人的情感有哪几种分类方法？

人的情感复杂多样，可以从不同的观察角度进行分类。由于情感的核心内容是价值，人的情感主要应该根据它所反映的价值关系的运动与变化的不同特点进行分类。

1、根据价值的正负变化方向的不同，情感可分为正向情感与负向情感。正向情感是人对正向价值的增加或负向价值的减少所产生的情感，如愉快、信任、感激、庆幸等；负向情感是人对正向价值的减少或负向价值的增加所产生的情感，如痛苦、鄙视、仇恨、嫉妒等。

2、根据价值的强度和持续时间的不同，情感可分为心境、热情与激情。心境是指强度较低但持续时间较长的情感，它是一种微弱、平静而持久的情感，如绵绵柔情、闷闷不乐、耿耿于怀等；热情是指强度较高但持续时间较短的情感，它是一种强有力、稳定而深厚的情感，如兴高采烈、欢欣鼓舞、孜孜不倦等；激情是指强度很高但持续时间很短的情感，它是一种猛烈、迅速爆发、短暂的情感，如狂喜、愤怒、恐惧、绝望等。

3、根据价值的主导变量的不同，情感可分为欲望、情绪与感情。当主导变量是人的品质特性时，人对事物所产生的情感就是欲望；当主导变量是环境的品质特性时，人对事物所产生的情感就是情绪；当主导变量是事物的品质特性时，人对事物所产生的情感就是感情。

4、根据价值主体的类型的不同，情感可分为个人情感、集体情感和社会情感。个人情感是指个人对事物所产生的情感；集体情感是指集体成员对事物所产生的合成情感，阶级情感是一种典型的集体情感；社会情感是指社会成员对事物所产生的合成情感，民族情感是一种典型的社会情感。

5、根据事物基本价值类型的不同，情感可分为真假感、善恶感和美丑感三种。真假感是人对思维性事物（如知识、思维方式等）所产生的情感；善恶感是人对行为性事物（如行为、行为规范等）所产生的情感；美丑感是人对生理性事物（如生活资料、生产资料等）所产生的情感。

6、根据价值的目标指向的不同，情感可分为对物情感、对人情感、对己情感和对特殊事物情感等四大类。对物情感包括喜欢、厌烦等；对人情感包括仇恨、嫉妒、爱戴等；对己情感包括自卑感、自豪感等。

7、根据价值的作用时期的不同，情感可分为追朔性情感、现实性情感和期望性情感。追朔性情感是指人对过去事物的情感，包括遗憾、庆幸、怀念等；现实性情感是指人对现实事物的情感；期望性情感是指人对未来事物的情感，包括自信、信任、绝望、期待等。

8、根据价值的动态变化的特点，可分为确定性情感、概率性情感。确定性情感是指人对价值确定性事物的情感；概率性情感是指人对价值不确定性事物的情感，包括迷茫感、神秘感等。

9、根据价值的层次的不同，情感可分为温饱类、安全与健康类、人尊与自尊类和自我实现类情感四大类。温饱类情感包括酸、甜、苦、辣、热、冷、饿、渴、疼、痒、闷等；安全与健康类情感包括舒适感、安逸感、快活感、恐惧感、担心感、不安感等；人尊与自尊类情感包括自信感、自爱感、自豪感、尊佩感、友善感、思念感、自责感、孤独感、受骗感和受辱感等；自我实现类情感包括抱负感、使命感、成就感、超越感、失落感、受挫感、沉沦感等。

参考文献：

①仇德辉著，《统一价值论》，中国科学技术出版社，1998年。

②仇德辉著，《数理情感学》，湖南人民出版社，2001年。

二胡运弓情感表现 Emotional performance of the bow-Skills of Erhu

帮你找了一些资料，希望对你有帮助哦

The erhu has only two strings but just listen to what those two strings can do - from playing the earliest classic, "The Sound of Agony," to imitating perfectly the voices of Peking Opera singers or even the music of bird chirping, writes Michelle Qiao

http://wwwmusicmall-asiacom/malaysia/instruments/Erhu/

Playing Technique

The erhu is held upright by the left hand, and its body sits on the player's left thigh The fingers of the left hand stop the strings, while the right hand and arm operate the bow By pushing the wood of the bow outward or pulling the bow hair inward with right hand fingers, the player produces sound from one of the two strings Bowing techniques include long bow (chang gong), short bow (duan gong), tremolo (chan gong), and others In modern erhu performance, the left hand moves to several positions Left hand techniques, which often distinguish the special sound characteristics of erhu, include vibrato (rou yin), glissando (hua yin), appoggiatura (da yin), and others

http://learningobjectswesleyanedu/vim/cgi-bin/instrumentcgiid=19

http://enwikipediaorg/wiki/Erhu

http://zhwikipediaorg/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%A1

Hollywood star Sharon Stone said "Flaws make me unique" during her Shanghai trip last week That is also true of erhu, the two-stringed bowed fiddle, the young brother in the family of Chinese traditional instruments

With the simplest historical record, the most humble beginnings and one more than the least number of strings, erhu has developed dramatically over the past century and become almost the most popular Chinese instrument on the world stage

"There are very few historical records about erhu which developed from xiqin, a similar instrument introduced into central China by minority tribes from along the northern frontier during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)," says Xing Liyuan, a young erhu performer and lecturer at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music "Modern erhu has a history of less than 100 years when maestro Liu Tianhua (1895-1932) created the first solo composition for erhu, 'The Sound of Agony,' in 1915"

She notes that erhu was a humble and simple folk instrument used only for accompaniment or group performances on occasions like local operas, banquets, weddings or funeral ceremonies before 1915 It was Liu's contribution that led to erhu being upgraded to a solo instrument and finding a place in conservatories and concert halls

"Erhu cannot compare with guqin (seven-string zither) and pipa (four-string lute) which have a history of up to 3,000 years but maybe it's the simple history and humble beginnings that have left erhu more space and freedom in which to develop," says Xing, who has twice won first prize in national competitions "The instrument has been constantly improved in terms of technique and repertoire at an amazing speed - like 'an uncontrolled wild horse' during the past century"

Erhu is a simple instrument that has a drum-like body made of ebony or sandalwood The front opening is covered with the skin of a snake and the back is left open The functions of the body is to resonate and amplify the vibrations of the strings

The neck of the erhu is about 81 centimeters long and is made from the same materials as the drum The top of the neck is bent for decoration The two strings of the erhu, which is usually tuned D and A, are made of silk or nylon, but nowadays metal strings are commonly used

The bow is 76 centimeters long and is manufactured from a reed which one curves by steaming and is then arched with horse hair in the same way as the bow of violin However, in the case of erhu, the horse hair runs between the two strings so one cannot take the bow off the instrument unless one of the two strings is taken off or broken

Erhu has widely been called "Chinese violin" because its tone similar to a Western violin While the four-string violin is played horizontally, the two-string erhu is played vertically The erhu range is up to four octaves in its most common tuning (it is sometimes tuned to play higher or lower octaves

The techniques of erhu playing are complex and require great skills The sound it produced is delicate, rich and expressive It's a trend in recent years to play classic violin compositions with an erhu

"The development of modern erhu has benefited from the techniques of violin playing but erhu is a more difficult to control than the violin," says Xing, who taught violin maestro Itzak Perlman to try to play the "Chinese violin" in 2002 at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music

"Without a finger board (like the violin has), it is very easy to go off-pitch when playing a note on erhu In fact pressing on the strings harder or softer will make the pitch go higher or lower respectively

"But interestingly this 'disadvantage' actually gives the erhu a flexibility almost comparable to the human voice," says Xing, who has tried to imitate the singing of a Peking Opera actor with an erhu during a concert

"People said my playing was so much like a man's singing The famous composition 'Jiang He Shui' ('River Water') sounds like the wailing of a woman Once I played 'Er Quan Ying Yue,' ('Moon Reflects over the Second Spring'), my neighbor, a boy, came over to ask, 'Who is crying around here'" she says

In addition, the instrument can also create special effects like birds chirping, dogs barking or a horse neighing Now erhu is widely used as a solo instrument in the orchestra of Chinese instruments and also in numerous Chinese folk operas and ballad forms

The most famous Chinese erhu performer in history was Hua Yanjun, a blind street artist who was known as Blind Ah Bing (1893-1950)

"His father, Hua Qinghe, was a maestro of erhu and pipa and head of a Taoist temple where Ah Bing grew up and learned to play the two instruments," says Xing

"After his father died, Ah Bing inherited the temple but was poor at managing it His dissolute lifestyle left him infected with a disease which caused him to go blind Bankruptcy and disease forced him to perform on the streets to make a living and he created a rainbow of compositions to express the agony of his life

"His music was so touching that he became more and more famous A visiting team of Chinese musicologists recorded six pieces of his playing (three erhu and three pipa) in 1950 before he died a few months later," Xing says

Maybe grassroots erhu is just like blind maestro Ah Bing With obvious flaws and disadvantages, they create the music that is closest to our voices and souls

分析和研究人的情感是一个复杂的过程，需要结合多个因素和方法。以下是一些常见的方法和技巧：

观察非语言表达：情感通常通过非语言表达来展示，包括面部表情、姿势、手势、眼神等。观察这些非语言信号可以提供关于一个人情感状态的线索。

倾听和观察语言表达：人们在语言中常常流露出情感，包括词语的选择、语调、语速等。倾听和观察一个人的语言表达可以帮助你了解他们的情感体验。

提问和探索：与他人进行深入的对话，提出开放性的问题，探索他们的情感体验和内心感受。通过主动与他人交流，你可以更好地了解他们的情感世界。

了解背景和经历：一个人的情感体验通常受到他们的背景和经历的影响。了解一个人的背景故事、家庭环境、教育背景等，可以提供更多的背景信息来理解他们的情感。

使用情感分析工具：一些科学研究和心理学领域的专业人士使用情感分析工具来研究和测量情感。这些工具可能包括问卷调查、心理测量仪器、脑部扫描等，通过客观的数据来分析和研究情感。

学习心理学和情感科学知识：深入学习心理学和情感科学领域的知识可以提供更多的理论框架和研究成果，帮助你理解情感的本质和影响因素。

需要注意的是，分析和研究他人的情感是一项复杂的任务，需要综合考虑多个因素，并且要尊重他人的隐私和个人边界。在进行情感分析时，保持尊重、开放和理解的态度非常重要。

他将人际关系分类为三种：情感性、工具性、及

混合性。他提出人们会依对方所归属的类别，而以不同的法则与之交往。

在黄氏的论述中，他对这三种关系的界定及所用的交往法则都有较清楚的交代。情

感关系是一种长久稳定的社会关系，主要是家庭成员、密友、朋侪团体等原级团体

成员。交往法则是以「需求」为主，交往目的是以满足双方之关爱、温情、安全感

、归属感等情感方面的需要为主。与这些人交往，「少有顾忌存在，能够表现出多

的真诚行为；成员与成员之间也很少玩『人情』或『面子』的权力游戏」（1985，

131页）。

至于工具关系，黄氏指出是一种不稳定的关系，主要是指店员与顾客、公车司机与

乘客、护士与门诊病人之关系。这类关系之交往双方主要是想从对方那里获得各自

所希望得到的某些资源，关系的维持是获取各自所需的手段，没有什么感情可言。

因此交往规则是「放诸四海皆准」的「童叟无欺」、「多劳多获」的公平法则。

黄氏认为混合性关系双方的交往是最需运用「人情」、「面子」。人情是强调「在

差序性结构的社会关系内维持人际和谐及社会秩序的重要性」（1988，9页）。在

混合性关系中，「交往双方彼此认识而且具有一定程度的情感关系，但其情感关系

不像原级团体那样，深厚到可以随意表现出真诚行为」（1988，17页），主要包括

亲戚、师生、同学、同事、同乡等不同角色关系。

　　猫是日本民族最喜爱的宠物，在日本人心目中有着特殊的地位。日本人喜欢借助猫来表达自己的感受，在长期的生活中逐渐形成了独树一帜的猫文化。从关于猫的很多传说故事、文学作品中可以看出猫文化的发展及日本人独特的爱猫情结。日语中受猫文化影响的词语、惯用句不胜枚举。这些表达方式沿用了猫的一切特性，生动形象、诙谐幽默，使用频度极高。

　　基本内容

　　猫情节所折射的文化内涵

　　摘要:猫是日本家庭常见的宠物之一。据史料记载,在日本的奈良时期,为了防止佛教经书遭鼠类咬坏,猫和佛教经书一起经由中国引进到日本。最初只有皇室成员才能饲养猫,因此它是权势的象征。到了明治时期,猫走进了千家万户,饲养猫的风气达到了鼎盛。日本人在长期有猫为伴的生活中,创造了大量的以猫为原型的文学艺术形象,比如招财猫、夏目漱石的《我辈是猫》、机器猫和Hello Kitty等等。这些艺术形象的产生和日本人对待猫所特有的情节是密不可分的。本论文从日本民族的民族性和民族心理出发,分析了日本民族的猫情节所折射的文化内涵。

　　关键词:猫情节;文化内涵;民族性;民族心理

　　1 引言

　　猫是和人类关系十分亲密的家畜之一。猫善于捕捉老鼠,正是因为这一天性,人类早在4000到6000年之前就开始饲养家猫。在日本的奈良时期,为了防止佛教经书遭鼠类咬坏,猫和佛教经书一起经由中国引进到日本。现在看来,猫的足迹虽然已经遍布世界的各个角落,但是在不同的国家,猫对该国文化的影响也是大相径庭的。在中国,猫向来不遭人待见,猫身上所背负的,大多是嫌贫爱富、趋炎附势的罪名。因此,在中国博大精深的传统文化里面,我们很难找到有关猫的文化折射。但是,在一衣带水的邻国日本,却又是另一种截然不同的情况。

　　想要更多请追加悬赏分！！