友谊万岁 翻译成英语怎么说?

友谊万岁 翻译成英语怎么说?,第1张

友谊万岁翻译英文:

1、auld lang syne

2、Long live the friendship

具体解释:

auld lang syne

一、读音:[,ɔ:ldlæŋ'sain]  

二、释义:昔日,美好的往时

三、短语:

1、auld auld lang syne 友谊地久天长

2、Auld d Lang Syne 友谊地久天长

3、Should auld acquaintanAuld lang syne 友谊地久天长

4、and auld lang syne 友谊地久天长

5、Auld Lang Syne 2 美好时光

6、Auld lang syne- 魂断蓝桥

7、For auld lang syne 亲密的朋友 ; 为了过去的好时光 ; 友谊地久天长 ; 为友谊地久天长

8、Christmas Auld Lang Syne 圣诞

Long live the friendship

一、读音:[lɒŋ lɪv ðə ˈfrendʃɪp]

二、释义:友谊万岁

三、例句:

1、Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people! 

中美人民的友谊万岁!

扩展资料

词汇解析

一、auld

读音:英 [ɔːld; ɑːld]  美 [ɔld] 

释义:

1、adj 旧的;老的

2、n (Auld)人名;(英)奥尔德

短语

1、Auld Sharon 名称

2、Joann Auld 标签

3、D Auld 标签

4、Auld Pat 名称

5、Geo Auld 标签

6、Auld Anne 名称

7、Kevin Auld 姓名

8、Anne Auld 标签

9、Bertie Auld 蒂·奥尔德

二、syne

读音:英 [saɪn]  美 [saɪn] 

释义:

1、adv 自那时起;后来;然后;以前

2、conj 从……以来

3、prep 自从

4、v 漂洗

5、n 漂洗

短语:

1、AuldLang Syne 离别歌

2、new syne 新同步

3、Syne PH 辛弗林

4、Lionel SYNE 辛恩

5、Tape Syne 磁带同步

6、syne serica 旺了对那片叫做中国

7、syne broadcast 同步广播

8、Lang syne 长期忽视 ; 远视 ; 地久天长 ; 长时间的视线

9、Syne Active 同步对话模式

三、long

英文发音:[lɒŋ]

释义:

1、adj 长的;长时间的;远的;长音的;(人)高的;持续的;冗长的;记得牢的;较大量的;远期(获利)的

2、adv 长期地;(某事之前或之后)很久地;(时间名词后)整个时间;远地

3、n 长时间;长音;远期证券;(服装的)长尺寸;长裤

4、v 渴望,盼望

5、n (Long) (美、英、爱)隆(人名)

短语

1、long 长整形变量

2、long position [金融] 多头 ; 长仓 ; 多头头寸 ; 好仓

3、Long lasting 持久性 ; 长期性 ; 长久性 ; 持久

4、long ton 英吨 ; 长 ; 幼吨

5、long filename 长文件名 ; 长档名 ; 文件名

6、Long Mode 长模式 ; 长形式 ; 长标准样式

7、Long Harbour 大滩海峡

8、Long put 买入认沽权 ; 买入看跌期权 ; 买入卖权

四、friendship

发音:['frɛndʃɪp]

释义:

1、n 友谊;友爱;友善

2、n (Friendship)人名;(英)弗兰德希普

短语

1、Friendship Highway 中尼公路

2、Romantic friendship 浪漫友情

3、friendship group 友谊型群体 ; 友谊团体 ; 友好集团

4、Friendship Zone 友谊区

5、Friendship Link 友情链接 ; 友情连接 ; 权重友情链接

6、Seeking friendship 寻求友谊

7、friendship network 情感网络 ; 朋友网络 ; 友谊网络 ; 友情网络

8、friendship circle 友谊之圈

9、Online Friendship 网络交友

初中英语重要句型

as soon as

as…as…

as…as possible

ask sb for sth

ask/tell sb (how) to do sth

ask/tell sb not to do sth

be afraid of doing sth/ that…

初中英语重要句型

8 be busy doing sth

9 be famous/ late/ ready/ sorry for…

10 be glad that…

11 buy/ give/ show/ bring/ lend/ send/ pass/

tell…sth to sb

12buy/ give/ show/ send/ pass/ bring/ lend/

tell sb sth

初中英语重要句型

13 either …or…

14enjoy/ hate/ like/ finish/ stop/ mind/ keep/

go on doing sth

15 find it+adjto do sth

16get +比较级

17 get ready for/ get sth ready

18 had better (not) do sth

初中英语重要句型

19 help sb (to) do / help sb with…

20 I don't think that…

21 I would like to/ Would you like to

22 is one of the +最高级+名词复数

23 It is +adj for sb to do sth

24 It is a good idea to do sth

25 It is the second +最高级+名词

初中英语重要句型

26 It looks like…/ It sounds like…

27 It seems to sb that…

28 It sounds +adj/ It looks+adj

29 It takes sb some time to do sth

30 It's bad/ good for …

31 It's time for…/ to do sth

32 It's two meters(years)long (high, old)

初中英语重要句型

33 keep sb doing sth

34 like to do / like doing sth

35 keep/ make sth +adj

36 make / let sb (not) do sth

37 neither…nor…

38 not…at all

39 not…until…

初中英语重要句型

40 One…the other…/ Some …others…

41 prefer …to…

42 see/hear sb do(doing) sth

43 so …that…

44 spend… on/ (in) doing sth

45 stop to do/ stop doing sth

46 such a (an)+adj +n that…

初中英语重要句型

47 take/bring sth with sb

48 thank sb for sth

49 The more…the more…

50 There is something wrong with…

51 too…to…

52 used to…

53 What about/ How about…

初中英语重要句型

54 What's the matter with…

55 What's wrong with…

56 Why not…

57 Will( Would, Could) you please…

一、以形式主语it引导的句型。

句型1 It happened(chanced) that +clause = sb happened /chanced sth = sb did sth by chance 如:

It happened that he was out when I got there 当我到那儿时,碰巧他不在。=He happened to be out when I got there= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there

句型2、It seems that sb do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb seems to do/ be doing/ have done/ had done 如:(还有动词appear可这样使用)

It seemed that he had been to Beijing before好象你以去过北京。=He seemed to have been Beijing before

句型3 It is / was+被强调的部分+that(who)+剩余的部分如:

It wasn’t until he came back that I went to bed直到他回来我才睡觉。(一定要注意被强调句型谓语动词否定的转移,及形式)。

It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school today只因为他有病了今天没有来上学。(只能用because而不能用for, as 或since)

It is I who am a student 我确实是个学生。(句中am不能用are来代替。)

句型4、It is high time (time/ about time) (that) 主语+should do / did+其它。(注意从句中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气)

It is high time that we should go / went home我们该回家了。

句型5、It is / was said ( reported…)+that+从句 如:

It was said that he had read this novel据说他读过这篇小说。=He was said to have read this novel

句型6、It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause(从句中的谓语用should+do / should have done,其形式是虚拟语气。)如:

It is strange that he should have failed in this exam真奇怪,他这次考试没有及格。

句型7、It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause(注意从句中的谓语动词用should do或should have

done的形式,但should可以省略。)如:

He didn’t come back until the film ended It was a pity that he should have missed this film 他直到**结束才回来。他没有看到这部**真可惜。

句型8、It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause(从句的谓语动词用should do, 但should可以省略。)如:

It is suggested that the meeting should be put off有人建议推迟会议。

句型9、It is/was+表示地点的名词+where+从句。(注意本句不是强调句型,而是以where引导的定语从句。)如:

It was this house where I was born请比较:It was in this house that I was born (后一句是强调句型。)

句型10、It is / was +表示时间的名词+when+从句。(注意本句型也不是强调句型,而是以when引导的定语从句。)如:

It was 1999 when he came back from the United States 请比较:It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States

句型11、It is well-known that+从句。如:

It is well-known that she is a learned woman 众所周知,她是个知识渊博的妇女。

句型12、It is +段时间+since+主语+did 请比较:

It was +段时间+since+主语+had done 如:

It is five years since he left here他已经离开这儿五年了。

It was five years since he left here(同上)

句型13、It +谓语+段时间+before+主语+谓语( before引导的是时间状语从句。) 如:

It wasn’t long before the people in that country rose up没有多久那个国家的人民就起义了。

It will be three hours before he comes back三个小时之后他才能回来。

句型14、It is +形容词+for+ sb+ to do 如:

It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的。

句型15、It is +(心理品质方面的)形容词+of + sb + to do = 主语+ be +形容词+to do(常用的形容词有:kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等。)如:

It is kind of you to help me=You are kind to help me你真好给我提供了帮助。

二、定语从句:

句型16、由as引导的非限定性的定语从句。如:

As we have known, he is a most good student众所周知,他是个很好的学生。请比较:It is well-known that he is a most good student(前一个是定语从句,而后者是个主语从句。)

句型17、由which引导的非限定性的定语从句。如:

He is a professor, which I have been looking forward to becoming

他是个教授,那是我一直盼望的职业。(因为先行词professor是表示职业的名词,因此引导词用which,而不用who。(注意:关于which和as之间的比较请看语法的定语从句部分。)

句型18、由where, when引导的定语从句(其中包括限定性的或非限定性的。)如:

This is the house where I used to come请比较:This is the house which / that I used to come to

This is the day when I joined the Party请比较:This is the day which / that I joined the Party on

说明:关于that与which之间的区别,请看语法中的定语从句。

三、让步状语从句

句型19、No matter what / which / who / where / when /

whose+从句,+主句。注意从句中的时态一般情况用一般现在时态。如:

No matter what you do, you must do it well请比较:Whatever you do, you must do it well 无论你做什么,一定要做好。

No matter where you go, please let me know请比较:Wherever you go, please let me know你无论去哪儿,请通知我。

说明:这两种句型形式不同,而意义完全相同。

注意:I will tell whoever would like to read it

句中的whoever不能用whomever来代替。因为它即作动词tell的宾语,又作后面从句的主语。

四、条件状语从句

句型20、When / So long as / As long as / Once +从句,+主句。(从句也可以放在主句之后。)如:

As long as you give me some money, I will let you go只要你给我一些钱,我就让你走。

Once you have begun to learn English, you should learn it well

一旦你开始学习英语,你应该把它学好。

句型21、主句+on condition that+从句。如:

I will go with you on condition that you give me some money我和你一起去的条件是你给我一些钱。

句型22、主句+unless+从句(注意:由于unless本身是否定词,所引导的从句的谓语动词用肯定。)如:

I will go there tomorrow unless it rains我明天去那儿除非下雨。

句型23、祈使句,+and/ and then+主句。(注意:祈使句也可用一个名词短语。)如:

Use your head, and you will find a good idea动脑筋想一想,你就会想出一个好主意。

Another word, and I will beat you你再说一句,我就揍你。

句型24、If +necessary / impossible/ important等,+主句。如:

If necessary, I will do it 如果有必要的话,我来做此事。

五、原因状语从句

句型25、主句+in case+从句。(in case表示以免)如:

I will take my raincoat in case it rains我要把雨衣带上以免下雨。

句型26、主句+due to / because of / owning to / + the fact that +从句。如:

He did not come to school because of the fact that he was

ill由于他有病了,所以没有来上学。

六、时间状语从句

句型27、When / While / As +从句,+主句。(关于它们之间的区别请看语法。)如:

When I was in the country, I used to carry some water for you当我在农村时,我常常给你打水。

句型28、主句+after / before +从句 如:

They hadn’t been married four months before they were

devoiced他们绘结婚不到四个月就离婚了。

We went home after we had finished the work我们做完此工作就回家了。

句型29、主语+肯定谓语+until+从句(或时间)请比较:

主语+否定谓语+until+从句。如:

I worked until he came back我一直工作到他回来。

I didn’t worked until he came back他回来我才开始工作。

句型30、As soon as / Immediately / Directly / Instantly / The moment / The instant / The minute +从句,+主句 如:

My father went out immediately I got home我一到家,我父亲就出去了。

句型31、No sooner +had + 主语+done…than +主语+did 请比较:

主语+had + no sooner +done…than +主语+did 如:

No sooner had I got to Beijing than I called you我一到北京就给你打电话了。

I had no sooner got to Beijing than I called you

句型32、Hardly +had +主语+done…when / before + 主语+did请比较:主语+had +hardly +

done…when / before +主语+did

Hardly had she had supper when she went out 她一吃完晚饭就出去了。

She had hardly had supper when she went out

句型33、By the time+从句,+主句(注意时态的变化。)如:

By the time you came back, I had finished this book到你回来时,我已经写完了这本书。

By the time you come back, I will have finished this book到你回来时,我将写完这本书。

句型34、each / every time +从句,+主句 (这时相当于whenever 或no matter

when引导的从句。从句也可放在主句之后。)如:

Each time he comes to Harbin, he always drops in on me每当他来哈尔滨,总是随便来看看我。

七、地点状语从句

句型35、Where +从句,+主句 如:

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible哪里没有雨水,种庄稼是很难的或者是不可能的。

句型36、Anywhere / wherever+从句,+主句 如:

Anywhere I go, my wife goes too无论我去哪儿,我的妻子也去哪儿。

I will go wherever you suggest你建议我去哪儿,我就去哪儿。

八、目的状语从句

句型37、主句+in order that / so that +从句如:

I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus我起得很早,以便能赶上早班车。

句型38、主句+for + sb +to do(注意动词不定式复合结构在这儿作目的状语。)如:

He came here for me to work out this problem他来这儿叫我帮他解出这道难题。

九、结果状语从句

句型39、主句+so that+从句 如:

It was very cold, so that the river froze天气很冷,因此河水结冰了。

句型40、So+形容词/ 副词+特定动词+主语+…+that+从句

So interesting is this book that I would like to read it again这本书那么有趣,我想再读一遍。

句型41、主语+谓语+such+名词+that+从句如:

He made such rapid progress that he was praised by the teacher他进步很快,老师表扬了他。

句型42、Such was + 主语+that +从句(这是个完全倒装句。)如:

Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken爆炸力这么大,所有的窗户都被震碎了。

十、比较状语从句

句型43、The +形容词比较级……,(主句)the +形容词比较级+……如:

The sooner you do it, the better it will be越早越好。

句型44、主语+谓语+as +形容词原级+as +被比较的对象 如:

He is as busy as a bee他非常忙。

句型45、主语+谓语+the+形容词比较级+of / between …

He is the taller of the two他们俩人中他高。

句型46、主语+谓语+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+被比较的对象如:

This room is three times as large as that one这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。(这个房间比那个房间大两倍。)

句型47、主语+谓语+百分数/倍数+形容词比较级+than+被比较的对象如:

This city is twice larger than ours这个城市比我们城市大两倍。

The early rice output in that commune was 200% more than that of 2000那个公社的早稻产量是2000年的两倍。

句型48、主语+谓语+the size / length/ width/ height +of +被比较的对象如:

Our building is twice the height of yours我们的大楼比你们的高两倍。

十一、其它句型

句型49、It doesn’t matter wh-+从句。如:

It doesn’t matter to me what you will do tomorrow你明天做什么与我无关。

It doesn’t matter whether you will come or not你来不来无关紧要。

句型50、形容词/ 副词 / 名词(可数单数)+as / though +主语+谓语,+主句如:

Young as he is, he knows a lot虽然他很小,但他知道得很多。

Hard he works, I am sure that he can’t pass this exam虽然他学习很努力,这次考试他肯定不能及格。

Child as he is, he knows a lot虽然他是个孩子,但他懂得很多。

句型51、Were / Should / Had +主语+谓语,+主句如

Were I you, I would have gone there yesterday如果我是你的话,昨天我就去那儿了。

句型52、Only +状语+特定动词+主语+谓语…

Only by this means can I do this work well只有用那种方式我才能做好此工作。

Only because he was ill did he not come to school只因为他有病了才没有来上学。

Only then did I realize that I had been wrong只有那时,我才认识到我错了。

句型53、Not only +特定动词+主语+谓语…but also+主语+谓语…

Not only did he learn English well but also he spoke French very well 他不但英语学得好,而且法语讲得很流利。

句型54、whether…or…, neither…nor…, either…or…

句型55、主语+doubt+whether + 从句 请比较:

主语+特定否定词+doubt+that+从句 如:

I don’t doubt that he will come this afternoon我确信他下午一定能来。

十二.句型1:too +adj./adv.+to do

The boy is too young to go to school.这孩子太小不能上学。

句型2:adj./ad v.+enough to do

The girl is old enough to go to school.这女孩到了上学的年龄。

句型3:...in order to do

He stood up in order to see better.他站了起来,好看清楚些。

句型4:...have to do

You'll have to go home now.现在你得回家了。

句型5:There's no time to do this.

There's no time for me to play now.现在我没时间玩。

书面表达常用句型及短语

1 学校生活及学习成绩

be obsorbed in … 对……入迷

bury oneself in … 对……入迷

give an excellent performance before the whole class 在全班面前好好表现一番

acquire (obtain)knowledge学习知识

put one’s heart into … 一心扑在……上

be interested in … 对……感兴趣

be fond of … 喜欢/爱好……

like chemistry best 最喜欢化学

be good at … 擅长……

be poor at … 不擅长……

do well in …

(在考试、竞赛中)取得好成绩;干得不错

be weak in … 不擅长……

make progress in … 在……方面取得进步

fail in … 考试不及格

be tired of … 对……感到厌烦/厌倦

pass the examination 通过考试

major in history 主修历史

be getting on well with one’s study

(某人)学业进展得很好

take several courses at school

在学校上几门课

have English (Chinese , Physics…)every (other)day

每天(隔一天)上英语(中文、物理)课……

work hard at (Physics , Chemistry)…

努力学习(物理、化学)…

He has the best record in school

他的学习成绩最棒。

live up to one’s hope 不辜负某人的期望

learn about …

学习到/知道(某学科知识)/听到,听说/获悉/了解到

succeed in …

在(某方面)成功;在(做某事)上获得成功

be active in class (work)

在课堂上(工作中)表现积极

take an active part in …积极参加……

learn sth by heart 谙记某事,牢记在心

work out a (maths)problem

解决一个(数学)问题

improve oneself in …在某方面提高自己

get 90 marks for (English)

(英语)考试取得90分

get an “A”in the exam在考试中得到“A”

have a good command of …精通……

lay a good foundation in (language study)

在(语言学习)方面奠定一个好的基础

2 师生关系

give sb a passing grade 给予某人及格的分数

examine the students’ homework

检查学生的作业

stand on the platform 站在讲台上

get on well with sb 与某人相处得很好

raise a question 提问

like to be with students 喜欢与学生相处

be gentle with us 对我们很友善

be kind to sb 对某人和蔼

be a strict teacher 是一个严厉的老师

be strict with one’s pupils 对学生要求严格

be strict in work 对工作要求严格

think of (sb / sth)as…

把(某人或某事)当作……

help sb with sth 用……帮助某人

praise sb for sth 由于某事赞扬某人

blame sb for sth 为(某事)责备某人

give sb advice on sth

在……方面给某人建议

question sb on … 就……质问某人

be satisfied with … 对……满意

correct the students’ homework carefully and prepare for the next day

仔细批改学生的作业并为明天备课

give sb a lot of work 给某人很多的工作

try to teach sb to develop good study habits

努力教某人养成良好的学习习惯

make one’s lessons lively and interesting

使课堂生动并且吸引人

teach sb sth 教某人某事

teach sb to do sth 教某人做某事

devote all one’s time to work

将自己所有的时间都投入工作之中

admire (sb for)his devotion to the cause of education

佩服某人对于教育事业的献身精神

3 课外活动及周末生活

have a swim 游泳

have dances on weekends 参加周末舞会

have a picnic over the weekend

周末去野餐

go to the cinema 去看**

have a party 聚会,开晚会

hold a sports meeting 举行运动会

spend one’s time in many different ways

以多种不同的方式消磨时间

enjoy doing things by oneself 喜欢独自做某事

go swimming 去游泳

go for an outing 去远足

have an outing at (the seashore)去(海边)度假

see the sights of Beijing 在北京观光

play the piano (violin)弹钢琴(拉小提琴)

play chess (basketball)下棋(打篮球)

do some reading 阅读

help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事

enjoy a family trip 享受一次家庭旅游

get everything ready for 为……做好一切准备

rid one’s bike with sb to the park

与某人骑车去公园

There are a lot of activities at the beach

海滨有很多活动。

We enjoy a change from our busy life in the city

我们享受一种都市繁忙生活之外的变化。

She would like to bring sth to the picnic

她愿意为野餐带点东西。

It was a very relaxing Sunday

这是一个很轻松的星期日。

There are good programmes on TV on weekends

周末有好的电视节目。

4 彼此沟通信息

tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做某事

get information about …了解……

express one’s idea(feelings)in English

用英语表达自己的思想(情感)

write sb a letter saying … 给某人写信说……

apologize to sb for … 为……向某人道歉

thank you for … 感谢你……

make a speech at the meeting

在会议上发表讲演

take a message for sb 给某人带口信

send a message to sb 给某人送口信

hear from sb 从(某人处)听说,收到某人的信

talk about / of sth 谈论某事

explain sth to sb 向某人解释某事

look upon sb as … 把某人认为……

think sb to be … 认为某人……

take sb’s side 站在某人一边;支持某人

5 事件中人的态度

feel bored (embarrassed , nervous , carafree)

觉得很枯燥(尴尬,紧张,无忧无虑)

would like to do 愿意做某事

be unforgettable 是难以忘怀的

show sb one’s thanks 表示感谢

have fears for 感到害怕

My heart beats fast 心跳加速

hesitate for a few minutes 犹豫了几分钟

give sb a meaningful smile

冲某人意味深长的一笑

allow sb to do 允许某人做某事

keep / prevent sb from doing sth

阻止某人做某事

call on sb to do sth 号召某人做某事

be afraid to do (be afraid of)sth

害怕/担心某事

feel like doing sth

坚持做某事

drive sb off 赶走某人

speak highly of sb 高度赞扬某人

speak ill of sb 诽谤某人

think highly of sb 对某人评价很高

force sb to do sth 强迫某人做某事

offer to do sth 主动提出做某事

refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事

agree to do sth 同意做某事

regret doing sth 遗憾做过某事

prefer to do A rather than do B

喜欢做A胜过做B

had better do sth 最好做某事

would rather (not)do sth

更(不)愿意做某事

6 事情过程

be woken up by the telephone 被电话吵醒

  常用英语词语辨析

  1elder 与elderly

  两者都为“年老的”,但有细微的差别。 elderly 指中年与暮年之间的年龄,表示人已过中年,因此,这词常用来代替 old。如:an elderly gentleman 一位年长的绅士。elder指年龄稍长者,适用于家庭的兄弟姐妹之间。如: Tom is the elder of the two 汤姆是两个孩子中较大的一个。

  2precious 和 expensive

  

  expensive 表示“昂贵的”。如:The drink was cheap , but the food was very expensive 饮料很便宜,但食物很贵。 precious 表示“珍贵的,宝贵的”。如:The children are precious to me 孩子们对我来说很重要。

  3regret to do 和 regret doing

  

  regret doing 表示“做了某事而感到遗憾或后悔”,v-ing 动作发生在regret 之前。如:I regretted missing the train 我为没有赶上火车而感到很懊恼。 regret to do 指“当时或现在遗憾地做什么”。如:I regret to tell you that we can't stay here any longer 我遗憾地告诉你,我们不能在这儿多呆了。

  4day by day 和 day after day

  

  两词组意思很近,但有区别:day by day 只用作状语,表示“一天天地”, 有逐渐转变的意思。如:Day by day she seems to grow a little taller她似乎一天天地长高了。 day after day 可作主语,宾语等,亦可作状语,表示“一天又一天”,强调动作的重复,表示时间的长久。如: We do the same work day after day 每天我们做着同样的事情。/ Day after day went by , and I still don't receive her letter 一天天过去了,我还是没有收到她的来信。

  5damp 与 wet

  

  两者都表示“潮湿的”,但有细微差别。wet 指曾浸泡在液体中或布满了液体的东西,或指多雨的天气。如: It's a wet day 今天是一个雨天。/ wet clothes 湿衣服。 damp 指未湿透但潮湿的东西。 The damp in the air makes me uncomfortable 潮湿的空气使我感到不舒服。

  6hunger 与 starvation

  

  两词都表“饥饿”。 hunger 指人对食物的迫切要求,是一种正常的生理现象。如: Hunger is the best sauce 肚子饿了吃什么都香。而 starvation 指长时间缺乏食物引起痛苦,与 hunger 相比是不正常的生理现象,而是人为的灾难。如: The old man died of starvation 那个老人活活饿死了。

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  7boring 与 dull , tiresome

  

  三词都为“令人厌烦的”,但有区别:boring 概念最广,尤指引起人厌倦、枯燥的谈话文章,也指令人生厌的人。 如:The talk was very long and boring 这篇谈话冗长,毫无趣味。 dull 与 boring 极为相近,也指因呆板或缺乏趣味性而令人感到厌倦。如: a dull book 一本枯燥的书。 tiresome主指单调沉闷而产生疲倦厌烦。如:It's tiresome to be funny for a whole evening整晚上都逗笑取乐是很疲劳的。

  8gift 与 present

  

  两词都为“礼物”,但有细微的差别。 gift 既指免费捐赠给团体或机构的物品,也指亲友间互赠礼品。如: a gift to the museum一件捐给博物馆的赠品。present 指亲友间互赠, 如: Here is a little present for you 这儿有你一份小小的礼物。

  9handsome 与 beautiful

  

  两词都表“美丽”,但有区别。 beautiful 指优美和谐、高贵,多形容妇女、地方、事物,很少用来形容男子。如: a beautiful woman 一位美丽的妇女 / a beautiful scene美景。而 handsome 用于形容男人,表示英俊潇洒。如: He is a tall and handsome man 他是一个高大英俊的男人。

  10country 与 nation

  

  country 表示国家,包括领土和人民,着重指疆土。该词概念极为广泛,可用于各种文体,有时作“祖国”讲,带感情色彩。如:China is a great country with a long history 中国是一个历史悠久的伟大国家。/ His father's country was France 他父亲的祖国是法国。/ After many years abroad,he wanted to return home to his country 在国外呆了多年以后,他想回到自己的祖国去。country 来源于拉丁文contra,是对立的意思,即某地区与其他地区极不相同从而独立存在。nation指在某一国土上定居的人民,以及代表他们的独立政权。nation 来源于拉丁文nasci,意思是出生,nation原指具有相同血源的民族,因此它强调一个国家中的人民,概念较country 狭窄。如: the Chinese nation 中华民族。The whole nation rose to resist aggression 全民奋起抗击侵略。/ The president spoke on radio to the nation 总统通过广播向全国人民讲话。 但在国际交往正式场合下,ation 语体庄重,较country 用得多。如:the United Nations 联合国/ a most favoured nation 最惠国 / the law of nations 国际公法。

  11among 与 between

  

  between 的意思是在……中间,在……之间,一般指在两者之间。例如:There is a table beween the two windows 在两扇窗户之间有一张桌子。/ We have our breakfast between seven and half past seven 我们在七到七点半之间吃早饭。 between 有时也表示在多于两个以上的事物之间,但那是指在每二者之间。例如: therelationship between different provinces and municiplities 省市和省市之间的关系(这里是指每两个省市之间的相互关系。) among 的意思是在……中间、在……之中,一般是在三个或三个以上的同类事物之中。例如: Divide these among you three 这些东西你们三人分吧。/ Theteacher distributed them among the students 教师把这些东西分给了学生。

  12disease 与 illness

  

  disease 泛指各种原因已查明的急性或慢性疾病,又可指传染病,甚至动植物的各种病害,概念十分广泛。如:an acute disease 急性病 / a chronic disease 慢性病 /plant diseases 植物病害/ His suffering is caused by the wound and not by the disease 他的痛苦是由创伤而非疾病所引起的。 / The ultimate causes of cancer and other diseases are still unknown 癌症与其他某些疾病的根本原因始终不明。 illness 泛指疾病,极为普通常用,多指慢性病,或身体的极度虚弱等,但不影响日常的活动。它有时可与disease 交替使用。如:There has been a lot of illness in the family recently 最近以来这家人常生病。/ An illness that caused him little difficulty in his youth beganto take its toll as he reached middle age 有种病在他年轻时影响并不大,但等他到了中年,却成了他的负担。

  13university 与 college

  

  university 大学,综合性大学,通常指由多个学院( college)组合而成的综合性大学。它概念广泛,指最高水平的学校,可授予各种学位,也指大学的全体教师和学生。如:Beijing University 北京大学 / Harvard University 哈佛大学 / He graduated from YaleUniversity in 1965 他在1965年从耶鲁大学毕业。 / The whole university is against the changes 整个大学都反对这种变革。college 既可广泛地指高等学校,也可专门指独立的学院或附属于综合性大学的学院。在美国college 可以授学士学位,在英国规模庞大的中学也可称college。a medical college 医学院 / teachers training college 师范学院 / business college 商学院/ There are many colleges at Oxford and Cambridge牛津大学和剑桥大学有很多学院。

  14beat和win

  

  这两个词都有“获胜,打败”的意思,但其后宾语不同。beat是“打败,优于”的意思,后面接人或队,如:We beat them我们赢了他们(打败了他们)。Class 1 beat Class 3 at football一班踢足球赢了三班。win指“赢,获胜”,后面接比赛、名次,如:We won the match/game/race/the first place 我们赢了这场比赛(获胜了第一名)。

  15used to和would do

  

  used to do和would do都可用来表示过去习惯性动作。used to用于客观表示过去的一种惯常化了的行为状态。而would只表示过去一直反复发生的动作,且感情色彩较浓。如:I'm surprised to see you smoking, you didnt use to看到你吸烟,我很吃惊。你以前不吸烟的。John would sit for hours without saying a word约翰总是一声不吭地一坐就是几个小时。再者,used to不仅表示“过去经常性的习惯”,也可用于表示“过去的状态”,而would则无表示“状态”的用法。He used to be a quiet boy He would be a quiet boy

Love is a profound feeling of tender affection for or intense attraction to another People in love are often considered to have "good" interpersonal chemistry[1] Love is described as a deep, ineffable feeling shared in passionate or intimate interpersonal relationships In different contexts, however, the word love has a variety of related but distinct meanings: in addition to romantic love, which is characterized by a mix of emotional and sexual desire, other forms include platonic love, religious love, familial love, and the more casual application of the term to anyone or anything that one considers strongly pleasurable, enjoyable, or desirable, including activities and foods This diverse range of meanings in a single word is commonly contrasted with the plurality of Greek words for Love, reflecting the word's versatility and complexity

Although clearly and consistently defining love is a difficult task, and often a subject of much debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't "love" As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like), love is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more "pure" form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is commonly contrasted with friendship, though other definitions of the word love may be applied to close friendships in certain contexts

In ordinary use, love usually refers to interpersonal love, an experience felt by a person for another person Love often involves caring for or identifying with a person or thing, including oneself (cf narcissism)

The concept of love, however, is subject to debate Some deny the existence of love Others call it a recently-invented abstraction, sometimes dating the "invention" to courtly Europe during or after the middle ages—though this is contradicted by the sizable body of ancient love poetry Others maintain that love really exists, and is not an abstraction, but is undefinable, being a quantity which is spiritual or metaphysical in nature Some psychologists maintain that love is the action of lending one's "boundary" or "self-esteem" to another Others attempt to define love by applying the definition to everyday life

Cultural differences make any universal definition of love difficult to establish Expressions of love may include the love for a soul or mind, the love of laws and organizations, love for a body, love for nature, love of food, love of money, love for learning, love of power, love of fame, love for the respect of others, etc Different people place varying degrees of importance on the kinds of love they receive Love is essentially an abstract concept, easier to experience than to explain Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a thought-terminating cliché, and there are a number of common proverbs regarding love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All you need is love" Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to relative value

Though love is considered a positive and desirable aspect of existence, love can cause a great deal of emotional harm Consider Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Great Expectations, and other classical and popular works that enumerate how love can lead to tragedy and emotional pain In human interactions, love becomes a peril when love is not bilateral, known as Unrequited love A further peril for individuals that love, or can love others, is that love is not enduring and that many people have psychological defense mechanisms inhibit their ability to accept or reciprocate love

Human bonding

Main article: Human bonding

People, throughout history, have often considered phenomena such as “love at first sight” or “instant friendships” to be the result of an uncontrollable force of attraction or affinity One of the first to theorize in this direction was the Greek philosopher Empedocles who in the fourth century BC argued for existence of two forces: love (philia) and strife (neikos), which were used to account for the causes of motion in the universe These two forces were said to intermingle with the four elements, ie earth, water, air, and fire, in such a manner that love, so to say, served as the binding power linking the various parts of existence harmoniously together

Later, Plato interpreted Empedocles’ two agents as attraction and repulsion, stating that their operation is conceived in an alternate sequence[2] From these arguments, Plato originated the concept of “likes attract”, eg earth is thus attracted towards earth, water toward water, and fire toward fire In modern terms this is often phrased in terms of “birds of a feather flock together” Later, following developments in electrical theories, such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed such as "opposites attract" Over the last century, researcher on the nature of human mating, such as in evolutionary psychology, agree that pairs unite or attract to each other owing to a combination of opposites attract, eg people with dissimilar immune systems tend to attract, and likes attract, such similarities of personality, character, views, etc[3] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and or affinities

Religious views

Main article: Love (religious views)

Love in early religions was a mixture of ecstatic devotion and ritualised obligation to idealised natural forces (pagan polytheism) Later religions shifted emphasis towards single abstractly-oriented objects like God, law, church and state (formalised monotheism)

A third view, pantheism, recognises a state or truth distinct from (and often antagonistic to) the idea that there is a difference between the worshipping subject and the worshipped object Love is reality, of which we, moving through time, imperfectly interpret ourselves as an isolated part

The Bible speaks of love as a set of attitudes and actions that are far broader than the concept of love as an emotional attachment Love is seen as a set of behaviours that humankind is encouraged to act out One is encouraged not just to love one's partner, or even one's friends but also to love one's enemies

The Bible describes this type of active love in 1 Corinthians 13:4-8:

Love is patient, love is kind It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres Love never fails

Romantic love is also present in the Bible, particularly the Song of Songs (also known as Song of Solomon, Canticles) Traditionally, this book has been interpreted allegorically as a picture of God's love for Israel and/or the Church When taken naturally, we see a picture of ideal human marriage

"Place me like a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm; for love is as strong as death, its jealously unyielding as the grave It burns like a blazing fire, like a mighty flame [like the very flame of the LORD] Many waters cannot quench love; rivers cannot wash it away If one were to give all the wealth of his house for love, it would be utterly scorned" [8:6-7, NIV]

The passage dodi li v'ani lo ("my beloved is mine and I am my beloved," Song of Songs 2:16) is often engraved on wedding bands [citation needed]

Cultural views

Main article: Love (cultural views)

Although there exist numerous cross-cultural unified similarities as to the nature and definition of love, as in there being a thread of commitment, tenderness, and passion common to all human existence, there are differences For example, in India, with arranged marriages commonplace, it is believed that love is not a necessary ingredient in the initial stages of marriage – it is something that can be created during the marriage; whereas in Western culture, by comparison, love is seen as a necessary prerequisite to marriage

Scientific views

Main article: Love (scientific views)

Throughout history, predominantly, philosophy and religion have speculated the most into the phenomenon of love In the last century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject Recently, however, the sciences of evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have begun to take centre stage in discussion as to the nature and function of love

Biological models of sex tend to see it as a mammalian drive, just like hunger or thirst Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon Psychologist Robert Sternberg created his Triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: Intimacy, Commitment, and Passion Intimacy is a form where two people can share secrets and various details of their personal lives Intimacy is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs Commitment on the other hand is the expectation that the relationship is going to last forever The last and most common form of love is simply sex, or passion Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love This led researchers such as Yela to further refine the model by separating Passion into two independents components: Erotic Passion and Romantic Passion

爱是一种发乎人内心的情感,在中文里有著很多解释,由某种事物给予人少许满足(如我爱进食这些食物)至为了爱某些东西而死(如爱国心、对偶结合)。其可以用来形容爱慕的强烈情感、情绪或情绪状态。在日常生活里,其通常指人际间的爱。可能因为其为情感之首位,所以爱是美术里最普遍的主题。爱有时亦会被形容为强迫观念-强迫行为症。

爱最佳的定义可能是主动行动,以真心对待某个体(可以是人、物件或神),使整体得到快乐。简而言之,爱即主动使整体得到快乐。(Thomas Jay Oord)。

爱是与生俱来的,所以可以认为是人性的特质,换言之,爱是作为人必须具备的本质之一。虽然世界各民族间的文化差异使得一个普世的爱的定义难以道明,但并非不可能成立。请参看沙皮亚-沃尔福假设。爱可以包括灵魂或心灵上的爱、对法律与组织的爱、对自己的爱、对食物的爱、对金钱的爱、对学习的爱、对权力的爱、对名誉的爱、对别人的爱,数之不尽。不同人对其所接受的爱有著不同的重视程度。爱本质上为抽象慨念,可以体验但难以言语

吸引与依附

生物学观点普遍认为爱有两种主要意欲,性魅力与依附。成人间的依附被假设为共同协作以孕育下一代,并让其依附其父母。

2006年2月,该期的国家地理杂志的封面文章“爱:化学反应”讨论了爱与化学反应的关系。其作者史雷特解释了部份关於此领域的研究,部份重点为:

化学触发反应可以表示为热烈的爱,长期的依附的爱则要双方互相参与而非只是单人参与。

沉醉在爱河时的血清素效应(serotonin effects)拥有与强迫观念-强迫行为症相似的化学表现(这解释了为何沉醉在爱河的人无法想到其他人)。因此亦有人主张若患有强迫观念-强迫行为症的精神病人服食血清素再回收抑制剂或其他抗抑郁药,其堕入爱河的能力会被阻碍。举例:

"我知道一对夫妇在离婚边缘,那位妻子在服食抗抑郁剂。但当其停止服食后,其能再次享受性高潮,感到其对丈夫的性魅力得到更新,而其夫妇两人亦再次与对方相爱。"(38)

当刚开始时期的热爱消失后,便会转为长期依附的爱,这是因为催产素等化学物的影响。按摩与做爱可以帮助触发催产素的作用。

为了触发吸引力,进行费神的活动如驾驶云霄飞车很有作用。即使只是做了十分钟的工作,亦可使其对他人的吸引人增加,这是因为其心跳加速与其他生理反应加速。

友爱与热爱

传统心理学的观点认为爱是由友爱与热爱组成。热爱是强烈的渴望,通常陪随著生理激起(呼吸急促、心跳加速,如堕入爱河)。友爱是由紧密的行为而引起的爱慕与感觉,但不陪随著生理激起(如君子之交)。

爱情三角理论

主条目:爱情三角理论

在1986年,心理学家史登堡在《心理评论》(Psychological Review (Vol 93, No2, 119-135))里发表了其著名的爱情三角理论,对爱作出几何学的假设。根据爱情三角理论,爱由三部份组成:

亲密 – 包括了紧密感、联络感与约束感。

激情 – 包括了驱使人恋爱、互相吸引与进行性行为的动力。

承诺 – 包括了短期的爱恋与长期的爱的维系。

对其他人的爱的程度主要是看这三个组成部件的绝对强度;而对别人的爱的种类则是看这三个组成部件的相对强度。这三个组成部件可当为三角形,互相影响,使得爱出现很多不同类别。三角形的大小代爱的程度,越大代表越爱对方。而三角形的形状则代表爱的种类,普遍分为激情阶段(三角形倾向右方)、亲密阶段(正常三角形)、承诺阶段(三角形倾向左方)。这三个元素可以构出七种不同的爱的组合:

亲密 激情 承诺

好感 或 友谊 x

迷恋 或 深恋 x

虚爱 x

浪漫之爱 x x

友伴爱 x x

热爱 x x

圆熟之爱 x x x

[编辑] 爱的风格

苏珊·汉迪斯与克莱德·汉迪斯根据李约翰的理论开发了爱的态度指标,称为爱的风格。其将人际关系分为六个基本类别:

情欲之爱 — 基於对方的外表而产生的热爱。

游戏之爱 — 爱就如游戏,充满乐趣,通常不重视承诺而著重征服对方。

友谊之爱 — 缓慢发展的重情义的爱,基於双方互相尊重与友善。

现实之爱 — 倾向选取可以帮助自己的朋友,使双方皆可由此得益。

依附之爱 — 重情绪的爱,不稳定,是由浪漫之爱衰退而成,充满妒忌与争执。

利他之爱 — 完全无私的爱,重视神交。

两位汉迪斯认为男人会渐渐趋向游戏之爱与依附之爱,反之女人则会渐渐趋向友谊之爱与现实之爱。而两者之间的关系若是具有相类的爱可维持得更为长久。

[编辑] 爱的阶段

费雪提议爱有三种主要的状态:情欲、吸引、依附。爱通常会由情欲状态开始,主要著重激情而忽略其他元素。此阶段最基本的推动力是基本性本能、如外表、气味与其他相似的因素是选取伙伴的主要因素。然而随著时间的流逝,其他元素可能会增多而激情则减少,但这却是每个人皆不同。在吸引阶段,人们会将注意力集中在其对对方的影响上,而此时忠诚最为重要。

与此相似,当一个人长时间被爱,其将会与其伙伴发展出依附的关系。根据现代科学对爱的解释,由吸引至依附转移需要三十个月时间。其后激情消失,爱会由热爱转向友爱,或由浪漫之爱转向好感。

"神圣的爱对比肉体的爱" ,由乔凡尼·巴里欧列所绘

[编辑] 文化观点

[编辑] 中华文化

现代汉语与中华文化里,少数的词汇被用作描绘爱的慨念∶

爱这个字可用作动词如我爱你或名词,如爱情。

恋这个字并不会作单词用,通常会与其他字组合,如谈恋爱、恋人或同性恋。

情这个字通常解作感觉或情绪,通常指代为爱,而其可与其他字组合为相爱的意思,如爱情、情人。

在儒家学说里,恋是纯爱之意。恋为所有人追求的东西,为道德生活的反映。而中国的哲学家墨子则发展出与儒家的恋慨念相对的爱的慨念。爱在墨家学说里为兼爱之意,即爱无等差,对众生皆持对等的爱。浪费与攻伐对爱则不利。虽然墨子的想法亦有一定影响力,但儒家的恋仍是大部份中国人对爱的慨念。

感情指两人之间的感觉。两人会以建立良好感情来表达对对方的爱,如互相帮助。而且可以对万物存有感情,不只限於人。

缘份是指两人间命运的关连。俗语说∶有缘千里能相聚,无缘见面不相识。

早恋是在当代中国常用的概念,指的是青年 、童年时发生的“爱情”或者对某异性人“感兴趣” 或“痴情”。早恋包括青年“男女朋友”以及儿童的早恋感觉(跟英文的“crush”这概念有一点关系)。这概念表示当代中国文化 、社会上的普通观点,就是未成年人由于学习的压力,不应该谈恋爱,否则对他们前途和出息可以有坏处。很重要一种原因是当代中国教育制度的极大竞争性。报纸和别的媒体也报导早恋这现象对学生的危险与家长的担心。

[编辑] 大和文化

在日本佛教里,爱意味著关怀、热情与基本渴望。其可发展为自私或无私与教化两方面。

甘え,在日语里指撒娇,是日本人抚养子女的文化。日本母亲通常会紧抱与纵容其子女,其子女则会通由依赖与孝顺来回报其母亲。部份社会学家(最著名的为土居健郎)认为日本人在长大后的社交手法很大程度建基於童年时对母亲撒娇的手法。

在日语语言学里,最常见与爱相关的两个字为爱与恋。通常非浪漫之爱均以前者表示,而浪漫之爱则以后者表示。父母之爱则称为亲の爱,而与人相恋则称为恋する。当然亦有特例,爱人此词解为相爱之人并暗示为非法的关系,通常表示为婚外情,反之恋人则有男朋友、女朋友或伴侣的含意。

在每天的交谈里,爱与恋却较少用到,反之以爱している或恋している来表示我爱你的人较多,例如日本人会说好きです来表示我喜欢你 -- 好き解为喜好,亦可以用作表示对食物、音乐或其他事件的爱好,就如寿司が好きです解为喜欢寿司,其暗示爱,但没有淡化其情感。

Diligere解为尊重,较少在浪漫之爱里使用。这个字可以通常用以形容两个男性之间的友谊。其对应的名词为diligentia,然而其有著努力、细心之意,与其动词形态只有少量意义重叠。

Observare为'diligere'的同义字,其对应的名词'observantia'亦解为尊重或影响。

Caritas在拉丁文圣经里解为慈爱,但在古典罗马非基督教文学里却无此解。因为其由希腊文字演变而得,所以并没有对应的动词。

[编辑] 印尼与马来亚文化

在印尼与马来西亚的语言里,爱可以有数种定义∶

Cinta代表性欲。

Jatuh cinta指刚堕入爱河。

Sayang指无条件去爱,但亦指损失某些东西产生的遗憾。

第14题

完形填空模拟试题一

As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain We have a “common law”, or law made by courts 1 a monarch or other central governmental 2 like a legislature The jury, a 3 of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an 4 part of our common-law system。

Use of juries to decide cases is a 5 feature of the American legal system Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States 6 the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result 7 would be obtained using a judge 8 , as many countries do 9 a jury decides cases after “ 10 ”, or discussions among a group of people, the jury’s decision is likely to have the 11 from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right。

Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide 12 among 13 citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government 14 that individuals have committed crimes Juries are selected from the US citizens and 15 Jurors, consisting of 16 numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury。

The judge 17 to the case 18 the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case In some states, 19 jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they are questioned by the lawyers representing the 20 under rules dictated by state law。

1〔A〕other than〔B〕rather than〔C〕more than〔D〕or rather

2〔A〕agency〔B〕organization〔C〕institution〔D〕authority

3〔A〕panel〔B〕crew〔C〕band〔D〕flock

4〔A〕innate〔B〕intact〔C〕integral〔D〕integrated

5〔A〕discriminating〔B〕distinguishing〔C〕determining〔D〕diminishing

6〔A〕In〔B〕By〔C〕After〔D〕Over

7〔A〕that〔B〕which〔C〕than〔D〕as

8〔A〕alike〔B〕alone〔C〕altogether〔D〕apart

9〔A〕Although〔B〕Because〔C〕If〔D〕While

10〔A〕deliberations〔B〕meditations 〔C〕reflections〔D〕speculations

11〔A〕outline〔B〕outcome〔C〕input〔D〕intake

12〔A〕arguments〔B〕controversies〔C〕disputes〔D〕hostilities

13〔A〕fellow〔B〕individual〔C〕personal〔D〕private

14〔A〕asserting〔B〕alleging〔C〕maintaining〔D〕testifying

15〔A〕assembled〔B〕evoked〔C〕rallied〔D〕summoned

16〔A〕set〔B〕exact〔C〕given〔D〕placed

17〔A〕allocated〔B〕allotted〔C〕appointed〔D〕assigned

18〔A〕administers〔B〕manages〔C〕oversees〔D〕presides

19〔A〕inspective〔B〕irrespective〔C〕perspective〔D〕prospective

20〔A〕bodies〔B〕parties〔C〕sides〔D〕units

文章背景

本文介绍了美国的陪审团制度。

文章结构

第一段指出,陪审团是美国共同法系统的基本组成部分。第二段分析了使用陪审团的原因。第三和四段分别介绍了陪审团的类型和选举程序。

第一段:陪审团是美国共同法系统的基本组成部分(主题)

The jury, a 3 of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an 4 part of our common�law system。

第二段:使用陪审团的原因

Use of juries to decide cases is a 5 feature of the American legal system Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States。

第三和四段:陪审团的类型和选举程序。

Juries are used in both civil cases…

The judge 17 to the case 18 the selection of jurors to serve as…

答案详解

1解析〔B〕逻辑衔接题。空格前后是两个并列的名词courts和a monarch,所在句子的含义为:“共同法”是由法庭1君主制定。根据常识可知,美国是民主制国家,法律不由君主制定。因此空格处填入的连接词应肯定前者而否定后者,正确项是〔B〕rather than,即“法庭而不是君主”。other than通常用在否定句中,表示排除意义,即“除了”,相当于except。rather than是连词,前后连接的成分应保持一致,可以是名词、动词、形容词、从句等,通常译为“而不是”,有时可用介词短语instead of替代。more than连接名词时除了表示“多于,超过……以上”,也可以表示“不仅仅,不只是”,相当于not only。or rather表示“更确切的说法是……”,相当于more exactly。

2解析〔D〕语义衔接题。空格处填入的名词和governmental搭配,表示“像立法机关这样的中央政府……”。〔A〕agency一般指“服务机构,尤其是代理或经销机构”;也可以指(提供特别服务)的政府专门机构,如the Central Intelligence Agency(美国中央情报局)。〔B〕organization泛指各种组织、团体和机构。〔C〕institution多指“大规模的用于特殊目的的组织”,如educational institution(教育机构);或者指各种慈善机构和社会福利机构。〔D〕authority可表示“有权力做决定或在某个地区有特别责任范围的人们或组织”,即“当局,当权者”。文中legislature指“有权制定或修改法律的一群人”,即“立法机关”。因此〔D〕项为最佳答案。

3解析〔A〕语义衔接题。〔A〕项panel指“一组(给予意见和观点的人)”,如a panel of experts专家组。crew指“(有专门技术的)一组工作人员,一起工作的一群人”;band指“(因为某种共同的目的而组成且有首领的)一帮人”;flock指a crowd, large number of people。而空格所在部分指的是陪审团小组,就被告有罪无罪给出观点的一组人,因此〔A〕项正确。

4解析〔C〕语义衔接题。空格所在部分的含义是:陪审团是共同法系统……部分。innate意为“天生的,先天的(品质、情感等)”;intact意为“完整无缺的”;integral意为“必须的,不可或缺的”;integrated意为“各部分密切协调的,完整的,综合的”。根据文意,应选〔C〕项。

5解析〔B〕语义衔接题。空格部分填入的形容词作定语修饰feature,表示“使用陪审团来裁决案件是美国法律系统的一个……特征”。四个选项都是现在分词转换而成的形容词,〔A〕项discriminating意为“有识别力的;有辨别力的;有鉴赏力的”,如a discriminating customer(有鉴赏力的顾客),它不和feature搭配。〔B〕项distinguishing意为“显著的,有区别的”,a distinguishing feature意为“显著的特征”;〔C〕项determining意为“决定性的”,如determining factors(决定因素),determining feature(决定性的特征);〔D〕项diminishing意为“缩小的,减少的”。下文提到,很少有其他国家像美国一样使用陪审团制度,因此它是美国法律系统的一个较突出的特征,〔B〕项正确。

6解析〔D〕语义衔接题。〔A〕、〔B〕和〔C〕项都应与表示具体某个世纪的名词搭配,如in/by/after the twentieth century(在20世纪/到20世纪/20世纪以后)。over接时间名词时相当于during,表示“在……期间”,over the centuries表示“几个世纪以来”。

7解析〔C〕结构衔接题。空格前是一个结构完整的句子juries reach a fairer and more just result,空格后是would be obtained using a judge alone。显然这里包含了一个从句,由空格处的词来连接。前文已经出现了fairer和more just,它们只能和than构成比较级。注意than在这里兼有连词和代词的性质,相当于than what,整个主从句的含义为:在大多数情况下陪审团比单独一位法官达到的结果更公平、公正。 that可代替先行词result,which和as可代替前面整个句子,但代入后句子意为“陪审团可达到更公平、公正的结果,这个(结果)可单独使用一位法官而达到”,显然不符合逻辑。

8解析〔B〕语义衔接题。alone用在名词或代词之后可以表示“唯有、唯独”之意,文中a judge alone表示“仅有一名法官”。alike意为“十分相似地;同样地”;altogether意为“完全,全部;总共,一共”;apart意为“分开,分离;除外”。

9解析〔B〕逻辑衔接题。逻辑连接词的选择需要分析前后两句话之间的语义关系。

因果9 a jury decides cases after “ 10 ”, or discussions among a group of people,

陪审团裁决案件是在一群人讨论后

the jury’s decision is likely to have the 11 from many different people from

different backgrounds

陪审团的决定可能有不同背景的不同人的……

根据分析可知,这里应是因果关系,故选because。although“虽然”表让步, if“如果”表条件,while“当……的时候;虽然,尽管”表时间或让步。

10解析〔A〕语义衔接题。空格处的名词和discussions由连词or连接,两者形成了平行结构,语义相近,指“一群人的行为”。

对比四个选项可知,deliberation和discussion同义,常用作复数,意为“商议,审议”,是正确答案。meditation作不可数名词时,意为“(尤指宗教的)沉思,冥想”;作可数名词时,意为“沉思录”。reflection作不可数名词时,意为“沉思,审慎的思考”;作可数名词时,意为“思考,回忆”。speculations指“推测,猜测”。因此〔A〕项正确。

11解析〔C〕语义衔接题。空格所在句子the jury’s decision is likely to have the from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right的含义为:陪审团的决定可能有来自不同背景的不同人的……。要填入的单词受到from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right的限定,既然这些人who must as a group decide what is right (能够决定事情的对错),那么他们的决定一定是有影响力的,因此选项〔C〕input是正确答案,input可表示“影响”。outline意为“概述,略述,轮廓”;outcome一般指“(事件或行为的)结果,效果”; intake意为“摄取量,接收人数”。

12解析〔C〕语义衔接题。空格处填入的名词是动词decide的宾语,表示“陪审团用来裁决公民之间发生的……”。argument指“辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辩论”。controversy多指“对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的公开的辩论”。dispute除了指“争论,辩论”,也可指“各方围绕某一问题产生的争端,纠纷”。代入文中指“公民之间的纠纷”,符合文意。hostility作不可数名词时意为“敌意,对抗”,作可数名词时常用复数形式,意为“敌对行为,战争行为”,由于它指具体行为,不与decide(解决,裁决)搭配。

13解析〔D〕语义衔接题。空格所在部分的含义是:民事案件裁决……公民之间的纷争。做形容词时,fellow意为“同类的,同事的,同伴的”,如fellow citizens指“同胞”。individual意为“单独的,个别的”,后面只接单数可数名词或不可数名词,如each individual member/freedom(每个成员/个人自由)。personal意为“个人的,私人的”,不与citizens搭配。private可意为“与工作或官职无关的,普通的,平民的”,private citizens指“普通公民”,符合文意。

14解析〔B〕语义衔接题。空格处填入的现在分词做定语修饰名词cases,表示“由政府带来的刑事案件……个人犯罪”。因此关键是辨析几个核心动词。assert主观意味强,指“明确肯定,断言”,即自认为某事就是如此,而不管事实如何。allege多指“不提供证据的断言或宣称”。maintain指“坚决维护某种主张或观点”。testify多指“在法庭作证,庄严地宣称自己所说属实”。由于文中提到的案件是在陪审团作出裁决前由政府提出诉讼的案件,因此allege(指控)为正确答案。

15解析〔D〕语义衔接题。空格处填入的过去分词和上文的selected并列,表示“陪审团成员被选出并被……”。summon指“传唤,传讯(出庭)”,符合文意。assemble修饰人时表示“召集、集合”。evoke指“引起,唤起(感情、记忆)”。rally指“(为了帮助和支持某人或某事)召集、集合”。

16解析〔A〕语义衔接题。空格所在部分的含义是:陪审团由……人数组成。set意为“安排好的,确定的,固定的”,如follow a set pattern(遵循一种固定的模式)。文中强调陪审团人数是固定的,因此应选set。exact意为“精确的,严密的”;given意为“(事先)已经安排好的,规定的”,如They were to meet at a given time and place(他们要在规定的时间和地点会晤);placed意为“有名次的,已获胜的”。

17解析〔D〕语义衔接题。空格所在部分应填入过去分词作定语,修饰the judge,因此关键要辨析四个核心动词,其搭配为…the judge to the case。assign表示“分配(某物),分派(工作、任务)等”时,其搭配是assign sth to sb,表示“指定,指派;委任,派遣”时,其搭配是assign sb to sth。放入文中表示“被指派负责案件的法官”。allocate意为“分配……(给),划……(归)”,其搭配是allocate sth to sb/sth,一般接事物作直接宾语。allot意为“分配,配给(时间、钱财等);分配(任务)”,其搭配是allot sth to sb/sth,一般也接事物作直接宾语。appoint意为“任命,委任”,其搭配是appoint sb to/as sth,但其中sth。一般指的是职位。

18解析〔C〕语义衔接题。空格处填入的动词的主语是the judge,其宾语是the selection of jurors,即表示“法官……陪审团成员的选举”。oversee意为“监督,监视(以确保某项工作或活动的恰当完成)”,oversee the elections表示“监督选举”。由于法官并不直接参与陪审团的选举,因此oversee为正确答案。administer意为“管理(公司、组织、机构),治理(国家);施行,执行”,如administer justice/the law(执行审判/执法)。manage表示“管理,负责(公司、球队、组织等)”,如manage a factory(管理工厂),manage a project(负责一个项目)。preside是不及物动词,和介词over或at搭配表示“主持(会议、仪式等);管理”。

19解析〔D〕语义衔接题。空格处填入的形容词,修饰jurors,根据上下文可知,这里表示的含义是“一些州(在选举陪审团成员时),……陪审团成员由法官询问”。四个备选单词的共同词根是�spect�表示“看”,四个前缀分别是:in�表示“往里面”,ir�表示“否定,与……相反”,per�表示“每一”,pro�表示“向前”。inspective意为“检查的,视察的;留神的”;irrespective意为“不考虑的,不顾的”;perspective意为“透视,远景,观点”;prospective意为“未来的,预期的”。显然〔D〕项符合文意。

20解析〔B〕语义衔接题。空格所在部分表达的含义是:在另一些州,陪审团成员遵照州法律规定的法规接受代表……的律师的询问。四个选项都可以指人的群体。body指“团体,社团,群体”;party指“(条约、会议、诉讼等)当事人,参与者,一方”,符合文意;side指“辩论或商务安排中的一方”;unit指“班组,小队”,如army/police units(陆军/警察分队)。

参考译文

美国的建国之父们作为大英帝国的前殖民者沿袭了其法律系统。我们有“共同法”,即由法庭而非君主或其他像立法机关这样的中央政府权力机关制定的法律。陪审团由一群选来裁决案件的普通公民组成,是我们共同法系统基本的组成部分。

使用陪审团裁决案件是美国法律系统的一个显著特征。在世界上很少有其他国家和美国一样使用陪审团。几个世纪以来,许多人已经相信在大多数情况下陪审团比许多国家那样单独使用一位法官达成的结果更公平、公正。因为陪审团裁决案件是在一群人“审议”或讨论后,因此他们的决定可能受到不同背景的不同人的影响,这些人必须作为一个团体来决定什么是正确的。

陪审团既被用在裁决普通公民之间纠纷的民事案件中,也用在裁决政府提出讼诉声称个人犯罪的刑事案件中。陪审团成员从美国公民中选出并被传唤。由固定人数组成的陪审团在每一个需要陪审团的案件中都会被召唤。

被指派负责案件的法官监督陪审团成员的选举。在一些州,未来的陪审团成员由法官询问,而在另一些州,他们遵照州法律规定的法规接受代表各方当事人的律师的询问。

 在平日的学习中,是不是经常追着老师要知识点?知识点就是一些常考的内容,或者考试经常出题的地方。还在苦恼没有知识点总结吗?以下是我整理的初中英语介词用法知识点总结,欢迎阅读与收藏。

初中英语介词用法知识点总结1

 1、表示标准或单位的介词:at, for, by

 (1)at表示以速度以价格

 He drove at a speed of 80 miles an hour。他以每小时8英里的速度行驶。

 I sold my car at a high price。我以高价出售了我的汽车。

 (2)for用交换

 I bought it for 20 dollars。买它花了我20美元。

 How much for these apples?这些苹果多少钱?

 at与for都表示价格,但at表示单价,for表示总价,at后一般跟price这个词,而for后只能跟总钱数。

 如:I bought it at a low price。我买它的价格很低。

 I bought it at the price of $80 a pound。我以每磅80美元的价格买的它。

 I sold it for $10我10美元把它卖掉了。

 (3)by以计,后跟度量单位

 Gold is sold by the gram。金以克出售。

 They paid him by the month。他们按月给他计酬。

 2、表示材料的介词:of, from, in

 (1)of表示从成品仍可看出原料。

 This box is made of paper。这个盒子是纸做的。

 This salad is made of apples and strawberries。这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做的。

 (2)from表示从成品已看不出原料。

 Bread is made from wheat。面包是小麦做的。

 The lifeboat is made from some special material。这个救生艇是由某种特殊材料制成的。

 (3)in用材料。 常用write, speak, talk, answer等连用。

 Please fill in the form in pencil first。请先用铅笔填写这个表格。

 They talk in English。他们用英语交谈。

 in指材料时,材料前不用冠词。 比较:用铅笔画

 3、表示工具或手段的介词:by, with, on

 (1)by凭借工具或手段(多用于交通工具)如: by bus乘公共汽车,by plane乘飞机

 He usually goes to work by bike。他通常骑车去上班。

 He sent the news to me bye—mail。他通过电子邮件发给了我这一消息。

 表示搭乘交通工具时,既可用by,又可用in,区别在于用by时,表示交通工具的名词前不能加冠词,而用in时名词前必须加冠词。

 (2)with用工具

 He broke the window with a stone。他用石头把玻

 He stopped the ball with his right foot。他用脚把球停住。

 with表示用工具时,工具前必须加冠词或物主代词。

 (3)on以方式。多用于固定词组。

 They talked on the telephone。他们通过电话进行交谈。

 She learns English on the radio /on TV。她通过收音机/电视学英语。

 4、表示关于的介词:of, about, on

 (1)of仅指关于人或事物的存在,如:

 He spoke of the film the other day。他前几天提到了这部影片。

 He thought of this matter yesterday。他昨天想到了这件事。

 He thought about this matter yesterday。他昨天考虑了这件事。

 (2)about指关于某人或某事物的较详细的情况。

 Its a book for children about Africa and its people。

 它是一本供儿童阅读的关于非洲和非洲人的书。

 Can you tell me something about yourself?你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?

 (3)on是指关于学术性的或严肃的,供专门研究用的。

 Its a textbook on the history of China。它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。

 5、表示原因、理由的介词:for, at, from, of, with

 (1)for表示一般的理由常与famous, punish等词连用。

 Xian is famous for its long history。西安因历史悠久而著名。

 The city is well known for her large population。这座城市以人口众多而知名。

 (2)at一般指情感的原因,通常放在表示惊讶或喜悦等感情的动词或形容词之后,表示因听到或看到而。

 She got angry at his words。她因为他的话生气了。

 He was surprised at the news。听到这消息他大吃一惊。

 (3)from表示外在的原因。如受伤、车祸等。

 He died from the wound。他因受伤而致死。

 Her son was badly hurt in a traffic accident。她儿子在一次车祸中严重受伤。

 (4)of表示内在的原因,如病、饿等到。

 He died of cancer。他死于癌症。

 The old man died of hunger。老人死于饥饿。

 (5)with表示由外在影响到肉体或心理的原因。

 He shook with cold。他因寒冷而发抖。

 He shouted loudly with anger。他气得大喊大叫。

 6、like, as

 (1)like像一样(其实不是)

 The little tiger looks like a cat。这只小老虎看起来像只猫。

 The mooncakes are like the moon。月饼像月亮。

 (2)as作为,以身份(其实是)

 He was hanged as a spy。他被作为间谍绞死了。

 He talk to me as a father。他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。

 7、against, for

 against反对,与for是反义词,如:

 Are you for my idea or against it?你赞同还是反对我的想法?

 They fought against the enemy。他们抗击敌人。

 8、besides, except都表示除了。besides的用法就等于aswellas。

 He is interested in tennis besides(as well as)football。 除了足球,他还对网球感兴趣。

 (1)besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的除了,可以理解为除之外还、除之外又,表示两部分的相似性。

 Twenty—five students went to the cinema besides him。

 除他以外,还有25个学生去看了**。(他和另外25人都去了)

 We like biology besides English。除了英语外,我们还喜欢生物。(生物和英语都喜欢)

 (2)except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的除了,可以理解为撇开不谈,表示两部分的不同。

 Every one is excited except me。除我以外的每个人都很激动。(他们激动,而我却不激动)

 All the visitors are Japanese except him。 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。(其他人是日本人,可他不是)

 在以下几种情况中,介词常常省略。

 1、当表示时间的词前有this, that, next, last, every, each, some, any, all等时,介词应省略。

 We watched an exciting football match last week。(last week前不能用介词in等)

 上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。

 Come any day you like。你想哪天都行。

 Come on any day you like。()

 next前可以加冠词,但意义不同。

 Next week下周(以现在为起点)

 the next week第二周(以过去某时为起点)

 2、表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作每一解时,前面不用介词,

 每小时80英里。

 80milesinanhour。()

 80milesanhour。()

 An apple a day keeps the doctor away。每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。

 3、含有way的短语。如:in the same way, in this/that way, in another way等用于句末时,in常省略。

 She did it the same way。她用同样的方法做的`。

初中英语介词用法知识点总结2

 一、表示时间的介词

 时间介词有in , on,at, after, since,during,by,before,after,until等,前三个介词用法有个口诀: at午夜、点与分,上午、下午、晚用in。

 年、月、年月、季节、周,之前加上介词in。

 将来时态多久后,这些情形亦用in。

 日子、日期、年月日,星期之前要用on。

 其余几组常见的时间介词辨析如下辨析如下:

 1、时间介词in与after 的用法辨析

 介词 in + 一段时间用于一般将来时。如:We’ll go to school in two weeks

 介词after + 一段时间用于一般过去时。如:My mother came home after half an hour

 介词after + 时间点常用于一般将来时。如:We’ll go out for a walk after supper

 2、时间介词for与since的用法辨析

 介词for 表示一段时间如:I have been living here for 10 years

 介词since 表示从过去某一时间以来如:I have been living here since 2000

 3、时间介词before与by的用法辨析

 介词before表示“在…之前”如:He won’t come back before five

 介词by表示“到…时为止,不迟于…”如:The work must be finished by Friday

 4、时间介词during与for的用法辨析

 当所指的时间起止分明时用介词during如:He swims every day during the summer

 如果一段时间不明确则用介词for如:I haven’t seen her for years

 5、时间介词till与until用法的异同

 till和until用在肯定句中,均可表示“直到…为止”,如:I will wait till(until)seven o'clock.

 till和until用在否定句中,均可表示“在…以前”或“直到…才”。

 如:Tom didn't come back till(until)midnight.

 till多用于普通文体,而 until则用于多种文体,并且在句子开头时,用until而不用till如:Until he comes back,nothing can be done.

 注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。

 二、表示方位的介词

 常用的表示方位的介词用法及辨析如下:

 1、方位介词on, over, above的用法辨析

 介词on表示一物放在另一物上面,两者紧贴在一起,如:The book is on the table

 介词over表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系,即“在…上方”,如:Is there any bridge over the river

 介词above表示一般的“高于…”,“在…之上”,如:There was an electric clock above his bed

 2、方位介词under与below的用法辨析

 介词under是over的反义词即“在…下方”,如:They were seen under the tree

 介词below是above的反义词即“低于…”,“在…之下”,如:They live below us

 3、方位介词across,、through、over,、past的用法辨析

 介词across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”,强调从表面穿过。

 如:She went across the street to make some purchases

 介词through着重于“穿越”,强调从一定的空间内穿过。

 如:The sunlight was coming in through the window

 介词over多表示从“上方越过”,如:He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it

 介词past表示从“面前经过”,如:Someone has just gone past the window

 4、地点介词at与in的用法辨析

 介词at表示较小的地方,如家、村、乡村等,如:He lives at a small village

 介词in表示较大的地方,如大城市、国家、洲等,如:He lives in Beijing

 5、表示东南西北的时候,地点介词in、on、to的用法辨析

 介词in表示“包含”如:Beijing is in the north of China

 介词on表示“紧邻”如:Canada lies on the north of the US

 介词to表示“没接触”如:France lies to the south of England

 三、表示方式、手段、或工具的介词by,in,on,with

 1、by,in,on,表示交通方式。用by 时,交通工具前不用任何词;用 in和on 时,交通工具前用冠词或形容词性物主代词。例如by car=in a car,by bike=on a bike

 2、表示手段或工具,with后跟具体工具,如I write with a pen;in表示使用某种语言或墨水、颜色等原料,例如:in English

 四、介词的固定搭配

 across from在对面 look for 寻找 look after 照顾 get on with 与某人相处

 agree with 同意(某人) arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问 begin…with 从……开始 believe in 相信 break off 打断 break out 爆发 bring down 降低 bring in 引进 bring up 教育,培养 build up 建起 burn down 烧光 call back 回电话 call for 要求约请 call on 拜访 访问 care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展 carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐 come about 发生,产生 come out 出来 come to 共计 达到 compare…with 与……比较 compare to 比作 cut off 切断 date from 始于 depend on 依靠 devote to 献于 die out 灭亡 divide up 分配 dream of 梦想 fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒 feed on 以……为食 get down to 专心于 get through 通过

 常见考法

 对于介词的考察,通常是以单项选择或完形填空形式考查介词用法,尤其是几个易混淆的代词。另外,介词与动词和形容词构成的固定搭配也是常见的考试内容。

 误区提醒

 1、掌握介词固定搭配

 2、准确把握介词及介词短语的基本意义和用法。

 典型例题1:Peter usually gets up early the morning

 A in B on C at D of

 解析;这是2008年北京市的一道中考题,本题考查时间介词的用法。“在早上”应为in the morning

 答案:A

 典型例题2:-How do you usually go to school

 - my bike

 A By B In C On

 解析; 虽然介词by表示“乘坐”,但是它所接的名词前没有限定词,即by bike而本题中bike 前有限定词my,这时应用on

 答案:C

初中英语介词用法知识点总结3

 1at,on,in

 (1)at表示“在某一时刻、某一时点”

 at5:30在5:30atsunrise日出时atlunch午饭时atnoon正午时atnight夜间

 Igetupat6:00everyday我每天6:00起床。

 表示“在……岁”时用attheageof…。

 如:attheageoffive在五岁时。

 (2)on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。如:

 onMonday在星期一onApril1st在四月一日

 IheardashotonthemorningofMarch18三月十八日早晨我听到一声枪响。

 泛指上、下午、晚上、夜间时用inthemorning/afternoon/evening,atnight;但若指具体某一天的上述时段时,则一律用on。

 如:OntheafternoonofMay23在五月二十三日下午。

 (3)in表示“在某月、季节、年、世纪”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。

 InSeptember在九月inwinter在冬季in1999在1999年inthe20thcentury在20世纪

 inthemorning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上

 2for,during,through

 (1)for表示“一段时间”,后接与数词连用的时间名词。多与完成时连用。

 I’vebeenasoldierfor5years我入伍已5年了。

 Shehasbeenillforseveraldays她已经病了几天了。

 给您带来的初二英语时间介词知识点总结,希望可以更好的帮助到您!!

初中英语介词用法知识点总结4

 一、动词+介词

 1.look at…看…, look like … 看上去像……, look after …照料…

 2.listen to…听……

 3.welcome to…欢迎到……

 4.say hello to …向……问好

 5.speak to…对……说话 此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。

 二、动词+副词 “动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类:

 A.动词(vt)+副词

 1.put on 穿上

 2.take off脱下

 3.write down记下

 此类短语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副词的前面。

 B.动词(vi)+副词。

 1.come on赶快

 2.get up起床

 3.go home回家

 4.come in进来

 5.sit down坐下

 6.stand up起立

 此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。

 三、其它类动词词组

 1close the door

 21ook the same

 3go to work/class

 4be ill

 5have a look/seat

 6have supper

 71ook young

 8go shopping

 9watch TV/games

 10 play games [介词短语聚焦] “介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。

 常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。

 1.in+语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着……。

 2.in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。

 3.in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。

 4.in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。

初中英语介词用法知识点总结5

 1表示期限等用before,by,until/till,(from)to,within,in

 a)before与by

 before指“在……之前”:

 Pleasecomebeforeteno'clock请10点以前来。

 by指“在……前(时间);截至(到)……”:

 HowmanyEnglishbookshadyoureadbytheendoflastyear到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书

 表示“在……以前”时,before与by基本可通用。但by还有“截至……为止”之意:

 Howmanymodelshaveyoumadebytheendoflastmonth截至上月底你做了多少个模型

 b)until/till与to

 until/till指“直到……为止”,until和till可以通用:

 until/tillseveno'clock直到7点

 由until/till形成的句子,句中的动词如果是短暂性动词,则必须用否定句:

 I'llwaitforhimuntilhecomeshere我将在这儿一直等到他来。(wait是延续动词,用肯定式)

 Wedidn'tbegintowatchTVuntil/tillnineo'clock一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。(begin是短暂性动词,所以用否定式)

 till/until常用于"fromtill/until"结构中,表示“一个动作的终结”;to常用在"fromto"的结构中,用来表示“一个阶段的终结”。两者在这种结构中意义十分接近:

 Hestudiesfrommorningtill/untilnighteveryday他每天从早到晚学习。

 TheAmericansstayedherefromJunetoSeptember这些美国人从六月到九月都呆在这里。

 但如果句中没有from,就要用till/until而不用to:

 Let'sstartnowandworktilldark让我们现在开始工作一直到天黑。(这里不能用to。)

 c)within与in

 within和in后都必须跟时间段。within强调“在……时间之内”,没有时态的限制;in是以现在为基准,inanhour是指从现在起1小时之后,所以一般用于将来时:

 Hewillbebackinfivehours他五小时之后回来。

 TheyworkedhardTheyfinishedtheworkwithin2daysatlast他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。

 Imustfinishpaintingthecatwithin/infiveminutes我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。

 2表示时间的起点等用from,since

 a)from表示“从……开始”时,常用词组"fromto":

 Themeetingwillbeheldfromeighttoten这个会议将从8点开到10点。

 而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时可用at:

 Theexamwillstartfrom/at9:00am考试将从上午九点开始。

 b)since指“自从……以来”,表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续,通常用于完成时:

 Ihavebeensicksinceyesterday我从昨天就病了。(一直到现在)

 Wehavebeenmissingthemsincetheylefthere自从他们离开这里,我们就一直很想念他们。

初中英语介词用法知识点总结6

 从介词本身的结构来看:

 1 简单介词:at, in, on, since, from

 2 复合介词:as for 至于;as to 关于;out of 从,出自;into 进入;onto 到……上面去

 3 二重介词:from under 从……的下面;from behind 从……的后面;until after 直到……之后;from among 从……当中

 4 短语介词:according to 根据;ahead of 在……之前;apart from 在……之外;because of 由于;by means of 以……之手段;by way of 经由

 从介词本身的意义来看:

 1 表示时间的介词

 about, around, before, by, at, after, in, on, around, between, during, for, from, since, till, until, within

 2 表示地点的介词

 about, at, in, on, over, through, across, along, around, before, between, beyond, down, up, to, toward, under, near

 3 表示方式的介词

 by bus 乘公共汽车

 see with one's own eyes 亲眼看

 write in ink 用墨水写

 on foot 步行,徒步

 He looked at me without expression 他毫无表情地看着我。

 4 表示原因的介词

 He was punished for stealing 他因偷窃而被惩罚。

 suffer from a cold 患伤风

 be ashamed of 因……而感到羞愧

 shake with cold 因寒冷而发抖

 5 表示关于的介词

 What is the book about 这本书是关于什么内容的?(about关于一般情况)

 I heard him talk on Chinese medicine last night 昨晚我听到他讲中国医学。(on关于理论、学术)

 a long story of adventure 一个长篇冒险故事

 6 表示比较的介词

 His face is as black as coal 他的脸跟煤炭一样黑。

 He saw a number of small hard things like stones 他看见一些像石头一样的小小的坚硬的东西。

 7 表示除外的介词

 He works every day but Sunday 除星期天外,他每天都工作。

 We all went except Tom 除汤姆外,我们都去了。

 The letter is good except for the spelling 这封信除了拼写错误之外,还算是很通顺的。

 Besides English, he studies German and French 除英语外,他还学习德语和法语。(besides中文译成“除……外”,实则表示包含在内。)

 8 表示条件的介词

 With your help, we might finish the work earlier 有你的帮助,我们可能早点做完这工作。

 Man cannot live without water 如果没有水人就不能活。

 9 表示结果的介词

 She tore the letter to pieces 她把信撕个粉碎。

 10 表示对于的介词

 Sea air is good for the health 海上的空气对健康有好处。

 To her it was all unusual 这一切对她都很不平常。

(一)一般现在时(do/does, am/is/are, 情态动词)

一般现在时表示的是客观事实或平时反复做的事情通常有频率副词always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,once a week,every day等

如:The earth goes around the sun

Japan lies east of China

He is never late for school

He often gets up at six every day

Cats can climb trees

I hear they have moved into a new house

He writes to his father once a year

一般现在时还可以表示、安排好的,或即将发生的事,通常使用瞬间动词e,start,begin,return,leave等

如:My plane leaves at 6:00 am

Is there any meeting today

The game starts at 8:00

(二)现在进行时(am/is/are doing)

现在进行时表示现在或最近正在做的事情,后面一般接延续性的动词,都表示动作没有进行完

如:Look! The boy is dancing

He is watching a football game

What are you doing now

They are preparing for the exam recently

还常与always,usually,constantly,forever,continually等词连用表示一种语气,“总是,老是…”,

如:He is always working late

Why are you always making this kind of mistake

He is continually getting into trouble with the police

后面接暂转动词时表示正在反复的动作,或表示将来时(一般只有go, e, leave和have)

如:The monkeys are jumping

They are hitting the tree

表将来:We are going swimming this afternoon

They are leaving here

They are having an English class tomorrow

试比较:

He is doing his homework until his parents e to take him home

He will do his homework until his parents e to take him home

注:表示知觉、感觉、看法、认识、情感或愿望的动词和大部分暂转动词不能用现在进行时,如:see, hear, ell, taste, feel, like, hate, dislike, want, love, hate, want, know, forget, remember, understand, believe, suppose, mean, wish, hope, need, believe, refuse, suppose, have, fit, seem, fear, own等

(三)现在完成时

现在完成时中用瞬间动词表示说话时已经完成的动作,而且这个动作对现在还有影响,句中的时间副词主要有already, yet, now, by this time, by now等;用延续动词表示过去已经开始持续到现在而且还有可能继续持续下去的动作,句中的时间副词主要有this week, in the past/last/recent few years, since…, for…

如:He has already finished his homework

He hasn’t arrived here yet

They have been here for ten years

He has waited here since he came

与一般过去时比较,看下面一段对话:

A: Have you seen my book I think I have lost it

B: Yes, I ______ (see) it on your table just now But it ______(not be) there any longer Where and when ______ you ______(lose) it

A: I think I ______ (lose) it yesterday

B: ______ you ______ (find) it

A: ______(Yes/No)

现在完成时中的瞬间动词与延续动词的相互转化:

have finished/stopped/ended → have been over

have started/begun → have been on

have joined → have been in/a member of

have turned/bee/got → have been

have left → have been away from

have arrived/reached/got to → have been

have died → have been dead

have married/got married to → have been married to

(四)一般将来时(will/shall do, am/is/are going to do, am/is/are doing, am/is/are about to do)

一般将来时表示将要发生或打算做的事情,

如:He will e back in two days

When will he give the book back to me

It’s going to rain

We are going to hold a sports meeting next week

They are leaving for New York

He is about to leave

(五)一般过去时(did, was/were, 情态动词过去式)

一般过去时表示在过去的某个时间发生的具体事情,一般都要有表示过去的时间状语,

如:He went to school by bike yesterday

We had a good time last night

He could count to 1000 when he was three

He was a teacher before

注意:在直接引语转换成间接引语时时间状语的变化:

如:He said, “I did it yesterday”

→ He said he did it the day before

today → that day

yesterday → the/a/one day before

the day before yesterday → 2 days before

last week → the week before

2 weeks ago → 2 week before

tomorrow → the next day/the day after或one/a day later

the day after tomorrow → 2 days after/later

in a week/next week → the next week

in 2 weeks → 2 weeks after/later

(六)过去进行时(was/were doing)

过去进行时表示在过去的某个具体时间里正在发生的事情,

如:He was reading newspaper at seven yesterday evening

The Smiths are watching TV at nine last night

When he got home, his mother was cooking

或过去的某段时间里持续发生的事情,

如:I was studying English in London from 1990 to 1992

He was washing the dishes from seven o’clock to seven thirty

(七)过去完成时

表示在过去的一个动作之前就已经完成的动作,即过去之过去注意与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时必须要有具体的时间状语

如:The train had left before she got to the station

They had learnt 2000 words by the end of last month

He had been a doctor for 3 years before he came here

He got back the book that he had left in the classroom

No sooner had he got to the cinema than the film began

Hardly had he got to the cinema when the film began

注意:如果两个或几个动作连续发生且衔接紧密时用一连串的一般过去式即可

如:He locked the door and went away

MrSmith went to the market, bought some flowers and went to see his friends

He sent a telegraph home before he left Paris

(八)过去将来时(would/should, was/were going to do, was/were doing)

过去将来时表示在过去某时就打算做的事情,或相对于过去将要发生的事情

如:They were going swimming when I met them

He said he would go to New York

Yesterday he said it was going to rain, but it didn’t

(九)复合时态高中阶段所学到的复合时态主要有:

完成进行时,将来完成时和将来进行时

完成进行时表示到目前为止一直在做某事过去完成进行时还可以表示刚刚结束的进行动作

如:He has been painting the house the whole morning

They have been promising us to rise our salary these years

They had been doing their homework for 3 hours before I came

I asked him what he had just been doing

He had just been sleeping before I got there

将来完成时表示,到将来某时即将结束的动作

如:We will have learnt 3000 English words by the end of next term

They will have finished it by 12:00 tomorrow

将来进行时表示将来某时正在进行的动作

如:We will be sleeping at this time tomorrow

She will be waiting there at 8 am if you ask her to

介词的用法

一表示时间日期的介词

1. at:主要表示方向、场所、时间的某一点

at the corner of the street,at dinner,at sixty miles an hour,be sold at three yuan a dozen,come at us

固定搭配: at one time,at the beginning of,at the post office,at the airport, at the weekend,at the age of 25,at the same time, at present,at any time,表示原因,表示“见/闻……而”。 at the news at 主要表示时间点

表示特定的时间 at night am 在九点钟 表示不确定的时间 at night, at that time, at Christmas在圣诞期间 当天 on

表示年龄段 at the age of eight 在8岁

2. in:表示场所、时间与期限、状况、方向。主要用来表示较长的时间单位,如月份、季节、年份等 in the 1990s in the late 19th century 形成“in+时段名词”的词组或固定搭配

in those days,in the daytime,in a short while,in no time,in time in 主要表示时间段

一般指相对较长的时间段里 in the morning, in spring, in the past ten years 在…时间之后,用于将来时 He will be back in a month 介词in在短语或句型中的省略:

1) 某些形容词/过去分词后接v-ing形式时,v-ing形式前的介词in可以省略。 be busy (in) doing be engaged (in) doing (忙于……)

2) 某些动词如busy等,常与反身代词连用,其后的in也可以省略。 busy oneself (in) doing

3) 某些动词如spend、pass、waste等与表示时间的名词连用,后面的介词也可以省略。 spend time (in) doing waste time (in) doing 4) 在have no difficulty in doing sth、have no trouble in doing sth、have no business in doing sth等句型中介词也可以省略。

5) 在句型There is no use (in)doing sth中,介词也可省略。 固定搭配:in the world,in (the)future,in the snow /rain / storm,in ink,in short,in public, in one’s opinion,in modern times,in surprise,in a queue,in the open air

3. on:主要表示在上面、根据或基础、有关或涉及的方面、表示某天。

固定搭配:on doing sth,on the afternoon of October,on Tuesday evening,on foot,hit sb on the head,on the right/ left,on fire,on duty,on sale,on the radio, on show,on earth,on one’s own 注意:一般带有宗教色彩的节日名词前面用at,如圣诞节。 一般的节日名词前用on。 on 主要指具体某一天

表示是具体的日期和星期 on Monday, on October 1st,1949 on my birthday 某一天特定的上午下午或半夜 on the night of December 31,1999 on a fine day 在第几天 on her first day to school, on the tenth day I was in Beijing 4. by主要表示接近、时限、动作的执行者、方式。

固定搭配:by the village, by oneself,by foot(=on foot),by hand,learn … by heart, 二表示地点,方位的介词

5. for主要表示目的、原因、交换值以及时间和距离的长度。

固定搭配:make sth for sb, thank sb for sth, for example, for sale,for free, for 表示一段时间

表示一件事延续的长短,一般接具体的时间 I have lived in Nanjing for 2 years 6. of表示部分与全体的关系、所有关系、来源和所用的材料。 of所有格表示的多种关系:

1) 从属关系:the wheel of the car

2) 局部----整体关系:some of the water 3) 量化关系:a cup of tea

4) 描述关系:a professor of learning(知识丰富的教授) 5) 同位关系: the city of Beijing

6) 动宾关系:the study of the map(研究地图)

7) 主谓关系:the determination of the workers(工人们的决心)

固定搭配: be fond of,make fun of,be tired of,of one’s own,instead of, 7. to 主要表示方向、程度、结果、关系和位置。 固定搭配to one’s surprise / joy/ astonishment,to the east of,key to…,come up to,add up to,be open to the public, thanks to, stick to,refer to 8during 表示一段时间

在…期间内,强调在此期间内发生了什么事y

I studied in this university for 4 years, during that time most of my time was spent in learning English 可接表示时间延续一段时间的名词 during my visit to China, during my holiday 9from 与to, till连用

Most people work from nine to five 多数人过着朝九晚五的生活 10since,since+时间点 从那一刻起,与现在完成与过去完成时连用 He has been here since last Sunday 自从上星期天起,她就在这里 四、 容易错、常考的介词及搭配

1. be made of,be made from,be made into,be made in 2. call on = visit,call for = go and pick up

3. on business (出差)/ strike()罢工 / duty(值日) / holiday / fire / vacation / watch(警戒) / sale(出售) / leave(请假) / guard(警戒)

4. have some trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth,have a habit / idea / plan of doing sth 5. A is pleased to B,B is pleased with A(对……感到满意) 7. with the help of,under the leadership of 8. by means of(使用),by way of(经由),by heart(记住),by the way 9. out of question(毫无疑问),out of the question(毫不可能) 10. prevent / stop / keep sb from doing sth 11. be thankful to sb for sth

12. steal sth from sb,rob sb of sth

13. insist on doing sth,persist in doing sth,stick to,go on doing sth 14. set about doing sth,set out to do sth

15. look sb in the face,hit sb on the face,lead the cow by the nose 16. do a favour for sb = do sb a favour 五、 介词的惯用型 1. above all(首先),after all,at all(全然),in all

2. day after day,year after year,one after one,one after another 3. at peace(和平),at war(战争),at times(时常),at dinner 4. by oneself,by all means(尽一切办法、务必),by chance,by accident, by no means(决不、并没有),by means of(用、依靠) ,by the way 5. in her teens(十几岁),in pain,in danger,in need 6. to one’s joy / sorrow / surprise 7. with care(仔细地),with joy / pleasure(高兴地),with one’s help, with the best wishes(致以我们良好的祝愿),without difficulty(毫不困难地),without exception(毫不例外),without delay(立即、马上) 8. according to(依据),along with(和……一起),as to(至于……),because of,except for(除……之外),instead of(代替) 9. out of order(不正常),out of date,out of trouble(脱离困境),out of sight, out of debt(还清了债务),out of touch(没有联系)

10. at the bottom of,at the centre of,at the end of,at the top of,

at the cost of(以……为代价)at the sight of,at the thought of,at a speed of

11. in memory of(纪念),in favour of(同意),in the habit of(有……习惯),in touch with(与……保持联系),on the left of,on the eve of(在……前夕) 12. from time to time(不时地), from day to day(天天), from hand to hand(一个传一个),from side to side(左右地),from car to car(一个车厢一个车厢地),from bad to worse(越来越差),from beginning to end(从头到尾),from hand to mouth(仅能糊口),from head to foot,from start to finish,from one to another 六掌握方式、手段、工具的表达方法 1)in +文字、语言、材料名词

in English (ink, pencil, capital letters) write in pen, 用钢笔写 speak in a low voice 小声说话 2) with +工具、机器;人体器官;情绪、情感、态度的名词 with a branch, with one’s nose, with pride, with satisfaction, with the help of, with one’s permission

We can see with our eyes and write with our hands

I killed a fly with a fly flap 我用苍蝇拍打死了一只苍蝇 3) by 表示泛指的方式、手段

by bus, by land, by means of(用……方法), by way of(经由) , by doing sth, by hand(手工), by post(由邮局传递), by letter(用写信的方式), by electricity, by hard work, by the year, by the hour(by + the + 单位名词) 按……

4) 其它表示方式(情况、状况、手段)的表示法

through the radio / by radio / on the radio, through / by / from practice,

by telephone (on the telephone), on foot, on the train, in satisfaction, in surprise, in silence, in a low voice, in comfort, in sorrow, in high / good / poor spirits,

in anger, in safety, in debt, in good order, in good / poor health, in tears, in use, in pain,

七、 注意:某些名词和介词的固定搭配

1) 要求to:key, answer, visit, apology, introduction 以to为中心构成短语的归纳

belong to, come to(苏醒), look forward to, lead to, stick to, refer to, turn to, drink to(为……干杯), object to(反对), reply to the letter, help oneself to, sing / dance to the music(和着……在……声中唱/跳), devote oneself to

2) 要求in:interest, satisfaction 3)以for为中心构成短语的归纳

ask for, call for(去接某人), care for(关心), go in for(从事), answer for(对……负责), send for, pay for, praise sb for(赞扬某人某事), head for(向……方向移动), search for, take … for …(误以为), leave for, prepare for(为……准备), thank sb for, make a dive for(向……猛冲), make up for(弥补……损失) 4)以on为中心构成短语的归纳

come on来吧, call on拜访, pass on传递, carry on进行下去, live on sth靠……生活, depend on依靠, have on穿着, have pity on同情, look on … as …把……看作, push on推动, spy on窥探, switch / turn on旋开, wait on服侍, walk on继续走, spend…on …在……上花费时间、金钱, operate on给……动手术, take on a new look呈现新面貌

八、 某些形容词和介词的固定搭配

1) be afraid of 担心 be afraid for替……而担心

2) be angry about / at sth因……而生气 be angry with sb对……某人发怒 3) be anxious for sth渴望 be anxious about sth / sb担心

4) be different from 与……不同 be indifferent to … ……不关心

5) be good at …擅长 be good for …对……有益 be good of sb to do sth友好 6) be strict with sb对……严格 be strict in sth

7) be popular with sb受到……欢迎 be popular in some place流行在 ……be popular for因……而流行 8) be pleased with + n或what从句;be pleased at +抽象名词 听、看到而高兴 9) be disappointed at sth ;be disappointed with sb对……失望

10) be known to sb ;be known with + n或从句 ;be known for因……而著名

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