英语作文是语言综合能力及情感表达的综合体现。如果你是懒得写那么还是多动动脑子,别到时考试不习惯写不出。要是真不会,就是自己没有思路或者有思路不会表达,最好让你英语老师给你梳理下语法知识及作文思路,要是学校老师不方便你也可以找老师辅导下。总之写作文依赖性不要太强,时间长了自己就完全不会写了,问完这篇,下篇还是想问别人。来自精锐教育
音乐是反映人类现实生活情感的一种艺术。下面是我给大家整理的一些英语范文,供大家参阅!
有关音乐的英语作文篇1:Music in my life
Music is an important part in my life,I even can't live without music
Actually,I like many kinds of music,I'd like to talk about my favorite music hereWell,I like Irish folk music best,New age is Irish style,and it's mixes some morden melody,it sounds very nice and pure,can bring you into the never land and dream land,just relax,and forget all the problemsI like Enya,she is a very famous New age singer,her song just like the voice of heaven,her song is as nice and beautiful as herself!
I'm not keen on American pop songs,they are terrible for me!The melody is not soft and nice at all!So fast and strong beat,too exciting,and can't hear them clearlyI can't stand the strong beat,that nearly make me fainted!
In a word,music has an very important place in my lifeAs for the importance of music to my life,I think you can guess,it just like meals and sleeping,I can't live without itDoes anyone want to take it away from me,I'm gonna fight him and never give up!
音乐是我生命中重要的一部分,我什至不能没有音乐。
其实,我喜欢的音乐种类很多,我想谈谈我的最喜欢的音乐在这里。嗯,我喜欢的爱尔兰民间音乐最好的,新时代的爱尔兰风格,它混合了一些摩登的旋律,听起来非常好,纯净,可以使土地与梦想永不土地你,只是放松,忘记所有的问题。我喜欢恩雅,她是一个非常著名的新时代的歌手,她就像天上的声音歌曲,她的歌是很好的和自己美丽!
我不是在美国流行歌曲热衷,他们对我太可怕了!的旋律不软,漂亮可言!这么快,强拍,太令人兴奋的,并不能清楚地听到他们的声音。我不能忍受强烈的节拍,几乎让我晕倒! 总之,音乐在我生活中非常重要的地位。至于音乐的重要性,我的生活,我想你可以猜到,它就像吃饭,睡觉,我不能没有它。有没有人想从我出去了,我要去争取他,永不放弃!
有关音乐的英语作文篇2:音乐
Many people, especially young college students, like pop songs They hum
small tunes all the way to their schools and seem to be never tired of this Some of them are even mad about pop songs, rock'n'roll in particular They shout and shout until their voices become hoarse
Others will submerge themselves in the romance of the love songs, with tears streaming down their cheeks Despite such popularity of the pop songs, however, some people dismiss such kind of songs as crude and worthless They hold that these songs are easy to sing and they are usually characterized with simple tunes which lack variety and depth Based upon this, they say that pop songs should not have gained such popularity Whereas many others stick to pop songs Their lives seem to ha dull without songs
In my point of view, pop songs should not be banned True, their tunes are
simple and sometimes repetitious, but this is not to say that they are of no artistic value Folk songs are also quite simple in tune but no one could dismiss them as trash songs There is no denying that some pop songs are equally excellent Why Because they are widely sung and widely remembered For example, "Yesterday" is of high artistic value No one can deny its beautifulness in tune Of com-se, there are bad songs that will not last long, but pop song fans will give these songs their due by choosing to sing them or not
有关音乐的英语作文篇3:奇妙的音乐
I have to say that music really has a strong attractiveness to me Naturally, everyone can choose suitable music to listen to However, when you find a kind of music which can bring happiness to you, you will be surprised and become excited Music has a magical energy, and it can help people gain good mood in a great extent
我想说的是音乐对我真的有一股强大的吸引力。很自然,每个人都能选择适合自己的音乐去聆听。然而,当你发现一种能够带给你巨大幸福的音乐时,你将会很惊讶很激动。音乐有一种神奇的力量,在很大程度上,音乐能够帮助人们获得好心情。
When you feel sad, you can have a try to listen to soothing music At first, soothing music will let you calm down You will find that you will play much attention to the music, and then your sadness can be decreased You will enter music ocean You can experience a baptism of your heart It does not matter that when you listen to soothing music and you want to cry, you should just follow yourself feeling to have a thorough release Music will give you enough encourage to overcome difficulties
当你感到悲伤时,你可以尝试听一下舒缓的音乐。首先,舒缓的音乐可以让你平静下来,你会发现你将会把注意力转移到音乐上,这样你的悲伤就会减少了。你进入了音乐的海洋。你也经历了一次心灵的洗礼。当你听舒缓音乐时忍不住想要哭时,不要有任何顾虑,就跟着你的感觉走,让自己有一个完全的释放。音乐会给你足够的勇气来战胜困难的。
Music also can double your happiness and arouse the fighting For instance, when you solve some very difficult situations and gain success eventually, you will have a great mood At this time, exciting music will witness your success You will feel satisfied Music lets you remember the glorious moment and cherish your success Music can give you unlimited motivation to achieve goals,because you still want to listen to glorious music
音乐当然也可以让你的快乐加倍并且激发你的斗志。例如,当你解决了许许多多的困难并且最终成功时,你就会有一个好心情。这时,振奋人心的音乐会见证你的成功。你会感到满足,音乐会让你记得这个光荣的时刻并且让你珍惜你的成功。音乐给了你无限的动力取得成功,因为你依旧想要听到光荣的音乐再次响起。
In addition, music includes a lot of useful knowledge People can learn precious knowledge from music Because there is different music, we can find out that different nations have different music
thoughts to express And from music, we can listen to music culture Music culture will give you a deeper understanding to learn foreign culture, such as foreign language, foreign history and foreign traditional customs and so on In a word, music has an important effect on promoting society development
此外,音乐还囊括了许许多多有用的知识。人们可以从音乐中学到珍贵的知识。由于存在着很多不同的音乐,我们可以发现不同的的国家所表达音乐思想不同。从音乐中,我们可以聆听到音乐文化。音乐文化将会给你一个更深的理解力去学习外国文化,例如外语,外国历史,外国传统习俗等。总而言之,音乐对促进社会发展有着重要的影响。
Music indeed has a magical power to help people and society develop I believe that music will still continue to bring us many surprises As the development of society, great music will become more important
音乐的确有着神奇的力量来帮助人们和社会发展。我相信音乐依旧会带给我们许多惊喜。随着社会的发展,好的音乐会变得越来越重要。
有关音乐的英语作文篇4:Mood and music
As is known to all , music can influence our emotions , thoughts and behavior to a great degree It can make us sad or happy , relaxed or full of energy
It is well acknowledged that there are a variety of music genres Here two types of music I appreciate can be given as examples On the one hand , slow music calms people Ballads and classical music often create a peaceful atmosphere that is good for relaxing after a busy day Many people listen to slow music , which suits their moods when they are alone at night
On the often hand , faster music tends to give us energy and make us full of life , something alike This type of music is often played at sporting events to stir up the fans and the teams or at some stores to stimulate us to do shopping In addition , rock and roll , pop music or rap are played at parties too , which can provide energy to the gathering
As far as I am concerned , music is a good medicine to our soul It can change our mood , our horizon in life , and even better our physical health , which is inevitably one of the most essential factors in our enjoyable life
As is known to all , music can influence our emotions , thoughts and behavior to a great degree
It can make us sad or happy , relaxed or full of energy
It is well acknowledged that there are a variety of music genres
Here two types of music I appreciate can be given as examples
On the one hand , slow music calms people
Ballads and classical music often create a peaceful atmosphere that is good for relaxing after a busy day
Many people listen to slow music , which suits their moods when they are alone at night
On the often hand , faster music tends to give us energy and make us full of life , something alike
This type of music is often played at sporting events to stir up the fans and the teams or at some stores to stimulate us to do shopping
In addition , rock and roll , pop music or rap are played at parties too , which can provide energy to the gathering
As far as I am concerned , music is a good medicine to our soul
It can change our mood , our horizon in life , and even better our physical health , which is inevitably one of the most essential factors in our enjoyable life
众所周知,音乐可以影响我们的情绪、思想和行为在很大程度上。它可以使我们悲伤或快乐,放松或充满活力。
它也承认,有各种各样的音乐流派。这两种类型的音乐可以给我欣赏为例。一方面,缓慢的音乐安抚人们。民谣和古典音乐经常创造一个和平的气氛,有利于放松忙碌的一天后。很多人听着舒缓的音乐,适合他们的情绪当他们独自一人在晚上。
在通常的手,快节奏的音乐往往给我们能量,让我们充满活力,一些相似。这种类型的音乐是经常玩在体育赛事煽动球迷和球队或在一些商店来刺激我们做购物。此外,摇滚乐、流行音乐、说唱乐是在派对玩也可以提供能量的收集。
在我看来,音乐是一个好药我们的灵魂。它可以改变我们的心情,我们的地平线在生活中,和更好的身体健康,这是不可避免的至关重要的因素之一在我们的愉快的生活。
有关音乐的英语作文篇5:Music Lives in My Life
It is said that Musicis the soul of a manI agree on the viewI love not only listening to music,but also singing the songwhatever cheering or sorrowful,music can know about my mood and accompany meIt seems to me that music is a good friend
I can express my feelingby musicI take delight in singing in KTVSentiment in myself can go outIt’s so coolSinging in the front of people can raise my confidence and make me highWhen joyless,nobody can undersdand my heart and I am clined to sing the song aloneIt’s a mode that nobody can break intoSo music can bring much to me
Apart from this,some musics are classicalThe rhythm and song lyrics are greatFor example,song lyrics of Let it Go enconrage many peopleAny words of the song let you brave”Be the good girl ,you always have to be” and I always have to be
Nowadays I listen to music every dayMusic is the part of my lifeI love music and let it in my heart
您好,给您找了点供参考,希望对您写英语作文有所帮助:
1as an old saying goes,正如一句古老的谚语所说
2be nothing but 不过就是
3from where i stand 从我的立场来说
4give oneself a chance to给某人一个机会去
5i feel sure that我坚信
6is the best way to make sure that确保的最好办法是
7we must do our absolute best to我们必须竭尽全力做
8there is no denying the fect that无可否认
9nothing is more+adj+than to+v没有比更重要的了
10主语+cannot emphasize the importance oftoo much 再怎么强调的重要性也不为过
11pose a great threat to 对造成了一大威胁(egPollution poses a great threat to our existance)
12stole the spotlight from从获得大众的瞩目
13touch sb on the raw 触到某人的痛处
14it is not uncommon that 这是常有的事儿。。
15it is almost impossible to do 。。。是很困难的
16the recent research has shown that最近研究表明。。
17has/have no alternative but to除外别无选择
18between the devil and the deep blue sea 进退维谷,左右为难
19content in the thought that满足于的想法
20(重磅出击,一般老师都会感动,这个句子可以千变万化,可以替换其中的一些词)The long,(costly strike) proved to be the last nail in the coffin for (the company),with( its history of financial problems)长时期的罢工损失巨大,再加上一直以来的财政问题,使得该公祠一蹶不振。 注:()都是可替换的
51 对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52 支持前 / 后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former / latter opinion
53 有 / 提供如下理由/ 证据 have / provide the following reasons / evidence
54 在一定程度上 to some extent / degree / in some way
55 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56 …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…
57 日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58 眼前利益 immediate interest / short-term interest
59 长远利益 interest in the long run
60 …有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits / advantages and disadvantages
61 扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62 取其精髓,取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。
63 对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to
64 交流思想 / 情感 / 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information
65 跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …
66 采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth。
67 …的健康发展 the healthy development of …
68 有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides No garden without weeds。
69 对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。
70 重视 attach great importance to…
71 社会地位 social status
72 把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…
73 扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
74 身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75 有直接 /间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…
76 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief that
78 缓解压力 / 减轻负担 relieve stress / burden
79 优先考虑 / 发展… give (top) priority to sth
80 与…比较 compared with… / in comparison with
81 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。
82 代替 replace / substitute / take the place of
83 经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84 提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
85 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
86 毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…
87 增进相互了解 enhance / promote mutual understanding
88 充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
89 承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure
90 保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society
91 更多地强调 put more emphasis on…
92 适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society
93 实现梦想 realize one’s dream / make one’s dream come true
94 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:
95 首先 First, Firstly, In the first place, To begin with
96 其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place
97 再次 Besides,In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore
98 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,
99 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,
100 我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go。
。
Ernest Hemingway, one of the most influential writers of the 20th century, was known for his concise and simple writing style Born in Illinois in 1899, he began his writing career as a journalist in the 1920s and later became a novelist, producing classics such as "The Old Man and the Sea," "For Whom the Bell Tolls," and "A Farewell to Arms"
Hemingway's writing style was characterized by short and direct sentences that conveyed deep emotions and themes He often wrote about war, love, and loss, and his experiences as a soldier and expatriate in Europe influenced much of his work
Hemingway was also known for his adventurous lifestyle, which included big-game hunting, deep-sea fishing, and bullfighting His love of adventure and the outdoors is reflected in his writing, which often features vivid descriptions of nature and the environment
Despite his success as a writer, Hemingway struggled with depression and alcoholism throughout his life He tragically took his own life in 1961, leaving behind a legacy of literary excellence and a style that has influenced generations of writers
厄内斯特·海明威是20世纪最有影响力的作家之一,以简洁明了的写作风格而闻名。他于1899年出生于伊利诺伊州,在20世纪20年代开始担任记者,后来成为小说家,创作了经典作品,如《老人与海》、《丧钟为谁而鸣》和《永别了,武器》。
海明威的写作风格以短小而直接的句子为特征,传达了深刻的情感和主题。他经常写关于战争、爱情和失去,他作为一名士兵和在欧洲的移民的经历影响了他的许多作品。
海明威也以冒险的生活方式而闻名,包括大型猎杀、深海捕鱼和斗牛。他对冒险和户外活动的热爱反映在他的作品中,经常描绘大自然和环境的生动描述。
尽管海明威成为了一名成功的作家,但他一生都在与抑郁症和酗酒作斗争。他在1961年悲剧性地结束了自己的生命,留下了文学卓越的遗产和影响了几代作家的风格。
您好! 第一要保证每个句子的正确性,这就需要掌握英语简单句的五种基本类型及有关动词的使用规律;第二要注意句子之间的逻辑性,这就要熟练掌握连词的用法;第
wendahaosoucom/q/1 2013-09-10-快照-好搜问答
求一篇关于情感类的英语作文_好搜问答
1个回答 - 提问时间:2013年5月25日
最佳答案:By an idol drama, let me know the singer Dong-Liang Zhang, scanning Baidu ,,i knew he is song<who do u miss when you are lonely >of the concert ,then I h
wendahaosoucom/q/1 2013-05-25-快照-好搜问答
语用能力与英语学习
摘 要:英语学习者语用能力的缺失是造成跨文化交际过程中交际失误的主要障碍之一。通过探究语用能力的理论渊源,阐述一个成功的英语学习者应该习得哪些语用能力,并通过实例分析,说明语用能力的习得在跨文化交际过程中避免语用失误的重要意义。
关键词:交际能力;语用能力;英语学习
长久以来,英语学习者的语用能力的培养一直未受到人们的高度重视。传统的教学法主要把教学重心置于培养学生的语法能力上。许多中国的英语学习者花费大量的精力背诵单词,识记语法规则,或为了应付考试做各种各样的书面练习。结果是,尽管他们拥有了相当规模的英语词汇量,也掌握了大量的英语语法规则,实际应用英语的能力却相当有限。一旦应用于交际实践,常常会出现语用失误。以下场景在他们与以英语为本土语的国家的人们的交际中时常会出现:
场景一:在公共汽车上,一个中国学生在给一个英国妇女让座。
学生:Please take my seat,granny
英国妇女:Thank you
学生:Not at allYou’re old
英国妇女(显然很生气):Really
场景二:在一个寒冷的下午,一个外教走进教室。
外教(看着开着的窗户):It’s cold here,isn’t it
学生们:Yes,it is(却没有人起来关窗子)
场景三:在美国,一个中国留学生在打的。
学生对司机说:Excuse me,would you mind taking me to the airport
在这些场景中,尽管这些英语学习者的英语说得非常清楚流利,而且语法上也没有错误可挑剔,但他们却会被人认为言语行为不当或不得体,有时还会引起误解。究其原因,就是语用能力的缺失(the lack of pragmatic competence)。由于语用能力的缺失,一个英语学习者说出的英语可能发音准确,符合语法规则,在实际生活中有时却可能会无法与英语国家的人们进行有效的交流或被认为言语行为不礼貌,不得体。从这一点来看,语用能力的习得在英语学习过程当中比之语音、语法、词汇的学习更应当引起人们的高度重视。
一 语用能力的理论渊源
语用能力这一术语源语言学家们对交际能力的研究。“语言是人类用来交际的任意声音符号系统”(胡壮麟,1988:3)从这一定义我们可以清楚的看出与人交际是语言的最终目的,而我们学习英语也就是为了能与说英语的人进行成功的交流。也就是说,任何英语学习者,如果说已经掌握了英语这门语言,也就意味着/她已经具备了能够运用英语进行成功交际的能力,或者说已经习得了英语的交际能力(communicative competence)——“人们在特定的语境中相互传递和解释信息以及进行交往的能力”(Brown,2002:227) 。
Chomsky (1977)把人的交际能力分为语法能力(grammatical competence)和语用能力(pragmatic competence)。并把语用能力定义为“在特定的语境中适恰地应用语言形式的能力”。(Chomsky ,1977:40 )
Dell Hymes(1972)认为一个人的交际能力包含四个方面的内容(胡壮麟,1988:318):
1)形式上的可能性(Possibility):生成符合语法规则的句子的能力;
2)实施手段上的可行性(Feasibility):生成人脑能解码的句子的能力;
3)语境中的适恰性(Appropriation):在特定的社会文化语境中使用正确的语言形式的能力;
4)现实中的实施行为(Performance):完成话语的能力。
Bachman(1990:87) 把人的交际能力称作语言能力(Language Competence),并将其分作两大方面:1、组织能力(organizational competence),2、语用能力(pragmatic competence)。组织能力包括我们用来处理语言形式的语法层面和话语(语篇)层面的规则系统。而语用能力则处理语言的功能成分(言外能力,或有关发送和接收预期信息的能力)和社会语言能力(礼貌,礼节,隐喻,语域以及与文化相关的语言成分)
二 英语学习者应该习得的哪些语用能力
对于哪些语言能力为一个成功的英语学习者应该习得的语用能力,语言学家们的表述不尽相同,一般而言,归结起来语用能力应包含以下三个方面的内容:
1) 区别语言形式与语法功能的关系的能力;
2)理解语法正确性与语用适恰性之间关系的能力;
3)了解中英文化差异以避免文化语用失误的能力。
1 区别语言形式与语法功能的能力
对语言形式与语法功能的关系Brown (2002:231)作了如下表述“(语言)形式是语言的外在表现,语言功能是这些形式的实现”。
一定的语言形式可以实现特定的功能。“How much does that cost”通常是一种用来问问题的形式,而 “He lost his purse”则用作陈述功能。“交际可以被看作是一个带有一定的目的与意图的各种行为和成分的结合体。”(布朗, 2002:232)。 根据Austin和Searle的行为理论( Speech Act Theory),语言不仅是用来传递信息和描述事物的,还用来“做事”,用来执行动作。Austin认为,一个人在话说一句话的时候事实上是在实施三种基本的行为功能,而且这三种行为同时实施(胡壮麟等,1988:272)。
1)言内行为:说话本身所构成的行为;
2)言外行为:通过说这句话所构成的行为;
3)言后行为:话语行为对听话这带来的结果。
比如说话人说“It’s hot in here”他的言内行为是指这句话的字面意思“这里的气温高”。他的言外行为可以是请求听话人去打开窗子。他的言后行为可以是听话人打开窗子的行为或听话人拒绝说话人的请求。
Michael Halliday (1973)用“功能”( function)这一术语来表述语言的交际目的,并列出了语言的七种功能(Brown,HD2002:232):
1)器械功能:用作操纵环境,引起某些事件的发生;
2)调控功能:用作控制事件;
3)代表功能:用语言来代表所看到的事实;
4)人际功能:用语言 维持社会关系;
5)情感功能:用作表达个人感受、情感、心理反映等;
6)启发功能:用作学习环境,获取知识;
7)意象功能:用作产生意象系统或意念。
在我们研究分析语言的形式与功能的关系问题时还应该注意一种独特的现象,那就是语言的形式与功能并不总是一一相对应的。例如:语言的“道歉”功能可以以下多种语言形式来表达(何自然,1997:204/5):
1)直接使用表达歉意的形式
I’m terribly sorry
2)通过解释或描写事件发生的情景和过程来表达歉意
I had to take my child to the hospital,she was ill
3)承认自己负有责任或犯错
I am to blame
4)许诺或保证不再让类似事情发生
I won’t be late again
5)主动提出补偿
I’m extremely sorry,but I’ll make up for your loss
同样相同的表达形式可以实施不同的言语行为,执行不同的交际功能。例如It’s hot in here这句话,它在不同的语境中可以表达不同的言语行为:
1)陈述一个事实(客观说明这里的气温的情况);
2)表达一个请求(天气冷,而门窗却敞开着);
3)提出一个请求(这里冷,不妨换一个地方);
4)发出一个警告(这里冷,当心小孩着凉);
5)表示埋怨(这里气温不宜人),等等。
Brown (2002) 认为由于语言形式和功能的这种不对应性特点,语言的语用能力有时很难习得。因此,学习语言,人们不仅要懂得语言的字面意义,还须了解语言的交际功能,要知晓交际的目的以及如何通过语言形式来达到目的。人们不仅要注意语言形式的正确性(语法能力),还要习得如何适恰地运用这些语言形式来实现语言的各种交际功能(语用能力)。
2 理解语法正确性与语用适恰性之间关系的能力
(语言)语法的正确性指的是说话人如何正确地运用语音、词汇、语法知识来遣词造句。语用的适恰性指的是说话人如何在特定的社会文化语境中使用正确的语言形式。语言主要是用来进行交际的,“是用来在特定的语境中传递和解释信息,在人与人之间进行思想交流的”(Brown,2002:227)。英语国家的本族人在同其他国家的英语学习这交流的时候,对他们的语法错误一般都持容忍态度,而对语言的语用错误却很难接受。因此,在实际的交际过程中,语用适恰性比语法的正确性更先显重要。
由于某些历史原因,传统的英语教学只注重学生的语法能力而忽视他们的语用能力的培养。结果往往是,中国的英语学习者能够流利地说出语法确切无误的英语句子,却无法达到预期的交际目的。Hymes(1972)认为,如果说话人不懂得如何在实际的语境中适恰地语用语言,有时他所习的语法规则将毫无用处。在现实的交际过程中,语法正确的句子不一定就是语用上适恰的。
夏季梅(1995:1)讲了这么一个例子:
(在欢迎一位美籍教师的会议上,学校负责人如此介绍道)
Ladies and gentlemen I’m delighted to introduce to you a very pretty girl,Miss BrownShe is a very good teacher from the USA……
中方负责人的话语法上无可挑剔,可Miss Brown 听到这番话后却感到很是尴尬和不悦。因为在西方文化中,一个成熟女性被人称作girl 是意味着她还很幼稚。另外,用pretty和 good来介绍初次相识者也显得过于主观。
与此例相反,有时一些句子尽管不合语法,但在特定的场合却能起到交际的作用,例如:
He don’t speak English very good
这句话尽管不符合语法,但英美人听了,仍能明白无误地理解这句话所表达的意思。
有时,在某一个语境中适恰的表达形式在另一个语境会显得很不适恰。例如:“Would you be kind enough to open the door for me”常被用来求陌生人帮忙,但如果在两个亲密的朋友或家人之间则会显得很不适恰。
因此,英语学习者在运用语言来进行交际的时候,不但应考虑语法的正确性,更应该注意语用的适恰性。语用适恰与否涉及的因素很多,包括诸如说话场合、说话人与听话人之间的关系、共享的知识经验以及不同的文化背景等等。其中,不同的文化背景差异是影响语用适恰性的主要障碍。下面我们将讨论以下英语学习者跨文化交际过程中的该如何避免语用失误的能力的问题。
3 了解中英文化差异以避免文化语用失误的能力
来自不同的文化背景的人们在行为表现上会存在很大的差异。一个英语学习者如果缺乏对中英文化背景差异的理解,即使习得了正确的英语语音、语法知识,在与英语本族人交际时语用失误仍会频繁发生。
两个中国人在街上见面,“你吃了吗?”“你上哪儿?”这样的招呼语十分常见。而英美人见面却从不这样打招呼,而是说“Hello!”“How are you”等。 邓炎昌、刘润清(1991)就举了一个有趣的例子:
一天,一个在中国留学的外国学生向他的朋友抱怨道:“为什么你们总是问我吃了没有?我不穷,有钱付饭费。”他是不了解“你吃了吗?”这句话在中国文化语境中的打招呼功能。
我校有个美籍留学生有次也向他的中国老师反映:“太奇怪了,每次人们遇见我,都要问我到什么地方去干什么。我去银行取钱 ,能告诉他们吗?”
现在让我们来比较下中西礼貌方面的不同。英美人听到别人对他们的道贺或感谢时通常采取的是欣然接受的态度。而中国人在这种情况下,对英美人的赞誉感激之词往往会感到很窘迫,常趋向于说“no,no”来表示自己不值得赞誉和感激。
(1) 外国客人:It’s really kind of you to show me around the campus
中国学生:No,not at all
外国客人:
(2) 外国客人:The dishes you cooked for me are delicious
中国主人: Not delicious at all
外国客人:You mean I’m not telling the truth
在这种语境下,英语本族人会感到不可思议,因为在英美人看来,直接拒绝他人的赞誉和感激是很不礼貌和不诚实的表现。
不同文化背景中隐私项的不同也常常是引起跨文化语用失误的主要原因。
在中国的文化中,人们趋向于打听听话人的家庭状况,以显示对他们的关心。因此,两个中国人见面的时候,常常会很直接相互询问对方的年龄,婚姻状况,工作情况以至于收入多少等等。而所有这些,在英美人看来,纯属私事,向人打听是十分不礼貌的行为。英语学习者如不了解这些差异,在交际过程中就很容易发生语用失误。下面这则摘自人教版中学英语第一册的例子就给我们如何学习避免这方面的语用失误提供了很不错的素材。
Liu Mei:What’s your name,please
MrsRead:Sue Read
Liu Mei:Can you spell it,please
MrsRead:YesS-U-E,SueR-E-A-D,Read
Liu Mei:How old are you
MrsRead:Ah! It’s a secret
三 结语
语用能力的习得在英语学习者与英语本族人进行交际的过程中起着十分重要的作用。许多专家指出,在很多水平相当不错的英语学习者当中,语用能力缺失仍然是造成跨文化交际过程中语用失误的主要障碍之一。语用能力的习得已经越来越引起广大英语教育与学习者的重视。
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仅供参考,请自借鉴
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