情诗《夜莺颂》和《希腊古瓮颂》，沉醉于古代世界田园牧歌的美景之中。瓦尔特·司各特（1771年－1823年）以创作小说为主，《艾凡赫》以12世纪的英国为背景，塑造绿林英雄罗宾汉的形象，他是欧洲历史小说的创始人。
美国
沃尔特·惠特曼由于美国和欧洲在历史、文化上的种种不同，以欧洲通行的文学流派的概念来衡量美国文学的发展实际上并不十分准确。但由于美国文学也是整个西方文学的一个部分，因此通常人们也将美国文学史放入整个西方文学史的框架内来研究。
美国的浪漫主义文学深受西欧浪漫主义文学的影响。19世纪上半叶，美国资本主义迅速发展，民族意识和爱国热情高涨，摆脱英国文学的束缚、重视人的精神创造和追求自由的超验主义蔚为大观，至此美国浪漫主义文学开始蓬勃发展。
爱默生 (Ralph Waldo Emerson)（1803年－1882年）和梭罗（1817年－1862年）是超验主义理论家，最先提出浪漫主义的主张。他们强调人的精神作用和直觉的意义，认为自然界充满灵性，人应该回归自然。梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》是美国浪漫主义文学的奠基之作。
美国前期浪漫主义作家的代表人物包括华盛顿·欧文（1783年－1859年）、詹姆斯·库柏（1789年－1851年）和爱伦·坡。欧文被称为美国文学之父，在他的小说中，“美国文学”这一概念第一次浮出水面，不再深受英国文学的拘束。库柏是美国民族文学的奠基人之一，他开创了以《皮袜子故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，最重要的一部是《最后一个莫希干人》。爱伦·坡主张艺术要使读者获得刺激而达到灵魂的升华，他的小说大部分以死亡、凶杀、复仇为题材，揭示人的幻觉状态和变态心理，他和法国诗人波德莱尔共同被尊为象征主义文学的先驱。
美国后期的浪漫主义文学以纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804年－1864年）、沃尔特·惠特曼（1819年－1892年）和赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（1819年－1891年）为代表。霍桑在作品中对“隐秘的恶”进行挖掘，《红字》反映清教徒殖民统治的黑暗以及教会的虚伪和不公，象征手法运用纯熟。惠特曼的耗一生的经历编纂、扩充诗集《草叶集》，歌颂美利坚民族意识的觉醒，成为美国现代文学的鼻祖。麦尔维尔是美国浪漫主义小说家中成就最高者，擅长描写航海奇遇和异域风情，代表作《白鲸》是美国文学史上最杰出的小说之一，小说中的“白鲸”已经成为一种超然的、对人类怀有敌意而又难以征服的神秘物的图腾。
1 英文写作的四种文体及注意事项
四种文体： 1、记叙文， 2、议论文， 3、说明文 4、应用文：包括书信、通知、便条等。
注意事项： 1、确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样，才能保证所写段落不偏题，不跑题。
2、要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排，避免段落内容的交叉。 3、用好连接词，注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。
要做到所写文章层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯，就需要在句与句之间，段与段之间架起一座座桥梁，而连接词起的正是桥梁作用。 4、平时多注重积累一些高级词汇也是很重要的。
扩展资料：
而许多学生在此方面丢分甚多，以致影响最后总分，因此提高学生写作能力势在必行。 任何文章都是由句子组成的，句子又是由词组、基本句型构成的。
要重视词、短语、句型的理解记忆，因此，书面表达要从词组、句型训练入手，强化基础知识。 掌握好词组、基本句型，再配上合适的时态，一篇文章就基本完成。
句子是作文 的基本单位，我们要有意识地进行连句成文的有步骤的训练。 先把词汇写出来，然后巧用一些关联词连句成篇。
在大量形式多样的简单句子中，要逐步学会用简单句子表达思想，并学会构写一个语段来表达连贯的思想。 -英语作文。
2 英文写作的四种文体及注意事项同文体的写作 书面表达旨在测试学生的英语书面表达能力。
高考的书面表达是一种指导性写作。试题对写作的目的，对象，体裁及字数等都有明确的规定。
提供给学生的材料形式为文字，图画或图表。试题要求学生根据所给的情景和要表达的意义，写出一篇 100 字左右的文章。
高考中常见的文体为记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。 （一）记叙文： 记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。
它分为记人和记事两种。记叙文的几个要点为： 1 时间、地点、人物、事件，这几个要素在写作时要交代清楚。
2 人称：记叙文一般可以有第一人称和第三人称两种叙事方式：第一人称是作者以当事人的口吻，把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻的方式来叙述，第三人称是写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述，反映事件中的不同人的感受和见解。 3 记叙文的线索一般为时间，即按照事件的发展顺序来写。
以可以按照地点的线索来写，即以地点的转移为顺序。 4 重点突出，层次分明，详略得当。
5 注意文章的完整性。 6 所用的时态通常为一般过去时。
例： NMET 2004 辽宁卷 下面四幅描述的是星期天上午在中山公园里发生的一件事。请根据所提供的信息用英语为你校的“英语园地”写一篇文章。
注意：1 短文必须包括所有的主要内容，短文的内容要连贯，完整。 2 短文单词数 100左右。
3 参考词汇：货摊 stand 抢夺 snatch 逮捕 arrest 写作步骤： 1 审题：理解图意，将几幅图连成一个完整的故事。 2 列出要点： 地点：公园的冰激凌货摊旁。
人物：一名年轻妇女，一个小偷和一个老人。 事件：年轻妇女的包被抢，人们追赶，老人用伞将其绊倒，警察逮捕抢劫者，妇女和人们感谢老人。
3 将要点扩展成文，注意上下文的连接，用适当的连词，副词。 4 通读一遍，改错。
Possible Version: One Sunday morning, there were some people in Zhongshan Park At a stand, a woman was buying an ice cream when a young man behind her snatched her handbag away She shouted, “Stop the thief! He's snatched my bag!” Hearing this, a few people began to run after him There was an old man sitting quietly on a bench nearby As the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put it beeen the snatcher's legs The young man fell down on the ground hard Soon o policemen came in a police car and arrested him The woman thanked the old man, and the people around praised the old man for his cleverness （二）议论文： 在近几年的高考中，议论文的比重占得越来越多，议论文的出题形式可以多种多样，有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型，但文体实际上是议论文，而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是： 1 观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2 层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。 3 最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4 一般采用一般现在时。 5 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
例： 2005年全国高考英语（福建卷） 目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文，标题是“My opinion on Cheating in Examinations”，请根据下列提示用英语写一篇征文稿。
内容要点如下： 主要原因：考试偏多，偏难；不用功，懒惰；取悦老师，父母 个人看法：作弊不对，影响校规；要诚实，努力学习；……其他看法 注意： 1 短文必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥； 2 短文标题与开头已为你写好，不计入总词数； 3 词数：100左右； 4 参考词汇：作弊 cheat (v) 写作思路： 1 首先审题，确定要点——本文的中心论题是：My pinions on Cheating in Examinations ，所以首先要提出中心论题，点题。 2 接下来从两方面来讨论这个问题，可以分做两段，现分析这种现象的产生原因， 然后很自然地过渡到自己的看法。
在讲述自己看法时要有鲜明的观点及支持观点的论据。 3 最后对自己的观点做简短的总结，点题。
Possible Version: My opinions on Cheating in Examinations It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don't work hard at their lessons So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers In my opinions , it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations What's more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations In a word, it is wrong to cheat in examinations （三）说明文： 说明文是以简明的文字介绍事物的形状、性质、构造、。
3 写作的文体有多少种记叙文、描写文、说明文、议论文是写作的四种基本文体，四种文体的侧重点各不相同，在此做一简单介绍： 记叙文： 要求叙述事件的过程、人物的经历、时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果是其六个要素。
描写文：要求描写人物外貌特征、情感反应、心理活动以及外部环境等。描写需按一定的顺序，如空间顺序等。
说明文：要求对客观事物的性质、结构、形成进行解释说明，往往采用下定义、举例说明、分类说明、比较等方法。 议论文： 要求论述事理、发表意见。
一般具备论点、论据和论证三要素，需要作者明确表达自己的观点，然后以充足的论据来证明观点，议论文需有较强的逻辑性。当然，在实际的写作中，这几种文体常常会结合着出现，比如写议论文时可能需要描写、记述或说明，以此来加强表达效果。
事实上，02年的高考题是要求根据写自己的看法，那么就需要既有描写又有议论。03年的高考题是要求写信给朋友表达自己的看法提出自己的建议，按照题意需要先交代背景材料，再提看法和建议，因此就需要说明和议论。
在写作时，首先需认真分析题目要求，明确以什么文体为主、什么文体为辅。03年全国卷的题目是看图描写一套住房，那么根据题意可知需以描写为主。
而前两年的题目似乎以议论文为多。下面我们介绍一下议论文的基本组成部分： 议论文往往由opening paragraph, body 和concluding paragraph 构成，其中的opening paragraph引入问题，以thesis statement 确定全文的主题。
Body 是全文的主体部分，对opening paragraph提出的观点论证明，concluding paragraph 可以总结归纳全文的中心思想，提出问题的解决方法，提出建议。以下是一篇范文，供大家参考： Television has bee one of the essentials in our life It has greatly changed our life Television has been a vast improvement over previous ways of tran itting information It provides an excellent medium for disseminating information: educational programs reach many people at one time and it is possible for them to learn much through such shows;news also reaches more people much more efficiently than it used to However, spending too much time in front of the television can ultimately prove harmful It can damage your eyesight and suppress your ability to think creatively, and therefore, parents should be particularly careful with the number of hours they allow their children to watch television Forbidding children from watching television will only make them want to watch more, but by scheduling other activities for their children, parents can ensure that children benefit from television's attributes, without being harmed by its disadvantages In short, television has provided us the chance to know more about the world without leaving our homes But what to watch and how long to watch will be a question people should consider 写作是一项综合技能，要求学生对词汇、语法、结构、修辞等方面有较为全面牢固的知识。
写作又是一项创造性技能，要求学生有着扎实的基本功和丰富的文化知识。积硅步而行万里，厚积而薄发。
4 美国浪漫主义文学有哪几种文体形式主要是诗歌和小说~
是从惠特曼的诗歌《草叶集》开始的
在小说中，有很多创新形式的小说，比如：
爱伦坡的哥特恐怖小说，就开了恐怖小说之先河。
华盛顿欧文的寓言小说，也是首创。
还有库柏的边疆历险故事。也叫西部小说~
麦尔维尔长篇叙事。
霍桑的心理罗曼史。
戴维斯 （Rebecca Harding Davis）的社会现实小说。
还有爱默生、梭罗等超验主义者的学说，也是那个时候重要的文学。
5 写作文体有哪几种文体包括：记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文等四个文体。
文章体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文 。文体分为文章体裁和文学体裁。其中文学体裁包括诗歌、小说、戏剧、散文。
文体，是指独立成篇的文本体裁（或样式、体制），是文本构成的规格和模式，一种独特的文化现象，是某种历史内容长期积淀的产物。它反映了文本从内容到形式的整体特点，属于形式范畴。除此以外，文体还是文娱和体育的合称。
扩展资料：
文体中常用的修辞方法：
1、比喻：形象生动地写出了事物的特点；用在议论文中，能使抽象道理变得具体，使深奥的道理变得浅显易懂。
2、拟人（使事物具有人的神态、动作、语言、心理等）：其作用是使所写“物”色彩鲜明、描绘形象生动，表意丰富。
3、夸张：揭示事物的本质，烘托气氛，加强渲染力，引起读者的强烈共鸣。
4、排比：可增强语言的气势。用来说理，可把道理阐述得更严密、更透彻；
“浪漫”的英文单词：
passion(越狱里苏克雷给GF写信,求浪漫词,米帅说:try passion)
whisper(sexy吧)
soul(I love you deep in my soul--take me to your heart )
breeze(only the breeze konws how much I miss you)
melody(unchined melody)
promise(won't come easy)
memory(we shared the sweetest memory)
rythm(of the rain)
sunshine(you are my sunshine)
rainbow(Isn't it beautiful)
浪漫（Romanticism）是开始于18世纪西欧的艺术、文学、和文化运动，大约就发生在1790年工业革命开始的前后。它注重以强烈的情感作为美学经验的来源，并且开始强调如不安、惊恐等情绪，以及人在遭遇到大自然的壮丽时表现出的敬畏。
浪漫主义是对于启蒙时代以来的贵族和专制政治文化的颠覆，以艺术和文学反抗对于自然的人为理性化。浪漫主义重视民间艺术、自然、以及传统，主张一个根基于自然的知识论，以自然的环境来解释人类的活动，包括了语言、传统、习俗。
浪漫主义受到了启蒙运动的理念影响，也吸收了中世纪文化复古的艺术成分。“浪漫”一词来自于“romance”—代表了源于中世纪文学和浪漫文学里颂扬英雄的诗赋风格。
美国现实主义
The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form
真实性，现实主义：在艺术或文学中将事物，行为或社会状况按其起初情况进行的表现，而不用模糊的形式来表现或理想化
美国浪漫主义
An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions
浪漫主义运动：起源于18世纪末期欧洲的一种对大自然有强烈的兴趣且注重个人情感和想象力的表达的艺术和知识上的运动，它与古典主义的观点和形式相悖并反对公认的社会制度和习俗
意象主义
A literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century in reaction against Victorian sentimentalism that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images
意象主义：在20世纪早期由英美诗人发起的反对维多利亚式伤感主义的一场文学运动，主张使用自由体、普通的语言模式和清晰具体的影象
现代主义
The deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the 20th century
现代主义：与传统方式明显不同，使用创新表达方式的20世纪多种风格的文学艺术形式
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