珀西·比西·雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley)
生卒:1792年8月4日-1822年7月8日
一般译作雪莱,英国浪漫主义诗人,出生于英格兰萨塞克斯郡霍舍姆附近的沃恩汉,其祖父是受封的男爵,其父是议员。
生平
8岁时雪莱就开始尝试写作诗歌,在伊顿的几年里,雪莱与其表兄托马斯合作了诗《流浪的犹太人》并出版了讽刺小说《扎斯特罗奇》。
12岁那年,雪莱进入伊顿公学,在那里他受到学长及教师的虐待,在当时的学校里这种现象十分普遍,但是雪莱并不象一般新生那样忍气吞声,他公然的反抗这些,而这种反抗的个性如火燃尽了他短暂的一生。
1810年,18岁的雪莱进入牛津大学,深受英国自由思想家休谟以及葛德文等人著作的影响,雪莱习惯性的将他关于上帝、政治和社会等问题的想法写成小册子散发给一些素不相识的人,并询问他们看后的意见。
1811年3月25日,由于散发《无神论的必然》,入学不足一年的雪莱被牛津大学开除。雪莱的父亲是一位墨守成规的乡绅,他要求雪莱公开声明自己与《无神论的必然》毫无关系,而雪莱拒绝了,他因此被逐出家门。被切断经济支持的雪莱在两个妹妹的帮助下过了一段独居的生活,这一时期,他认识了赫利埃特·委斯特布洛克,他妹妹的同学,一个小旅店店主的女儿。雪莱与这个十六岁的少女仅见了几次面,她是可爱的,又是可怜的,当雪莱在威尔士看到她来信称自己在家中受父亲虐待后便毅然赶回伦敦,带着这一身世可怜且恋慕他的少女踏上私奔的道路。他们在爱丁堡结婚,婚后住在约克。
1812年2月12日,同情被英国强行合并的爱尔兰的雪莱携妻子前往都柏林为了支持爱尔兰天主教徒的解放事业,在那里雪莱发表了慷慨激昂的演说,并散发《告爱尔兰人民书》以及《成立博爱主义者协会倡议书》。在政治热情的驱使下,此后的一年里雪莱在英国各地旅行,散发他自由思想的小册子。同年11月完成叙事长诗《麦布女王》,这首诗富于哲理,抨击宗教的伪善、封建阶级与劳动阶级当中存在的所有的不平等。
1815年,雪莱的祖父逝世,按照当时的长子继承法当时在经济上十分贫困的雪莱获得了一笔年金,但他拒绝独享,而将所得财产与妹妹分享。这一年除了《阿拉斯特》之外,雪莱较多创作的是一些涉及哲学以及政治的短文。
次年五月,携玛丽再度同游欧洲,在日内瓦湖畔与拜伦交往密切,这两位同代伟大诗人的友谊一直保持到雪莱逝世,雪莱后来的作品《朱利安和马达洛》便是以拜伦与自己作为原型来创作的。同年11月,雪莱的妻子投河自尽,在法庭上,因为是《麦布女王》的作者,大法官将两个孩子教养权判给其岳父,为此,雪莱受到沉重的打击,就连他最亲的朋友都不敢在他的面前提及他的孩子,出于痛苦及愤怒,雪莱写就《致大法官》和《给威廉·雪莱》。雪莱与玛丽结婚,为了不致影响到他与玛丽所生孩子的教养权,雪莱携家永远离开英国。
1818年至1819年,雪莱完成了两部重要的长诗《解放了的普罗米修斯》和《倩契》,以极其不朽的名作《西风颂》。《解放了的普罗米修斯》与《麦布女王》相同,无法公开出版,而雪莱最成熟、结构最完美的作品《倩契》则被英国的评论家称为“当代最恶劣的作品,似出于恶魔之手”。
1821年2月23日,约翰·济慈逝世,6月,雪莱写就《阿多尼》来抒发自己对济慈的悼念之情,并控诉造成济慈早逝的英国文坛以及当时社会现状。
1822年7月8日,雪莱乘坐自己建造的小船“唐璜”号从莱杭度海返回勒瑞奇途中遇风暴,舟覆,雪莱以及同船的两人无一幸免。按托斯卡纳当地法律规定,任何海上漂来的物体都必须付之一炬,雪莱的遗体由他生前的好友拜伦及特列劳尼以希腊式的仪式来安排火化,他们将乳香抹在尸体上,在火中洒盐。次年1月,雪莱的骨灰被带回罗马,葬于一处他生前认为最理想的安息场所。
婚姻
雪莱的婚姻一开始就被他的敌人当作最好的武器来攻击他,当那些富于浪漫的骑士精神经过理性的冷却,他那场仓猝的婚姻中较为真实的一面随着两个人的成长开始显现。雪莱不得不承认婚姻并没有救助他的妻子,婚姻只是将两个人绑在一起来承受另一种折磨。在精神上,感情上,两个人之间的差异越来越大。这一时期,雪莱结识了葛德文的女儿玛丽·葛德文(Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin,1797年-1851年),他们相爱了,出走至欧洲大陆同游,他们对于爱情和婚姻的理想纯洁到连最严苛的批评家也无法致词。雪莱死后,玛丽为他的诗全集编注。
主要作品
诗歌
爱尔兰人之歌(The Irishman`s Song,1809)
战争(War,1810)
魔鬼出行(The Devil`s Walk,1812)
麦布女王(Queen Mab,1813)
一个共和主义者有感于波拿巴的倾覆(Feelings Of A Republican On The Fall Of Bonaparte,1816)
玛丽安妮的梦(Marianne`s` Dream,1817)
致大法官(To The Lord Chancellor,1817)
奥西曼迭斯(Ozymandias,1817)
逝(The Past,1818)
一朵枯萎的紫罗兰(On A Faded Violet,1818)
召苦难(Invocation To Misery,1818)
致玛丽(To Mary,1818)
伊斯兰的反叛(The Revolt of Islam,1818)
西风颂(Ode To The West Wind,1819)
饥饿的母亲(A Starving Mother,1819)
罗萨林和海伦(Rosalind and Helen,1819)
含羞草(The Sensitive Plant,1820)
云(The Cloud,1820)
致云雀(To A Skylark,1820)
自由颂(Ode To Liberty,1820)
解放的普罗米修斯(Prometheus Unbound,1820)
阿多尼(Adonais,1821)
一盏破碎的明灯(Lines,1822)
剧本
倩契(The Cenci,1819,五幕悲剧)
暴虐的俄狄浦斯(Oedipus Tyrannus,1820,诗剧)
希腊(Greece,1821,抒情诗剧)
论文及散文 无神论的必然(1811)
自然神论之驳斥(1814)
关于把改革付诸全国投票的建议(1817)
诗的辩护(1821)
译著
柏拉图《会饮篇》
荷马《维纳斯赞》等
旦丁《地狱》篇部分
歌德《浮士德》部分
|浪漫主义时期|• 简介
英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年,标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版,终于1832年,标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movementIts principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion
哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。
小说主要元素:暴力,恐怖,超自然力量的描写。
VIP :
1William Blake
2William Wordsworth
3Percy Bysshe Shelley
4Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind
威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭,一生中,他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色,他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的,只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。
在文学上,布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人,表现出对理性至上的轻视,对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。
布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界,尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界,一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界,笔调极为忧伤压抑。
《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应,纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似,笔调不同。
1| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
Brief introduce
A The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings
B His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone
C Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience
2 | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean
The well-proportioned body of the tiger
What does "tyger" refer to
There are different opinions about the tiger Some say the tiger is made by God Others say it is made by men One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry
A His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes
B The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world
C The third --- Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children
D The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression"
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, iethe exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance iethe role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitationIn the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children
威廉•华兹华斯
• 1797年,结识了科勒律治,两人成为知心密友,合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。
• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。
• 1842年,华兹华斯荣获政府津贴,次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate)
• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人,对他来说,生命犹如轮回的旅程,生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格,厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源,即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。
• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星,是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表,他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物,开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路,并号召人们回归自然。
作家作品:
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1 | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature / His love for the daffodils
2 | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3 | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road
4 | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature
A First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity" The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language
B Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems"
C Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern
D Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature
雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭,父亲是个保守的乡绅,母亲貌美。
• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中,如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。
• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》,诗中号召工人,农民起来斗争,在宪章运动时期成为英国***的战歌。
• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机,却孕育着新春的希望,诗人希望自己也化作这西风,把他对未来的预言传遍人间。
• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。
• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致,文化底蕴深厚,含有丰富的典故,并多用拟人和隐喻,将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。
作家作品:
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation
"drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society
"bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality
奥斯汀一生完成六部作品,她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》;《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上,她倡导新古典主义,坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关,正因如此,她的作品具有普遍的意义。
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists Austen's work has a very narrow literary field Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature
A Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature She creates six influential novels
B Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event This is what makes her important in English literature
C Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals
D She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind
C Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations
……
带思维导图版笔记在这里: 英美文学笔记
19世纪首先是浪漫主义文学的繁荣。在19世纪头30年里,英国的浪漫主义文学是欧洲成就最高的文学,对欧洲其他国家的文学产生了很大的影响。最早的浪漫主义文学家是“湖畔派”诗人华兹华斯(1770-1850)、柯勒律治(1772-1834)和骚塞(1774-1843)。他们的诗歌厌恶资本主义文明,否定技术进步,主张倒退,妄图用中世纪宗法制生活方式抵制资本主义工业文明。但是他们不像感伤主义者那样用空洞的情感去替代现实,他们的全部诗作的基本主题是在个人的感受中,厌恶工业革命以来技术进步所带来的种种社会丑恶,向往大自然的山川秀色,试图在大自然中寻找理想和人生的最后归宿。
雨果——法国——《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》
雪莱——英国——《西风颂》、《解放了的普罗米修斯》
海涅——德意志——《德国,一个冬天的童话》
大仲马——法国——《基督山恩仇记》
拜伦——英国——《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》、《唐璜》
史蒂文森——苏格兰——《诱拐》、《金银岛》
标志着英国浪漫主义开端是《抒情歌谣集》。
湖畔派三位诗人缅怀中世纪和宗法式的乡村生活,是浪漫主义文学中温婉清丽的代表。这些诗人对法国大革命抱着矛盾的态度,对资本主义的工业文明和城市文明表示厌恶,竭力讴歌的是宗法制的农村生活和大自然,喜欢描写神秘离奇的情景与异国风光。
华兹华斯是湖畔派诗人中成就最高者,他与“湖畔派”另一诗人柯勒律治共同出版《抒情歌谣集》,成为英国浪漫主义文学的奠基之作。诗集中收录的诗歌大部分为华兹华斯所做,而柯勒律治的名诗《古舟子咏》和《忽必烈汉》(《Kubla Khan》)亦收入其中,充满幻觉和奇谲的意象。
扩展资料:
18世纪末至19世纪30年代的欧洲,革命和战争频仍,动乱不已。政治中的黑暗,社会的不平等,使人们感到法国大革命后确立的资本主义制度远不如启蒙思想家描绘的那样美好。
社会各阶层,特别是知识分子,对启蒙思想家设想的“理性王国”深感失望,努力寻找新的精神寄托。这种社会情绪反映在文学创作领域,就产生了浪漫主义文学。
英国乃至世界的浪漫主义运动是与当时世界性的革命运动思潮息息相关的,特别是法国大革命,它对浪漫主义运动首先发生在欧洲负有直接责任,对英国浪漫主义运动的蓬勃开展更是产生了重大影响。追根溯源,浪漫主义作家在思想上深受德国唯心主义古典哲学的影响。
开始重视人的自由、自在和自为性,并开始重新去认识“自我”、审视“自我”,从而进一步追求“自我”价值的实现。正是由于对“自我”内心情感的抒发和追求,英国的浪漫主义作家才与欧洲各国的先驱们一起开始以作品为宣泄口。
追求强烈情感的自然流露,张扬个性解放,以锐不可当之势冲垮了理性统制长达100多年的文学大堤。
-英国浪漫主义文学
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