在中国家具史中,被称为浪漫主义时期的是什么时候

在中国家具没有浪漫主义时期，有浪漫主义时期的是欧洲。

巴洛克文化艺术是16世纪末开始于意大利，17世纪和18世纪初遍布欧洲和拉丁美洲大部分地区的一种艺术潮流。巴洛克风格的最大特点是以浪漫主义精神作为形式设计的基础，在造型意识上与古典主义大相径庭。它创造于意大利，影响遍布整个欧洲大陆。

美国的浪漫主义文学的作品从内容到形式都具有鲜明的民族特色。浪漫主义强调人的精神作用和直觉的意义，认为自然界充满灵性，人应该回归自然，主张艺术要使读者获得刺激而达到灵魂的升华。

其深受西欧浪漫主义文学的影响。19世纪上半叶，美国资本主义迅速发展，民族意识和爱国热情高涨，摆脱英国文学的束缚、重视人的精神创造和追求自由的超验主义蔚为大观，至此美国浪漫主义文学开始蓬勃发展。

美国现实主义注重事实或现实。不受理想主义、臆测或感伤主义影响的客观过程，客观地而不凭感情地去处理思想和行动，反对一切不切实际或空想的性格。

现实主义抛弃早期廉价的乐观主义，开始表现社会矛盾。在欧洲现实主义与自然主义文学的影响下，美国的现实主义从许多方面反映社会消极的一面。

浪漫主义文学常常分为三个时期：

早期浪漫主义诗人为威廉·布莱克（William Blake,1757—1827）和罗伯特·彭斯（Robert Burns,1759—1796）。布莱克在法国革命时期民主思潮的影响下，冲破了18世纪理性主义思潮的影响，成为英国文学史上独树一帜的自己写诗、自己配画、自己雕刻的诗人。他的《天真之歌》（Songs of Innocence,1789）和《经验之歌》（Songs of Experience，1794），这两组有关“人类灵魂两种相反的状态”的诗歌至今多受喜爱。而罗伯特·彭斯这个下地之余、自学成才的诗人长期致力于搜集、整理、改变苏格兰民歌、民谣，赋予其新的生命。这样他不仅发展了民歌的传统，又为浪漫主义做出了贡献，因为民歌的复兴也是浪漫主义的潮流之一。他的《往昔的时光》（Auld Lang Syne）、《一朵红红的玫瑰》（A Red, Red Rose）最出名、流传最广。

中期的浪漫主义作家是高举浪漫主义大旗的两个浪漫主义的奠基人威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治。前者写自然、写人性，虽说文字极其普通，但是普通中的崇高让人敬仰，至今人们还在吟咏他的《我好似一朵孤独的流云》（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud）、《孤独的割麦女》（The Solitary Reaper）和那些关于一个名叫露西的姑娘的组诗；后者的超自然、神秘主义的诗歌，不同凡响，充满了一种特殊的吸引力。《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）、《忽必烈汗》（Kubla Khan）和《克利斯特贝尔》（Christabel）是他的超凡的想象力的伟大见证。

在华兹华斯和柯勒律治的诗才暗淡之后，不过十年，英国的文坛上就崛起了一代新的诗人：他们是乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron,1788—1824）、波西·比西·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley,1792—1822）、约翰·济慈（John Keats,1795—1821）。这三个诗人也都是在法国革命思潮的影响下开始写诗，都是民主派，都遭到社会的迫害，都是不幸的英年早逝。拜伦的《唐璜》（Don Juan,1818—1823）被雪莱坚持认为“其中的每一个字都是不朽的”。雪莱更是以他的一句“如果冬天来了，春天还会遥远吗？”（《西风颂》（Ode to the West Wind,1819））被全世界铭记。济慈一生短暂，但他以惊人的速度创作了大量的杰作：《夜莺颂》（Ode to a Nightingale,1819）、《希腊古瓮颂》（Ode on a Grecian Urn,1819）等颂词使济慈跻身于乔叟、莎士比亚、弥尔顿之列。

音乐史上称19世纪初至19世纪末的欧洲音乐为“浪漫主义音乐”或“浪漫乐派”。实际是一个对此时期音乐艺术的总的称谓，不可说这一百年来就是浪漫主义一种风格，也不可说浪漫主义音乐就断然与古典主义音乐脱离了关系。只不过是在这一时期，浪漫主义在音乐艺术中占据了主要地位而已。浪漫主义音乐是在当时欧洲浪漫主义文艺思潮的影响下的产物。一般说是从1820年韦伯(1786~1826)的歌剧《自由射手》开始，由于《自由射手》充分地体现了浪漫主义的特征，除韦伯外，又有舒伯特、门德尔松、舒曼等作曲家及其具有浪漫主义气质的作品的出现，遂在浪漫主义文学的中心地德国形成一个流派，后又波及全欧。与此并行不悖而发展的还有民族主义的音乐。

浪漫主义音乐是对古典主义的一种逆动。与古典主义相对而言，是从共性到个性的重点转移，是从理性到感性(情感)的转移。舒曼认为的“浪漫主义不是数字和形式的问题，而是作曲家是否是诗人的问题”是对浪漫主义音乐一种概括。浪漫主义音乐强调与人的心灵的相通，倡导音乐与其他文学艺术的结合而产生最富表现力的综合艺术。因此，确立了音乐小品、交响诗和乐剧等新的音乐体裁，既有小型的曲式，又有无比硕大、无比壮观的大型曲式。这一时期，音乐的商品化，从总的趋势上看是一种民主化的倾向，即为各阶级人民普遍接受，也成为作曲家、演奏家和评论家接近社会的强大动力。伯姆(1794~1881)键(管乐器的按键装置)的发明，记谱法的完善，更多的市民进入音乐厅等等，也促进了当时音乐的发展。

｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介

英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。

Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movementIts principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion 

哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。

小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。

VIP :

1William Blake

2William Wordsworth

3Percy Bysshe Shelley

4Jane Austen

How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best

1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace

2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes

3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind

威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。

在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。

布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。

《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。

1| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |

Brief introduce

A The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings

B His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

C Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

2 | Tyger |

What does "symmetry" mean

The well-proportioned body of the tiger

What does "tyger" refer to

There are different opinions about the tiger Some say the tiger is made by God Others say it is made by men One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation

  Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry

A His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes

B The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world

C The third --- Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone

The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs

For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

D The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression"

  What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal

The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, iethe exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance iethe role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitationIn the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children

威廉•华兹华斯

• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。

• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。

• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）

• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。

• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。

• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。

• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。

作家作品：

The Prelude

Composed upon Westminster Brige

Lyrical Ballads

I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

The Solitary Reaper

1 | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |

This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature / His love for the daffodils

2 | Composed upon Westminster Brige |

3 | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |

《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road

4 | The Solitary Reaper |

《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)

| Questions |

Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature

A First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity" The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language

B Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems"

C Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern

D Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature

雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。

• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。

• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国***的战歌。

• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。

• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。

• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。

作家作品：

To a Skylark

Men of England

Ode to the West Wind

| Men of England | 

《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation

"drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society

"bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England

| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)

The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality

奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。

| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)

A It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice

| Questions |

What are Austen's writing features

Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists Austen's work has a very narrow literary field Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire

Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature

A Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature She creates six influential novels

B Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event This is what makes her important in English literature

C Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals

D She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women

Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )

A Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;

B Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind

C Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind

Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations

……

带思维导图版笔记在这里:  英美文学笔记