在英语阅读中,有一些很长的句子,如有的有20多个单词,我们应该如何翻译或理解呢?

在英语阅读中,有一些很长的句子,如有的有20多个单词,我们应该如何翻译或理解呢?,第1张

从网上帮你找的,挺长的,不过感觉很全面,看看吧~~其中的例子挺多,可以自己试试,希望对你有帮助

英语长句子的翻译

一、英语长句的分析

一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:

(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。

(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。

(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。

(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。

(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:

例1 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development

分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。

(2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句; who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development

在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为:

行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。

例2 For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere (85年考题)

分析: (1) 该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else 是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。

(2) 该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。

(3) 句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home

综合上述翻译方法,这个句子我们可以翻译为:

譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

二、长句的翻译

英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。

(1) 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:

例1 Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned (84年考题)

分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A 既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B电仍在为我们工作; C 帮我们开动电冰箱; D 加热水; E 或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:

即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。

例2 But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials (84年考题)

分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A 可是现在人们意识到; B 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:

可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

下面我们再列举几个实例:

例3 Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture

在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。

例4 This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season”

这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高”

例5 It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being

我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣; 其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。

例6 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it

如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。

(2) 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:

例1 Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity

分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:

铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

例2 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice

分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A ……变的越来越重要; B 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:

因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

下面我们再举几个实例:

例3 It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood

一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。

例4 They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty

对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。

例5A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties

50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。

例6 Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers

许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。

例7 Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals

假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。

(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:

例1 The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four

上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:

没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。

这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:

大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。

例2 Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining (85年考题)

分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:

人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。

下面我们再举一个例子:

例3 All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match (85年考题)

他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、**、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。

例4 Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe

虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。

(4) 综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:

例1 People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else

分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:

尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

下面我们再举几个例子:

例2 Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries

对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。

例3 Taking his cue from Ibsen's A Doll's House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive

易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。

例4 Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities

到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。

英语长句的翻译方法

 在翻译长句时, 不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的,下面我就给大家带来一些实用的方法,希望能够帮助到大家吧!

 一、英语长句的分析

 一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。

 在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:

 (1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。

 (2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

 (3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。

 (4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。

 (5) 注意插入语等其他成分。

 (6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

 下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:

 例1 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development

 分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。

 (2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句; who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development

 在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为: 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。

 例2 For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere

 分析: (1) 该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else 是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。

 (2) 该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。

 (3) 句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home

 综合上述翻译方法,这个句子我们可以翻译为:

 譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

 二、长句的翻译

 英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。

 (1) 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:

 例1 Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned (84年考题)

 分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A 既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B电仍在为我们工作; C 帮我们开动电冰箱; D 加热水; E 或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:

 即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。

 例2 But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials (84年考题)

 分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A 可是现在人们意识到; B 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为: 可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

 下面我们再列举几个实例:

 例3 Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture

 在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。

 例4 This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season”

 这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高”

 例5 It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being

 我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣; 其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。

 例6 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it

 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。

 (2) 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:

 例1 Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity

 分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成: 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

 例2 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice

 分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A ……变的越来越重要; B 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:

 因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。下面我们再举几个实例:

 例3 It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood

 一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。

 例4 They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty

 对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。

 例5A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties

 50年代后期的`美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。

 例6 Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers

 许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。

 例7 Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals

 假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。

 (3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:

 例1 The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four

 上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成: 没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。 这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为: 大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。

 例2 Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining (85年考题)

 分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:

 人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。

 下面我们再举一个例子:

 例3 All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match (85年考题)

 他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、**、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。

 例4 Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe

 虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。

 (4) 综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:

 例1 People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else

 分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:

 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

 下面我们再举几个例子:

 例2 Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries

 对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。

 例3 Taking his cue from Ibsen's A Doll's House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive

 易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。

 例4 Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities

 到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。

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一、英语长句的分析

一般来说,造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:

(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构。

(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

(3) 分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。

(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,例如,定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。

(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。

(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:

例1 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development

分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists,谓语为suggest,宾语为一个从句,因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。

(2) 该句共有五个谓语结构,它们的谓语动词分别为suggest,is raised,are,develop,experience等,这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句; who is raised in an environment为定语从句,所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句,所修饰的先行词为environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句,所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句中,主语为child,谓语为experience,宾语为greater intellectual development

在作了如上的分析之后,我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解,然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法,就可以把该句翻译成汉语为:

行为主义者认为,如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素,这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展,那么,儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。

例2 For a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere (85年考题)

分析: (1) 该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else 是一个比较结构,而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。

(2) 该句中共有三个谓语结构,它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构,但it是形式主语,真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home,并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。

(3) 句首的for a family of four作状语,表示条件。另外,还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example,with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语,修饰to sit comfortably at home

综合上述翻译方法,这个句子我们可以翻译为:◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎CufYKxV1iZ

譬如,对于一个四口之家来说,舒舒服服地在家中看电视,就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目,这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句,作层次分明的叙述。因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解,翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中,我们一般采取下列的方法。

(1) 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:

例1 Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned (84年考题)

分析: 该句子由一个主句,三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成,共有五层意思: A 既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B电仍在为我们工作; C 帮我们开动电冰箱; D 加热水; E 或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致,因此,我们可以通过顺序法,把该句翻译成:

即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱,把水加热,或使室内空调机继续运转。

例2 But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials (84年考题)

分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”,it为形式主语,that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构,其中,不定式作主语,the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构,表达了四个层次的意义: A 可是现在人们意识到; B 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法,把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整,整个句子就翻译为:

可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

下面我们再列举几个实例:

例3 Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture

在20世纪以前,小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点,因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。

例4 This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations,and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season”

这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况,也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案,从“铁生锈,是否必须有一定的湿度才行”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高”

例5 It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama,the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead,great and obscure,who once walked the earth,and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being

我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣; 其后,这种爱好变得成熟起来,我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性,对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的爱好,最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的,无论是伟大与平凡,所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。

例6 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction,and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment ,they would not be so hurt,and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it

如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备,而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长,正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心,所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。

(2) 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。

例如:

例1 Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity

分析: 这个句子由一个主句,两个原因状语和一个定语从句,“铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有四个谓语结构,共有五层意思: A 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前,果在后,这样,我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力,由于这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

例2 It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice

分析: 该句由一个主句,一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成,“……变得越来越重要”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有三个谓语结构,包含三层含义: A ……变的越来越重要; B 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,我们也采用逆序法,翻译成:eN因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

下面我们再举几个实例:

例3 It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learningEnglish seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the languagehave been understood

一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型,再往下学似乎就越来越难了,这其中的原因,也许教师比学生更容易理解。

例4 They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroysthe old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty

对于以往几代人来说,旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段,而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动,因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。

例5A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor,the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation,a real phenomenon in the late fifties

50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象,穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人,正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。

例6 Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers

许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位,这在西方倒是人之常情。

例7 Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating ◎animals◎

假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们,昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼,害死我们的牛羊家畜,使我们不能生存于世。

(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语。例如:

例1 The number of the young people in the United States who can`t read is incredible about one in four

上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子,但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译,就可能被翻译成:

没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。

这样,就使得译文极为不通顺,不符合汉语的表达习惯,因此,我们应该把它译为:

大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。

例2 Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow ◎the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which areboth instructive and entertaining (85年考题)

分析: 在此长句中,有一个插入语“it is often said”,三个并列的谓语结构,还有一个定语从句,这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义,因此在翻译时,可以采用分句法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句,结果为:人们常说,通过电视可以了解时事,掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。

下面我们再举一个例子:

例3 All they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match (85年考题)

他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开,就可以看到电视剧、**、歌剧,以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。

例4 Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns,so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe

虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式,但是行星的数目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。

4) 综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法,事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用,这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:

例1 People were afraid to leave their houses,for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency,they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else

大分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中,B表示让步,C表示原因,而A则表示结果,按照汉语习惯顺序,我们作如下的安排:

尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无◎能为力。

希望我的回答对您有帮助,谢谢!

主语是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物,是句子叙述的主体。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。

谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。

宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。

定语:用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语, 定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个 词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。

状语:说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式, 条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词, 短语以及从句来担任。

补语是述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。

补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系,是补充说明动词或形容词性中心语的,可以回答“怎么样”、“多少次”、“何处”、“何时”、“什么结果”等问题。补语都放在中心语后头,除了趋向动词、数量词、介宾结构和一部分形容词可以直接作补语外。补语多用形容词、数量词、趋向动词、介宾结构来担任,各种关系的词组也常作补语。

口诀:

主谓宾、定状补,主干枝叶分清楚。

定语必居主宾前,谓前为状谓后补。

状语有时位主前,逗号分开心有数。

首先,redipe,应当是recipe, 拼写错了吧。recipe 本意思是做菜的方法,这里有做XXX事成功的秘诀的意思。

译文:调查发现宣称度过一个完美的周末夜晚的成功秘诀,很多人都联想到和自己的友伴在一起自制一个烛光晚餐。通过一次这样的就餐两人增进彼此了解,这比在一起卖醉,大叫狂欢,要更加健康(不是指身体健康,是指更合理,更合适)很多。

句形结构:第一句:从Claiming分词一直到本句完,是the Survey后置定语,,found that 引导了一个宾语从句,在第个that后面的this,是指 found后面的宾语这件事。其实home-cooked后面也可以不加逗号,修饰dinners,和candlelit一起作定语。For a great Saturday night, 是recipe的介词短语后置定语。

第二句:主句结构是XXXX is XXXX than XXXX 的比较级。is 前面可以理解成一个动名词的短语,实意动词get+ ing,成为Ing的非谓语形式。than 后面的shouting,也是一样,ing的非谓语形式。要说一说far healthier,是在比较级前加了副词,这类副词常有 much, a little, a bit等,比如:My english is much better than yours

如果还有不太清楚的地方,可以再问,我再答。中国人学习语法,没有问题的,尤其是早年的中国教育模式下英语学生。

 (五)关系代词as引导的定语从句

 关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句,as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。

 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列形式:

 名词+as像一样的,像之类

 名词+as 和同样的

 其中关系代词as在从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。如:

 We have found such materials as are used in their factory

 He is not the same man as he was

 2such as

 Such为代词,意为“这样的人或物”,as在从句中担当成分,修饰先行词such如: This book is not such as I expect

 (六)关系代词as, which的区别

 1as引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还克插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可以替代主句的整个内容,而不是主句中的某一个词。如:

 The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, which can be very eye-opening and rewarding

 2 当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as如:

 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month = The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody = It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once everybody = What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month

 后面两句属于名词性从句范畴。

 另外,as多用于下列习惯用语中:as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样;as is well-known=as is known to all众所周知;as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样;as often happens 正如经常发生的那样;as has been said before 如上所述;as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。

 3当定语从句放在主句后面是,也并不是as就能永远等于which

 (1)当限定性定于从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which如:

 He came here very late, which was unexpected

 Mr Smith usually praises his students Rose in public, which she doesn’t like at all

 (2)当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如:be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般用which作主语。如: She has been absent again, as is expected 她又缺席了,这在预料之中。 Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy Tom取得了很大的进步,这使我很高兴。

 (3)用在as(it) seems likely, as(it) often happiness, as(it) was printed out, as(it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand(it), as (it) appears等结构中。如:

 Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens

 Jack和往常一样,获得了一等奖。

 She has read widely in Romantic literature, as it appears from her essay 她广泛涉猎了浪漫主意文学,这从她的文章中可以看出来。

 (4)as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义。如:

 David is tall, as are my brothers

 David很高,我的兄弟也一样。

 He opposed the idea, as could be expected

 不出所料,他反对这个意见。

 (5)当非限定性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时,只能用which引导定语从句。如:Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange

 (6)当非限定性定语从句为否定句时,常用which如:

 Mr Smith usually praises his student Rose in public, which she doesn’t like at all

 三、关系副词的用法

 (一)当先行词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词(如:ai, in, during等)+which; where=表地点的介词(如:in, at, on, under等)+which; why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which; how=表方式的介词(如:in)+which。如:

 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing(when=on which)

 Can you tell me the office where he works (where=in which)

 Do you know the reason why he is absent(why=for which)

 (二)介词+关系代词(which)=where/when有时候为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from, to等。如:China is the birth place of kite, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India

 (三)对关系副词where的考察

 对于where的考察趋于复杂,从先行词为明显的“地点”转化为“地点的模糊化”。事实上,对于where这个词,不能只理解为表示地点。先行词表示某人或物的situation,或者某事所发展的stage,或表达某事的某个方面时,都可以用where,这个关系副词,如:

 The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in 事情发展到如此程度,不得不请双方家长来一趟了。

 这种用法不仅仅限于定语从句,特殊疑问句中、名词性从句中也有如此用法。

 四、关系副词和关系代词的`比较

 引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外,他们还有一个最重要的作用,那就是他们分别在定语从句中担当成分。具体地说,关系代词在定语从句中作表语、主语、宾语,而关系副词在定语从句中做状语。因此,在选择关系时,最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分,若从句中却主语、宾语或表语,那么必须用关系代词,若主句中不缺主语、宾语或表语则用关系副词。

 试比较下面的句子:

 (1)、Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Beijing(代)

 (2)、Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Beijing(副)

 在句中,定语从句中缺宾语,第二局中,定语从句不缺宾语也不缺主语,因此用关系副词when来引导。

 五、定语从句用法其他要点

 (一)、关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不可省略。

 (二)、定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致;当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数的方面,应该与先行词保持一致。

 1one of + 复数名词+关系代词+复数动词。如:

 The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。

 Titanic is one of the wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood 《泰坦尼克号》是好莱坞生产的最精彩的**之一。

 2the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数动词。如:

 The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon长城是地球是唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。

 Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood 在这些精彩的**中,《泰坦尼克号》是唯一由好莱坞制作的**。

 注意:not the only one of=one of如:

 Tom isn’t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam

 =Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam

 Tom 并非是唯一一个通过考试的男孩=Tom只是通过考试的男孩中的一个。

 3当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,若as与which作主语,则从局的谓语动词用单数形式。如:

 Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all

 He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy

 4其他情况

 I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you

 To own a computer in families, which we thought was impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true

 (三)、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况

 1当先行词是way意味“方式、方法”时,引导定语从句的关系代词有下列三种形式 不填

 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。

 The which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand 不填

 他向我解释句子的那种方法不难理解。

 2先行词是time,若time作“次数”讲时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。如:This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country I could hardly remember how many times (that) I have failed

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