高中英语写作文高级短语

高中英语写作文高级短语,第1张

1 高考英语作文的句型,高级词组

有关“启”的常用词语:at first at present currently first first of all firstly generally speaking in the beginning in the first place lately now it goes without saying that presently recently to begin with to start with有关“承”的常用词语:after after a few days after a while also at any rate(无论如何) at the same time besides this by this time certainly consequently for example for instance for this purpose unlike what is more from now on furthermore in addition in addition to in fact in other words in particular in the same manner(同样地) incidentally(顺便让我提一下) indeed meanwhile moreover no doubt obviously of course particularly second secondly similarly so soon still then third truly有关“转”的常用词语:after all all the same anyway at the same time but by this time conversely despite especially fortunately however in other words in particular in spite of in the same way likewise luckily nevertheless no doubt noithstanding(虽然) on the contrary on the other hand有关“合”的常用词语:above all accordingly as a consequence as a result as has been noted as I have said at last at length by and large(总的说来,大体上) briefly by doing so consequently eventually finally hence in brief in conclusion in short in sum in summary on the whole therefore thus to speak frankly to sum up to summarize 1 开头万能公式一:名人名言 有人问了,“我没有记住名言,怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”,很好办:编! 原理:我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的,包括我们欣赏的文章也是,所以尽管编,但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧? 经典句型: A proberb says, “ You are only young once” (适用于已记住的名言) It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever (适用于自编名言) 更多经典句型: As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 2 开头万能公式二:数字统计 原理:要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。

原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的,可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一,但编无妨,只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型: According to a recent survey, about 789% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation 看起来这个数字文邹邹的,其实都是编造出来的,下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造: Honesty:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。 Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,在某个大学,学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型: A recent statistics shows that … 文章主体段落三大杀手锏 一、举实例 思维短路,举实例!提出一个观点,举实例!提出一个方案,举实例!而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式,任何情况下,只要我们无法继续文章,不管三七二十一,尽管举例子! In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her 更多句型: To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example 二、做比较 方法:写完一个要点,比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点,再比较与之相反的; 世界上没有同样的指纹,没有相同的树叶,文章亦同,只有通过比较,你才会发现二者的相同点(through parison)和不同点(through contrast)。

下面是一些短语: 相似的比较: in parison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较: on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, pared with …, … 三、换言之 没话说了,可以换一句话再说,让你的文章在多一些字,或者文邹邹地说,是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。 实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you! I am enthusiastic about you That is to say, I love you I am wild about you In other words, I have fallen in love with you 或者上面我们举过的例子: I cannot bear it 可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it 因此可以这样说:I cannot bear it That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it 更多短语: in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply结尾万能公式 1 结尾万能公式一:如此结论 说完了,毕竟要归纳一番,相信各位都有这样的经历,领导长篇大论,到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话,我们马上停止开小差,等待领导说结束。

2 高中英语作文高级短语重点句型

要想得高分,要尽可能时候比较高级的词汇和比较复杂的语法结构。

具体很多语法比如从句、倒装、强调。既简单又使用。

具体得根据你写的文章的内容而定。但避免使用重复的句式,最典型的就是there be句型一用到底,老师特烦。

说几个通用的吧! 过渡词: 表示并列或递进的过渡词: also,and,and then,too,in addition,furthermore,moreover,first,second,third,ect 表示时间顺序的过渡词: now,then,before,after,afterwards,ealier,later,soon,next,gradullay,finally,etc 表示空间顺序的过渡词: near(to),far(from),in front of, behind,beside,soon,above,blew,to the right/left,around,outside,ect 表示结果和原因的过渡词: because,since,so,as a result,for this reason,therefore,then,thus,otherwise,ect 表示目的的过渡词: for this purpose,so that,ect 表示解释说明的过渡词: in fact,in this case,for example,for instance,ect 表示总结的过渡词: finally,at last,in conclusion,as I have shown,in other words, in brief, in short, in general, on the whole,in a/one word,ect 常用短语: a series of一系列,一连串 above all首先,尤其是 after all毕竟,究竟 ahead of在。之前 ahead of time提前 all at once突然,同时 all but几乎;除了。

都 all of a sudden突然 all over遍及 all over again再一次,重新 all the time一直,始终 all the same仍然,照样的 as regards关于,至于 anything but根本不 as a matter of fact实际上 apart from除。外(有/无) as a rule通常,照例 as a result(of)因此,由于 as far as 。

be concerned就。而言 as far as远至,到。

程度 as for至于,关于 as follows如下 as if好像,仿佛 as good as和。几乎一样 as usual像平常一样,照例 as to至于,关于 all right令人满意的;可以 as well同样,也,还 as well as除。

外(也),即。又 aside from除。

外(还有) at a loss茫然,不知所措 at a time一次,每次 at all丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs不惜一切代价 at all events不管怎样,无论如何 at all times随时,总是 at any rate无论如何,至少 at best充其量,至多 at first最初,起先 at first sight乍一看,初看起来 at hand在手边,在附近 at heart内心里,本质上 at home在家,在国内 at intervals不时,每隔。 at large大多数,未被捕获的 at least至少 at last终于 at length最终,终于 at most至多,不超过 at no time从不,决不 by accident偶然 at one time曾经,一度;同时 at present目前,现在 at 's disposal任。

处理 at the cost of以。为代价 at the mercy of任凭。

摆布 at the moment此刻,目前 at this rate照此速度 at times有时,间或 back and forth来回地,反复地 back of在。后面 before long不久以后 beside point离题的,不相干的 beyond question毫无疑问 by air通过航空途径 by all means尽一切办法,务必 by and by不久,迟早 by chance偶然,碰巧 by far最,。

得多 by hand用手,用体力 by itself自动地,独自地 by means of用,依靠 by mistake错误地,无意地 by no means决不,并没有 by oneself单独地,独自地 by reson of由于 by the way顺便说说 by virtue of借助,由于 by way of经由,通过。方法 due to由于,因为 each other互相 even if/though即使,虽然 ever so非常,极其 every now and then时而,偶尔 every other每隔一个的 except for除了。

外 face to face面对面地 far from远非,远离 for ever永远f or good永久地 for the better好转 for the moment暂时,目前 for the present暂时,目前 for the sake of为了,为了。的利益 for the time being暂时,眼下 from time to time有时,不时 hand in hand手拉手,密切关联 head on迎面地,正面的 heart and soul全心全意地 how about 。

怎么样 in a hurry匆忙,急于 in case of假如,防备 in a moment立刻,一会儿 in a sense从某种意义上说 in a way在某种程度上 in a word简言之,总之 in accordance with与。一致,按照 in addition另外,加之 in addition to除。

之外(还) in advance预先,事先 in all总共,合计 in any case无论如何 in any event无论如何 in brief简单地说 in charge of负责,总管 in mon共用的,共有的 in consequence(of)因此;由于 in debt欠债,欠情 in detail详细地 in difficulty处境困难 in effect实际上,事实上 in general一般来说,大体上 in favour of支持,赞成 in front of面对,在。前 in half成两半 in hand在进行中,待办理 in honour of为庆祝,为纪念 in itself本质上,就其本身而言 in line with与。

一致 in memory of纪念 in no case决不 in no time立即,马上 in no way决不 in order按顺序,按次序 in other words换句话说 in part部分地 in particular特别,尤其 in person亲自,本人 in place在合适的位置 in place of代替,取代,交换 in practice在实践中,实际上 in proportion to与。成比例 in public公开地,当众 in quantity大量 in question正在谈论的 in regard to关于,至于 in relation to关于,涉及 in return作为报答/回报/交换 in return for作为对。

报答 in short简言之,总之 in sight被见到;在望 in spite of尽管 in step齐步,合拍 in step with与。一致/协调 in tears流着泪,在哭着。

3 高中英语作文高级词汇和短语总结

高中英语作文常用句型 一 表达观点1 What I'd like to point out is that…2 I'm generally convinced that…3 We have reasons/every reason to believe that…4 We can therefore e to the conclusion that…5 It goes without saying that…6 As far as I'm concerned, … 二 描绘1 According to the picture/chart, we can see/conclude that…2 As is clearly shown in the picture, …3 The number/amount of … will rise/show a tendency of…4 It accounts for…5 The advantages oueigh the disadvantages6 Evidently it has both negative and positive effects7 People used to think…, but things are different now8 There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid drop( rise, increase,decrease,fall) in demond (ine,population,price) that…9 The figure (percentage, number,) has nearly (almost, more than,clearly) doubled/tripled, pared with that of… 三 反驳1 In my opinion, this point of view doesn't hold water2 Besides, we should not neglect the fact that…3 A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is4 Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that… 四 解释分析1 No one can deny that…2 It can be easily proved that…3 One thing which is epually important to what is mentioned above is that…4 We have every reason to believe that…5 A number of factors can account for the development in…/popularity of… 五 论证说明1 A good case in point is…2 No one can deny the fact that…3 There is sufficient evidence to show that…4 According to the statistics, it can be seen that…5 It has been illustrated that… 六文章开篇1 Recently the problem has been brought into focus2 Recently the phenomenon has bee a heated topic3 Recently the issue has aroused great concern among…4 Nowadays there is a growing concern over…5 Faced with …, quite a few people argue that…6 With the arrival of the information age,…7 There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for…8 Some argue/hold that… but others set forth a totally different argument about the issue of…9 Thanks to China's reform and opening up policy,… 七结尾1 It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop…2 We might do more than identify the cause; it is important to take action to…3 Whether it is good or not/positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear that…4 All the evidence support a sound conclusion that… 八其他1 It goes without saying that…不用说, 不言而喻2 It is universally acknowledged that…大家公认为。

3 The evidence shows that the importance of … can't be overemphasized 证据显示。

重要性再怎么强调也不过分。

●对比类句型:1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D)2) Just as。, so。

3) A and B have sth in mon4) A is similar to B5) The same is true of,The same can be said of(……也是如此)6) The advantages of A are much greater than B7) pared with B, A has many advantages8) The advantages oueigh the disadvantages(利大于弊)9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage over。, it can not pete with B in。

11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe that。12) What people fail to consider is that。

13) It is one thing to insist that。, it is quite another to show that。

14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的)15) …has drawbacks as well as merits16) A is superior(inferior) to B17) 。varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)18) A is just the opposite (to B) 19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)20) …is not the same (as) ●过渡性句型: 1) this is true that。

2) This is true, no doubt, but。3) 。

also。4) It is one thing to。

; it is another to。●描写图表和数据的句型1) rank first (both) in。

2) in proportion to。3) A is by far the largest。

4) As many as。5) The number is 。

times as much as that of 。6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last year7) It accounts for 35% of。

8) By parison with 。, it decreased/increased/fell from。

to。9) 。

rise rapidly(slowly)10) 。remain level。

11) 。reach 。

12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase demand/ine/population/prices/production/decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in13) be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降) ●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型:1) As can be indicated in the table, 。 2) As we could find out later, 。

3) As is revealed in the table,。4) As the survey results show,。

5) This table provides several important points of parison beeen,。6) The o graphs depict the same thing in 。

7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, 。9) This chart 。

4 英语作文高级词汇

Pulchritudinous 美丽的 1、individuals,characters, folks替换 (people ,persons) 2、positive, favorable, rosy (美好的 ), promising (有希望的 ), perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换 good 3、dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的 )替换 bad 如果 bad做表语,可以有 be less impressive替换 egAn army of college students indulge themselves in playing games,enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive 4、(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换 many 注:用 many, if not most 一定要小心, many后一定要有词 Eg Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that…同理 用 most, if not all ,替换 most 5、a slice of, quiet a few , several替换 some 6、harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替 think (因为是书面语,所以要加 that) ,。

200个句子助你理解高中英语3500词汇

老师叮咛: 李辉老师说,想要提高阅读理解,词汇量是关键!下面的200个句子涵盖了整个高中的3500词。一方面可以帮助大家摆脱原来枯燥无味的背诵方式,另一方面可以帮助大家在语境中更精确的理解单词的意思!经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真的整理校对,无错、可信!可供全国各省高中生打印、背诵!

1 We should always bear in mind that if we are ignorant of our health for promotion(促销,提升), disease will gradually approach (vt接近,靠近,处理n方法,途径) us with the help of tiredness

我们应该牢记:如果我们为了晋升而忽略了我们的健康,疾病便会借助疲劳乘虚而入。

2 I looked for the history book because I wanted to find out when America was founded, and at last I found the dusty book in a dim room

我当时在找一本历史书,因为我想知道美国是何时建立的,最终我在一间昏暗的房间里找到这本布满灰尘的书。

3 There are so many reference(vrefer提及、参考、涉及) books on this romantic poet for me to choose from that I can’t make up my mind which to choose

有那么多关于这位浪漫诗人的参考书可供选择,我无法决定选择哪一本

4 It seemed that the handsome actor was not a bit(一点也不) worried, but in fact, he was not a little(非常) concerned about the result of the investigation, which may destroy his bright future

这名帅气的演员似乎一点也不着急,事实上他非常担心调查结果,因为这也许会毁了他的光明前途

5 Unluckily(unfortunately不幸的是),the delegate (n代表,ndelegation代表团)felt so sleepy that he soon fell asleep without realizing that he had left his passport and the draft of his speech in the taxi

不幸的是,这位代表觉得很困很快就睡着了,并没有意识到他把自己的护照和演讲稿忘在了出租车上。

6 It is reported that by the end of 2014, Shanghai Disney Theme Park will have been open to the tourists from all over the world formally(正式,公开)

据报道,在2014年年底前,上海迪士尼主题公园将正式向全世界的游客开放。

7 The engineer pointed out, “to some extent, the more functions a calculator has, the more likely it is to be out of order”

这位工程师指出:“某种程度而言,计算器的功能越多,它越有可能出故障。”

8 We haven’t contacted(接触,联系,in contact with) each other since he left the organization but fortunately I could still recognize him in a quiz show on TV without hesitation

自从他离开这个机构后我们再也没有联系了,但幸运的是我仍可以毫不犹豫地在电视智力竞赛节目里认出他。

9 The merry aged couple got married in 1949 and up till now they have been married for 6 decades, which was admired by many young couples

这对快乐的老夫妻是1949年结得婚,到现在已经结婚60年了,这令无数年轻夫妇羡慕不已。

10 The young clerk expressed full of confidence that he was qualified for that demanding (要求高的)mission, which was beyond our expectation

出乎我们意料的是,这位年轻的职员信心满满地表达了他能胜任这个高要求的任务。

11 He was so eager for success that he consulted(查阅,请教) a successful CEO about how to succeed in regulating a joint(共同的,联合的) venture(冒险,风险) company

他很渴望成功,于是请教一名成功的CEO如何成功运转一个合资公司。

12 The sailor has adequate(充足的,胜任的)experience and he tells us his interesting experiences every time(名词引导状语从句) we are invited to his party

这水手有丰富的经验,每次我们受邀去参加他的聚会,他都给我们讲他有趣的经历。

13 After scrubbing(擦洗,使净化。“是waiter主动做的,所以用v+ing”) the table swiftly, the waiter brought a menu to me and suggested(建议、命令、要求、坚持后用虚拟语气) that I should have a try at the new meal and tell him my attitude towards it

在快速擦了擦桌子之后,服务员给我拿来了一份菜单并建议我品尝下新出的菜肴然后再告知他我对这些菜的态度。

14 The distinguished(著名的。Vdistinguish,区别,使杰出) enterprise consists of 12 departments, each of which (因为前面有“,”所以用which引导定语从句)is made up of 20 people, who graduated from top universities

这家优秀的公司由12个部门组成,每个部门又由20名名校毕业生组成。

15 The president was quoted(引用,引述) as saying that he was deeply moved by this moving film, which was based on a real story

援引总统的话来说,他被这个基于真人真事的感人**深深感动了。

16 The considerate(体贴的,考虑周到的) wife was very pleased with her own cooking because it tasted(尝起来,听起来,闻起来,看起来,摸起来,都是系动词,后面跟形容词) delicious and she was sure her husband would be fond of it

这位体贴的妻子对自己做的菜感到很满意,因为菜尝起来不错,而且她肯定她丈夫会喜欢。

17 The naughty boy lied(lie表示“说谎”时,过去式为lied,表示“躺、位于”时,过去时lay,过去分词lain) that a hen which lay under the tree had laid 2 eggs; hence, his parents resolved (决定)to scold him rather than forgive him

那个淘气的男孩撒谎说树下的母鸡生了两个蛋。因此,他的父母决定斥责而不是原谅他。

18 Mayor was invited to make some comments not only on what(没有“先行词”所以用what引导名词性从句) happened, including the conflict between several residents and the police, but also on what will happen, an international conference on global trade included(注意体会是主动包括还是被包括,放前和放后是不一样的)

市长受邀所发表的评论不仅针对已发生的事件,包括一些市民和警方的冲突,也针对即将发生的事情,包括一场有关全球贸易的国际性会议。

19 After completing too much work imposed(强加,施加影响) by my boss in(用,在之内) a much too short time, I couldn’t bear the pressure so I asked for a two-day leave to adjust(调整,适应) myself

在如此短的时间内完成了老板强加给我的那么多工作之后,我受不了这样的压力,便请了两天的假来调整自己。

20 I used to rise very late during the summer vacation, but I am used to waking up very early because the distance between my house and the office is 20 kilometers apart(adv相距)

我过去在暑假期间常常起得很晚,但现在习惯了早起,因为我的住处和办公室相距20千米。

  摘 要:在新课改背景下,人们越来越关注情感因素,作为情感因素之一,焦虑对语言学习具有重要影响。文章从心理学和外语学习的视角,探讨焦虑产生的原因及其对教学的影响,提出了减轻英语学习焦虑的对策,促进第二语言的学习。

关键词:情感因素;焦虑;英语教学;新课改

1引言

认知和情感这两个部分在高中英语教学中起着很重要的作用。但长期以来,受应试教育的影响以及社会对学生情感生活的忽略,高中英语教学中仍然存在着重视认知而忽视情感的不合理现象。导致学生对英语学习不感兴趣,成绩两极分化明显。这样极大的影响了我国的英语教学质量,同时又制约着广大学生情感的健康发展。但近几年随着对学习者个体学习差异的研究,情感因素受到了越来越多的关注。2001年,我国颁布了《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》,把情感态度视为影响学生学习和发展的重要因素,要求教师在教学中重视情感因素,提高教学效果。语言学习中的情感因素大致可以分为两类:第一类是学习者的个别因素,包括焦虑、态度、动机、个性、自尊与自信等;第二类是学习者与学习者之间以及学习者与教师之间的情感因素,包括移情、课堂交流、跨文化意识等等(Arnold,1999)。而焦虑在外语课堂中显得尤为突出。本文通过探讨分析焦虑产生的原因,提出在中学英语课堂上如何有效的控制学生的焦虑情绪从而促进英语教学。

2文献综述

21 理论基础

早在20世纪20年代,西方的人本主义心理学家和教育家就提出了情感(affective domain)与认知(cognitive domain)一样是教育的重要内容和目标。他们在教育实践中倡导以学习者经验为中心,让学习者进行有意义的自由学习。人本主义的观点突出了情感在教学活动中的地位和重要作用,形成了一种新的教学模式,这种模式是以知情协调活动为主线、以情感作为教学活动的基本动力。从70年代起,语言教学理论家们开始认识到情感因素在语言学习方面的作用。美国的克拉申(Krashen)提出情感过滤假说(The Affective Filter Hypothesis)。克拉申认为,影响外语学习的情感因素包括动机、态度、兴趣和焦虑,情感作为学习者内部的心理因素,对语言输入有着过滤的作用,该过滤作用直接作用于学习者接受输入的多少。如果学习者学习的动力大,自信心强,那情感对于语言输入刺激的过滤作用就小,学习者所获得的输入就多,而当语言习得没有动机,学习者缺少自信心或心情焦虑时,情感障碍就会增强,情感障碍量会增加,允许进入语言习得过程的输入量就减少。

22 国内外相关研究

Maclntyre 和Gardner(1991),Young(1991),Oxford(1995)及Horwitz(1986)等语言教育学家们对焦虑与学生成绩、考试、口头和书面表达、自信心、课堂环境等因素之间的关系做了一系列的研究。

国内的相关研究有:王初明教授指出影响外语学习的两大因素:一是情感,一是母语。情感是学习的发动机,出现障碍会导致学习的停顿,王银泉就外语成绩和外语焦虑的关系进行了研究。(2001),陈瑶、李长江分析了外语学习的焦虑感对大学生英语口语能力的影响(2007)。但焦虑感对于中学阶段英语学习的影响的相关研究却很少。

3焦虑产生的原因

在国内外的语言学习的研究中,焦虑长期以来被认为是语言学习中最大的情感障碍。心理学家认为:焦虑是一种带有不愉快色调的情绪反应,它通常指人们对危险、威胁、需要等亟待努力改变或满足而又无能为力时的一种苦恼的强烈预期,其中含有着急、挂念、忧愁、紧张、恐慌等成分。Horwitz等指出:外语学习焦虑是语言学习所特有的一种复杂的心理现象,指与课堂语言学习有关的,在语言学习过程中产生的独特而复杂的自我认识、信念、情感以及行为。外语课堂学习焦虑由三部分组成,一是交际恐惧(communication apprehension);二是对否定评价的恐怕(fear of negative evaluation);三是考试焦虑(test anxiety)(Horwitz,1986)。

31学习者的性格因素

学习者个体差异的一个方面就是学生的性格差异。外向性格者往往表现为活泼开朗,热情大方,不拘小节,善于交际,情感外露,反应迅速,易适应环境变化,不介意别人的评价;内向性格者则往往表现为以自我为出发点,深沉稳重,办事谨慎,思考周到,但反应缓慢,不善交际,适应环境困难,很注重别人对自己的评价。而外语是一门实践性极强的课程,有很多语言交流。所以相对而言,内向的学生更容易产生焦虑,特别是在口语表达时。

32英语学科特点

英语是一种复杂的语言。不同于我们每天接触到母语。英语单词量大,记忆单词感到困难。英语语言形式多样,语法繁杂。同时在英语课堂上,一般用目标语授课,学生精神高度紧张,担心听不懂老师所说的内容,焦虑感相比其他课程更加明显。

33人际交往引起的焦虑

自尊心不强和竞争是引起个人和人际交往焦虑的两大原因。自尊不高的人在乎别人的看法,总想取悦别人,他们老觉得别人学得比自己好。当他们没学好时,其他的同学会瞧不起自己。此外在英语课堂上学生不能用英语有效交流,或害怕发音错误,也是引起焦虑的原因。

34 教师因素

有些教师认为自己在教室必须威严,学生感到课堂气氛沉重。还有的教师对待学生错误的态度是有错必纠,因此学生害怕回答问题时犯错误,害怕当着同学的面被纠正错误,从而产生焦虑感。同时教室的身势语,如批评性的眼神、表情也可导致学生的焦虑。

35考试

学习者因为担心考试成绩不理想而产生焦虑,这种焦虑反过来又影响学习者在考试中的正常发挥,导致成绩不理想,从而形成一种恶性循环,容易导致英语学习,考试恐惧症的发生。

4对外语教学的启示

41 建立融洽的师生关系,创设轻松的课堂氛围

古语云:“亲其师才能信其道”。教师只有用满腔的爱去换取学生的亲近和信任。教师应以学习者为中心,建立一个友好和谐的课堂环境。众所周知,健康愉快的氛围能化消极情感因素为积极情感因素,从而提高外语学习效率。因此, 教师应该在课上注意观察学生,适时地组织一些互动式,合作性的课堂活动。

教师在课上应该多鼓励,表扬,少用批评的语气。过多的批评会导致学生的语言焦虑增高,而相应的鼓励、表扬则会降低学生的语言焦虑水平。

42激励学生学习动机,增强学生学习自信心

动机是学习的源泉和动力。胡壮麟曾说过:“学好英语,在一般情况下可用如下原则描述:动因+兴趣→决心→持之以恒→见效。”帮助学生确定学习的短期和中期目标,激发英语学习的兴趣。

在课堂上开展合作学习,以小组学习和以任务学习为主的模式,鼓励学生通过小组活动互相帮助,共同完成任务。教师在个小组间巡视,特别留意那些内向不爱交流的学生,帮助学生获得与他人合作与交际的能力,也让学生在轻松,活泼的气氛下消除焦虑,取得成功,增强信心。

43 端正学生对考试的态度

考试只是检验学生学到何种程度的一种手段,而不是学习的最终目的。学生还应该正确对待考试,不要把考试看得过重。考试分数高的学生不一定能力就强,考试分数低的学生也不一定能力就低。同时,教师也要正确对待学生的分数,不要过于强调分数,不要把分数作为衡量学生学习水平的唯一标准。

44保持适度的焦虑水平

研究表明,焦虑程度与学习效率之间的关系呈倒U型。也就是说,适度的焦虑有助于激发学习者的动机,取得良好的学习效率,这是促进性焦虑。而焦虑水平过高或过度,则对学习不利。过高,就会使人过度紧张,从而极大地约束人的认知能力;过低,又易使人缺乏紧张,对学习持无所谓的态度,激不起学习的热情和学习者的责任心,从而体现出一种退缩性焦虑。因此,教师要根据不同阶段,不同学习内容和目的,学生自身的知识和技能,制定适合学生的学习内容和活动,合理使用各种策略,使学生焦虑水平保持在一定的限度内。

5结语

通过本文对语言焦虑产生原因及其对语言学习影响的论述,我们认识到学习者个人的性格学习环境、师生关系、考试等都可能引起语言学习中的焦虑心理。外语学习焦虑是个非常复杂的现象,涉及到诸多因素。教师要对焦虑这一情感因素给予足够的重视,正确认识焦虑对外语学习的影响,有针对性的采取一些措施,从而产生良好的教学和学习效果。

参考文献:

[1]Horwitz, EK Foreign Language classroom anxiety [J]The Modern Language Journal,1986(21):125-132

[2]Ganschow,L, Sparks,R Anxiety about foreign language learning among high school women[J]The Modern Language Journal,1996(80)

[3]Young,DJ Language anxiety from the foreign language specialist’s perspective: Interviews with Krashen, Omega Hadley, Terrell, Radian[J]Foreign Language Annals,1992,(25):157-172

[4]王初明影响外语学习的两大因素与外语教学[J]外语界,2001(6):8-11

[5]王银泉外语学习焦虑及其对外语学习的影响[J]外语教学与研究,2001(2):122-126

[6]陈瑶,李长江 浅析外语学习的焦虑感对大学生英语口语能力的影响[J]东北大学学报,2007(9):185-188

作者简介:周璐(1986--),女,汉,湖南衡阳,西华师范大学外国语学院2011级硕士研究生,专业:学科教学(英语),研究方向:英语教学。

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