lǐyǔ [slang; slang expression] 粗俗的口语。常带有方言性 俚语——定义 俚语(slang),非习惯用语,用以表达新鲜事物,或对旧事物赋以新的说法。 俚语是粗俗的或通行面极窄的方言词:撒丫子,开瓢儿。 俚语就是百姓在日常生活中总结出来的通俗易懂顺口的具有地方色彩的词语。地域性强,通行面极窄,较生活化。
非习惯用语,用以表达新鲜事物,或对旧事物赋以新的说法。其来源尚不可考,1800年,初见于印刷品,所载为伦敦罪犯们的行话。俚语多出自价值观念上的冲突,表示敌意或轻蔑;也可出自对本集团内成员的讪笑。但俚语的流行,则是一种社会力量的推动而非个人所能为力。文明社会多趋向于主文化群与各种亚文化群的区分,后者出于社会的或语言的偏见,为保持其团结,往往使用俚语,如职业集团和各种其他类型的亚文化群,包括性行为越轨者、吸毒者、贫民集团、各种会社成员、农村的小型结社、政治组织、部队、吉普赛人、运动员等等,而俚语最主要的来源是职业罪犯。 大多数亚文化群喜欢从其常接触的语言吸取词汇,赋予新义,有些则借自外语,很少自行构词的。因之俚语的形成,一如其他词汇的变形、换义,采用隐喻、明喻、民间词源、语音改变、语义扩大、缩小语义、截短法、缩略词、褒义化、贬义化、转喻、提喻、夸张、外来语及为防禁忌而使用委婉说法等。每一种俚语都有其自身的历史和流行的原因,时过境迁,或改变其义,或转为标准语,或继续用于某些飞地。某些俚语去掉其富于刺激性的色彩之后,亦为人们所接受。俚语的流通率无疑因新闻宣传而不胫而走。有些俚语引进新概念,有些则提供新的表达方式,新颖、辛辣甚至耸人听闻。扭转语音、颠倒字母顺序而成黑话,或以音、形并用组成韵语。但大多数俚语以形象的谬误为其基础,常以新词用于现成的概念。最有效的俚语往往一语概括所指之物、用物之人及其社会背景。俚语已成为幽默大师及新闻记者所必需的工具,运用得当,可使语言别开生面,推陈出新。语言学家及其他社会科学家因俚语可以反映文化概况而详加研究。 slang 英文中"俚语"的意思 英语俚语是一种非正式的语言,通常用在非正式的场合,所以在用这些俚语是一定要考虑到所用的场合和对象,最好不要随意用这些俚语。下面是一些常用的俚语。 a bird in the hand is worth two the bush 一鸟在手,胜似二鸟在林 a blank slate 干净的黑板(新的一页,新的开始) a bone to pick 可挑剔的骨头(争端,不满) a cat nap 打个盹儿 a chip off the old block 大木头上砍下来的小木片(子肖其父) a chip on one's shoulder 肩头的木片(自卑感,因为自卑而爱找别人麻烦;喜欢向人挑衅) a ouch potato 躺椅上的马铃薯(懒鬼) a cake walk 走去吃糕(易事) a headache 头痛(麻烦事) a knock out 击倒(美得让人倾倒) a load off my mind 心头大石落地 a nut 傻子,疯子 a pain in the neck 脖子疼(苦事) a piece of cake 一块蛋糕(小菜一碟,易事一件) a pig 猪猡 a shot in the dark 盲目射击(瞎猜) a short fuse 引线短(脾气火爆) a sinking ship 正在下沉的船 a slam dunk 灌篮(轻而易举的事) a slap in the face 脸上挨了一耳光(公然受辱) a smoke screen 烟幕 a social butterfly 社交蝴蝶(善于交际,会应酬的人) a stick in the mud 烂泥中的树枝 a thick skin 厚脸皮 a thorn in someone's side 腰上的荆棘(芒刺在背) a turn coat 反穿皮袄的人(叛徒) an uphill battle 上坡作战(在逆境中求胜) a weight off my shoulders 放下肩头重担 ace 得满分(得到完美的结果) all ears 全是耳朵(洗耳恭听) all thumbs 满手都是大拇指(笨手笨脚) an ace up my sleeve 袖里的王牌 an open and shut case明显的事件 ants in one's pants 裤裆里有蚂蚁(坐立不安) back in the saddle重上马鞍(重整旗鼓) back on track重上轨道(改过自新) backfire逆火(弄巧成拙,适得其反) ball and chain 铁球铁链,甜蜜的枷(老婆) beat a dead horse 鞭打死马令其奔驰(徒劳) beaten by the ugly stick 被丑杖打过(生得难看) beggar can't be choosers 讨饭的谈不上挑三拣四 bet on it 下这一注稳赢(有把握,无疑) bet your life 把命赌上(绝对错了) better half 我的另一半 between a rack and a hard place 进退维谷(前有狼后有虎) big headed 大脑袋(傲慢,自大) bigger fish to fry 有更大的鱼要炸(有更重要的事要办) bite off more than one can chew 贪多嚼不烂 bite the bullet 咬子弹(强忍痛苦) birds of a feather flock together 羽毛相同的鸟总飞成一群(物以类聚) blow up in you face 在眼前爆炸(事情完全弄砸了) bologna 胡说,瞎说 break a let 折断一条腿(表演真实,演出成功) break the ice 破冰(打破僵局) bright聪明,灵光 brown nose 讨好,谄媚 bug somebody 使人讨厌 bull in a china shop 瓷器店里的蛮牛(笨拙的人,动辄弄坏东西的人) bump into 撞上(巧遇) burn brides 烧桥(过河拆桥) burst your bubble 扎破泡泡(打破人的幻想,煞风景) bury one's head in the sand把头埋在沙里(自欺欺人) butterfingers奶油手指(抓不稳东西的人) butterflies in my stomach肚里有只蝴蝶(心里紧张,七上八下) buy the farm买下农场(归道山,死了) call it a night一日事毕,可以睡觉了 can't teach an old dog new tricks老狗学不会新把戏 cash in my chips兑换筹码(睡觉,就寝) chicken鸡(胆小鬼) circle the wagons把篷车围成一圈(严阵以待) clean up one's act自我检点,自我改进 come down in bucket倾盆大雨 come down in sheets整片整片地下(倾盆大雨) cool your lips冷静下来 cost someone an arm and a leg要花上一条胳膊一条腿(代价昂贵) count on something /doing something 这事靠得住 count your chickens before they hatch 蛋还没孵化,先数小鸡 crock 破瓦片(无用之物,废话) cross the line 跨过线(做得太过分了) cross that bridge when we come to it 到了桥头就过桥(船到桥头自然直) cry over spilled milk 为泼了牛奶而哭(为过去的失败而懊丧) cushion the blow 给垫着点儿(说话绵软一点,以免打击太重) cut to the chase 抄捷径去追猎物(不绕圈子,开门见山,单刀直入) daily grind 例行苦事,每天得干的苦工 days are numbered 来日无多 dead center 正当中 deadend street 死路,死巷子 dog 狗(丑八怪) domino effect 骨牌效应 don't hold your breath 别憋着呼吸(别期望太高) don't look a gift horse in the mouth 赠马不看牙(收人礼物别嫌好道歹) down to the wire 最后关头 down under 南边(常指面半球的澳洲) downhill from here 从此都是下坡路(自此每况愈下) drop the ball 掉了球(失职) empty nest 空巢(儿女长大离家) every cloud has a silver lining 乌云也有银边(祸兮福所倚,塞翁失马) fall into place 落实,就绪 fender bender 撞弯保险杠的车祸(小车祸) fight tooth and nail 爪牙并施,拚命抵抗 fine line 细线(微妙的差别) fish out of water 如鱼离水 flash in the pan 淘金盆里的反光(空欢喜一场,好景不长) fork in the road 岔路 fox 狐狸(并无贬意) framed 被陷害,遭栽赃 full throttle 加足马力 get a foot in the door 一脚已经进了门里(获得立足点,占一份) get hitched 拴起来(结婚) get off on the wrong foot 起步便错(第一印象不佳) get the ball rolling 让球滚起来(动起手来) get/give the green light 绿灯亮了(获准行动) get up on the wrong side of the bed 起床下错边 give the shirt off one's back 连衬衫都肯脱给人(慷慨成性) go one step too far 多走了一步(做得太过分了) go out on a limb 爬高枝(担风险) go overboard 过火 go to hell in a hand basket 坐着吊篮下地狱(一坏不可收拾) go to one's head 上头上脸,冲昏头脑 go under 沉没(破产) goose bumps 鸡皮疙瘩 grasp for straws 抓稻草(绝望中的挣扎,快要淹死的人连漂浮的稻草也抓) guts 胆子 hot 惹火 have one's cake and eat it too 既想留着蛋糕,又想吃(既要鱼,又要熊掌) hindsight is 20/20 事后的先见之明 hit stride 脚步走顺了 hit the books 撞书(用功) hit the hay 倒在稻草上(睡觉、就寝) hit the jackpot 中了头彩 hit the road 上路 hold a candle to 给他拿蜡烛都不配(元不能相比) hold the key to my heart 掌管我心灵的钥匙 hold your horses 勒住你的马(慢来) hang somebody out to dry 把……晾起来了(把……坑苦了) in one's back pocket 在某人裤子后口袋里(是某人的囊中之物) in the dark 在黑暗中(茫然,什么也不知道) in the lime light 站在聚光灯圈里(出风头) in the spotlight 站在聚光灯圈里(出风头) it's Greek to me 希腊文(天书) in the middle of nowhere 周围什么也没有(前不见村,后不着店) joined at the hip 连体婴(死党,从不分开的两个人) jump the gun 枪未响先偷跑(抢先) just what the doctor ordered 正是大夫说的(对症下药) keep an ear to the ground 一耳贴地(注意新动向) keep one's fingers crossed/cross one's fingers 把手指交叉成十字架(暗祈上苍保佑) kick the bucket 踢水桶(翘辫子) kill two birds with one stone一 箭双雕,一举两得 kiss up to 讨好 kitty corner 小猫的角落(斜对角) knuckle sandwich 指节骨三明治(饱以老拳) landslide 山崩(压倒性的胜利) last straw 最后一根稻草 left a bitter taste in one's mouth 留下满嘴苦味(留下不愉快的回忆) left hanging 被晾起来了(被挂起来,悬而不决) let sleeping dogs lie 别惊动睡着的狗(别无事生非,过去的事不要再提) let the cat out of the bag 放出袋中猫(泄密,说漏嘴) light a fire under your butt 在屁股下点一把火(促其行动) light at the end of the tunnel 隧道末端的光(一线希望) like hot cakes 象刚出炉的蛋糕(很受欢迎的东西,抢手货) like looking for a needle in a haystack 如同在稻草堆里找一根针(大海捞针) like pulling hen's teeth 跟拔母鸡的牙一样(艰苦不堪) like shooting fish in a barrel 桶里射鱼(瓮中捉鳖) like stealing candy from a baby 娃娃手里骗糖(易事) ling winded 长舌,碎嘴 loose cannon 松动的大炮(一触即发的脾气) lose one's marbles 疯了,神智不清 low blow 不正当的攻击,下流手段 make a mountain out of a molehill 把小土堆说成大山(小题大做) make him and break the mold 上帝造了他以后就把模型砸了(再没有跟他一样的人了) Monday morning quarterback 星期一早晨的四分卫(马后炮) monkey business 猢狲把戏(胡闹) monkey on one's back 背上的猴子(难以摆脱的负担) more than you can shake a finger at 屈指难数 more than one way to skin a cat 剥猫皮各有巧妙不同(另有办法) music to my ears 爱听的话 my old man 我的老头(我父亲) nail in the coffin 棺材钉子(致使的一击,决定成败的最重要因素) neck and neck 马脖子靠着马脖子(齐头并进,不分轩轾) no sweat不出汗(没什么大不了) not dealing with a full deck 脑子里少几张牌(头脑不正常) nothing will leave these walls 话不传出这四堵墙之外(言不入六耳) off the charts 好得没治了 off the deep end 暴跳如雷 off the fop of one's head 临时一想,随口一说 on a good note 尽欢而散 on a roll 做得很顺,势如破竹 on cloud nine 九霄云上 on fire 着火了(红火,手气旺) on my nerves 惹我心烦 on pins and needles 如坐针毡,坐立不安 on tap 桶装啤酒(现成的,预备好的) on the back burner 搁在靠后的炉子上(靠边站) on the ball 看球看得准(做事有准备,有把握) on the edge of my seat 坐在椅子前沿(专心地看和听) on the rocks 触礁,搁浅;加冰块 on the same page 在同一页上(进度相同) on the tip of my tongue 话到舌尖,呼之欲出 once in a blue moon 出蓝月亮的时候(稀罕,少见) one foot in the grave 一脚已经入了坟(入土三尺) one of a kind 独一无二 one step ahead of you 领先你一步 out of the pan and into the fire 跳出锅里,掉进火里(每况愈下) out of the picture 不在画面里 out of this world 人世所无,只应天上有 pale in comparison 相形失色 peas in a pod一 荚之豆(好哥儿们) pieces come together 拼图游戏凑成图案(诸事顺利,达成完美结果) play it by ear不 用看谱(随机应变) plenty of other fish in the sea 海里的鱼多得很(天涯何处无芳草) poker face 扑克面孔(喜怒不形于色) pop the question 提出大问题(求婚) pot calling the kettle black 锅嫌壶黑(五十步笑百步) pull oneself up by one's bootstraps 拎着鞋带把自己提起来(凭自己的力量重新振作起来) pull the rug out from underneath someone 地毯从脚下被抽出(事出意外) punch your lights out 揍得你两眼发黑 put all of one's eggs in one basket 鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里(孤注一掷) put one's foot in one's mouth 把脚丫放进嘴里(说错话了) put one's nose to the grindstone 鼻子冲着磨刀石(专心工作) put the cart before the horse 车在马前(本末倒置) put up the white flag 竖白旗(投降,放弃) rain on your parade 游行时下雨(扫兴,浇冷水) rain cats and dogs 天上下猫,天上下狗(倾盆大雨) raise the bar 提高横竿(更上一层楼) read someone like a book 对这个人一目了然 red handed 趁着手上的血还没洗净时候抓住,在犯罪现场被逮 red tape(扎公文的)红带子,官样文章(繁文缛节) right down my alley 恰是我的路(正能者多劳的胃口) rob the cradle 劫摇篮(老牛吃嫩草) rock the boat晃船(无事生非,制造不安定) rumple my feathers 逆指羽毛(逆批龙鳞) seamless 天衣无缝 secret weapon 秘密武器 see right through someone 一眼看穿,洞烛其奸 shoot for the stars sick and tired 射星星(立志要高) sit shotgun 厌烦 six one way, half a dozen the other一 边六个,一边半打(半斤八两) skate on thin ice 在薄冰上滑冰(如履薄冰,身历险境) skeleton in one's closet 壁橱里的骷髅(不可告人的事) skin and bones 皮包骨 sleep on it 睡在上面(考虑一晚上) small talk 寒暄,闲聊 smooth sailing 一帆风顺 snowball 滚雪球,越滚越大 snowball's chance in hell 雪球进了地狱(希望不大) spark 火星(来电) spineless 没脊梁(没有骨气) split hairs 细分头发(吹毛求疵) stab in the back 背后插刀(遭人暗算) stallion 千里驹(貌美体健的男人) stand someone up 对方失约,让人空等 stick a fork in him, he's done 用叉子戳他一下看看,他烤熟了吧 stop and smell the roses 停下来闻玫瑰(享受生活) straw that broke the camel's back压断骆驼脊梁的稻草(最后致命的一击) straight from the horse's mouth 听马说的(根据最可靠的消息来源) strike out 三振出局 stud 种马(貌美体健的男人) swing for the fence 打全垒打 take a hike 走路(滚蛋) take a rain check 因雨停赛时送给观众下次免费来看的票(另一次机会) take off 动身 take one for the team 为了全队挨一下(为了集体利益,牺牲个人利益) take the word right out of someone's mouth 替我说了(你所说的正是我想要说的) the ball is in someone's court 球在你那边(该你行动了) the walls have ears 墙有耳朵(隔墙有耳) the whole nine yards 整整九码(一举成功,美式足球的攻方一次需推进十码) throw in the towel 扔毛巾(认输,放弃) tie the knot 打结(结婚) toe the line 循规蹈矩,沿着线走 tongue in cheek 闲磕牙(挖苦地) too many cooks in the kitchen 厨房里厨子太多(筑室道谋,三个和尚没水渴) twinkle in your mother's eye 母亲眼中的一闪灵光(未出娘胎) twisted 脾气拧,别扭 two left feet 有两左脚(笨手笨脚) under my skin 钻到我的皮下(让我极不舒服) under the weather 受了风寒 until the cows come home 等到牛回家(空等,白等) until you are blue in the face 干到脸发青(也是白干) unwind 放松发条(轻松下来) up for grabs 大家有份 up in the air 挂在空中(悬而未决) walk in someone's shoes 穿他的鞋走走看(设身处地,经历相同) walk on air(高兴得)脚不点地,飘飘然 washed up 像是洗过的(筋疲力尽,力气都放完了) water off a duck's back 鸭背的水珠(马耳东风) water under the bridge 桥下的水(逝水,覆水) when hell freezes over 地狱结冰(绝不可能的事) weed out 除去杂草(淘汰) well rounded全 能,全才 when pigs fly 猪飞的时候(绝不可能) not lift a finger 连手指都不动一动(袖手旁观) wound up 上足发条(紧张,兴奋) wrapped around his/her little finger 化为绕指柔(玩弄于股掌之间) wring his neck 扭断他的脖子
“梗”,网络用语,常出现在综艺节目及网络中。所谓“梗”的意思是笑点,铺梗就是为笑点做铺垫,系对“哏”字的误用,可以理解为“俚语”。“梗”英文是“slang”。
“段子”本是相声中的一个艺术术语,指的是相声作品中一节或一段艺术内容,可以理解为“笑话”。“段子”英文是“Jokes”。
英文euphemism(委婉语)一词系源自希腊语。词头"eu-"的意思是"good"(好),词干"phemism"的意思是"speech"(言语),整个字面意义是"word of good omen"(吉言)或(好的说法)。一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词,均在委婉语之列。
英语委婉语一般可分成两大类:传统委婉语(traditional euphemisms)和文体委婉语stylistic euphemisms。所谓传统委婉语亦称是与禁忌语密切相关的。象生、病、死、葬、性、、拉、撒等禁忌事物,如果直接表达,那就是禁忌语,给人的感觉是粗鄙,生硬,刺耳,无礼。反之,如果间接表达,这就是委婉语,给人的印象是典雅,含蓄,中听,有礼。所谓文体委婉语,亦称实际上是恭维话、溢美之词,与禁忌语并无关系。英、美人(尤其是当代美国人)在交际过程中,为了表示礼貌,为了避免刺激,或是为了争取合作,有时会采用夸饰的手法,对一些令人不快的事物以美言相称。
英语委婉语的构成方法各种各样,丰富多彩。一般可分为下面几种类型:构词手段,拼写手段,词汇手段,语法手段和修辞手段等。
(1)合词法(compounding):如:gezudna(goes+under+"床下放",即夜壶)。
(2)反成法(backformation): 反成法是通过删除假想中的词缀来构成委婉词。由于这种构词法产词是不大,所以造出的词大多新颖别致,用来代替常见的敏感词,也能收到委婉的效果。如:bugle(盗窃,由burglar[夜盗]盗删去"词尾"而成,用以替代。
(3)首字母组合法(acronym):首字母组合法是将禁忌词语或敏感词语的第一个字母抽出来拼合在一起借以掩饰。如:BM(bowel movement,大便)the Big C (癌症)
(4)截短法(clipping):截短法是将一些词语斩头去尾以掩饰。如:gents(Gentlement's Room)(男厕所)lav (lavatory,厕所)
(5)曲读异拼法(phonetic distortion):曲读异拼法是有意将禁忌词语的发音略加变动,借以避讳。如:god, gosh(god 上帝)
(6)压韵替代法(rhyming slang):压韵替代法是利用一些词语与禁忌词语押韵的特点来取而代之。如:sis, (piss 小便)
(7)逆拼法(backslang):逆拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感的单词自后向前拼写,以便避讳。如:elly-bay(belly肚子)
(8)首字母异拼法(respelling of initials):首字母异拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感单词的首字母按照发音拼写出来,效果委婉。如:dee(damn,该死)
(9)标点符号法(punctuation):如:d——(damn该死的)son of a —— (son of a bitch,狗娘养的)
(10)同义词替代法(synonyms)如:slim(苗条的,即skinny,皮包骨头)
(11)借词法borrowing):一般认为,英语中的本族词-盎格鲁撒克逊词-多为平民百姓的口语词,不登大雅之堂。所以很多人,尤其是知识分子和学生都喜欢借用法语词或拉丁词来婉指那些令人尴尬的事物。如:lingerie(内衣 underwear)
(12)模糊词语法(fuzzy words):如:affair(事物,即桃色事件)
(13)儿语法(nurseryism):借用儿童用语来充当委婉语。小孩子讲话天真无 邪,如果大人,尤其是中年人模仿儿语,有时效果是既委婉又幽默。如:pee-pee(小便)poo-poo(大便)
(14)反面着笔法(negation):从相反的角度去表达那些令人不快的事物,效果有时会比正面直说婉转些。如:unwise(不聪明,即,愚蠢的)
(15)比喻法(metaphorical transfer):根据禁忌事物的特点,将其描绘成具有相同特点的可以接受的事物。如:go to sleep forever(长眠,即die死去)
(16)借代法(metonymical transfer):用整体来代替那些不便直言的局面。如:chest(胸部,即 breast)
(17)低调说法(understatement):如 一种明抑实扬、言轻义重的含蓄的说法,用来表达不愉快的事情时,效果委婉,听者易于接受。smelly (有味道,即stinking,发臭)
(18)迂回说法(periphrasis):迂回说法是将不便直言的事物用转弯抹角的方式表达出来。其结果是短词长写,"短话长说"。如:adjustment downward(向下调整,即drop下跌)
(19)首字母曲解法(reinterpretation of initials):首字母曲解法是有意对首字母词作出别的解释,效果不仅委婉,而且还带有幽默色彩。如:hot and cold (heroin and cocaine,***可卡因合剂)
以上这些方法,大体上都贯穿了两个原则:一是若即若离的原则,一是美好中听的原则。一般说来,委婉语有三个方面的作用。一是避免刺激,给人以安慰;二是消除粗俗,给人以文雅;三是摒弃陈腐,给人以新颖。善于委婉,这是心灵美、修养高的表现。
在英语中,象生、死、如厕等话题直说很不文雅,这时我们可以用委婉的说法,下面是笔者收集的一些有关这些话题的说法。
1)Being in Love (恋爱)
assignation (本义)指定
to be gone on (本义)一去不返
to be shock up (本义)被震撼的
to be taken (本义)被吸引住
H2 (本义)hot and heavy
to have a crush on (本义)捣碎
meeting (本义)会面
to set one's cap for (本义)指向某人
to set one's sights at (本义)目光落在身上
to take a fancy to (本义)喜欢上
to walk out 出去溜达
to cut one's eye at (本义)瞥一眼
the glad eye (本义)高兴的眼光
to look sweet on (本义)
to make eyes at (本义)对某人使眼色
wandering eye (本义)游荡的眼光
2) Pregnancy (怀孕)
a hole out in one(本义)一击入洞(高尔夫术语)
an accident(本义)事故
anticipating(本义)期待的
awkward(本义)行动不便
to be caught(本义)被捉住
to be gone(本义)已过去了
to beget(本义)产生
break one's ankle(本义)脚骨折了
clucky(本义)抱窝的
eating for two(本义)吃双份饭
expecting(本义)期待的
an expectant mother(本义)期待的母亲
to fall(本义)倒下了
far gone(本义)去日苦多
fragrant(本义)香喷喷的
full of heir(本义)怀有继承人
to have a hump in the front(本义)前身有块隆肉
to have one watermelon on the vine(本义)藤上有瓜了
to have one on the way (本义)有人要来
in a bad shape(本义)身体不佳
in a certain condition(本义)身处某种状态
in a delicate condition(本义)身体虚弱
in a (the) family way(本义)家常打扮
in a familiar way(本义)熟悉地
in a particular condition(本义)处于特殊状态
in an interesting condition(situation, state)(本义)处于有趣状态
in trouble(本义)惹上麻烦
infanticipating(本义)期望得子
irregularity(本义)不规则现象
knitting(本义)绒衣
to knock up(本义)敲门叫人
lady-in-waiting(本义)有所期待的女子
to learn all about diaper folding(本义)学叠尿布
a mother-to-be(本义)未来的母亲
on the nest(本义)在抱窝
PG(Pregnant)怀孕的
preparing the bassinet(本义)准备摇篮
rattle shopping(本义)采购玩具
rehearing lullabies(本义)练唱催眠曲
to spoil a woman's shape(本义)坏了女子体型
to sprain an ankle(本义)扭伤脚踝
to swallow a watermelon seed(本义)吞了棵西瓜子
that way(本义)那样
waiting for the patter of little feet(本义)等呆小脚牙声
to wear the apron high(本义)围裙系高
a waiting woman(本义)等呆中的妇女
with a baby window(本义)有个凸窗肚
with child(本义)怀孩子了
3)Defcation (如厕)
to be caught short (本义)给了个冷不妨
the call of nature (本义)自然的需要
Can I add some powder (本义)我可以茶点粉吗
to cash(write) a check (本义)兑(开)张支票
to do a job for oneself (本义)做点私事
do one's business (本义)干自己的活
to do one's duty (本义)尽职
to ease oneself (本义)自我轻松一下
to eliminate (本义)逐出
evacuation (本义)排空
to excrete (本义)排泄
to find a haven of rest (本义)寻找安息所
to fix one's face (本义)化装
to freshen up (本义)梳洗打扮
to get some fresh air (本义)去呼吸一点新鲜空气
to give oneself ease (本义)使自己舒服一下
to go (本义)
to go into retreat (本义)去僻静
to go somewhere (本义)出去一下
to go to Egypt (本义)到埃及去
to go to one's private office (本义)到私人办公室去
to go to bathroom (本义)到洗澡间
May I adjourn (本义)我可以变换一下地方吗?
May I please be excused (本义)失陪了
natural necessity (本义)自然的需要
nature stop (本义)自然需要停车
to pluck a rose (本义)摘朵玫瑰
powder one's nose (本义)搽点粉
to relieve oneself (本义)轻松一下
to wash one's hands (本义)洗洗手
4)Death(死亡)
to be asleep in the Arms of God (本义)安睡在上帝的怀中
to be at peace (本义)平静了
to be at rest (本义)在休息
to be called to God (本义)被召唤到上帝那
to be called home (本义)被召回家
to be home and free (本义)到家自由了
to be taken to paradise (本义)被送进天堂
The call of God (本义)上帝的召唤
to depart (本义)离去
The final departure (本义)最后离去
final sleep (本义)最后一觉
to go home (本义)回家
to go to heaven (本义)进天堂
to go to one's long home (本义)回到永久之家
to go to one's own place (本义)回老家
happy land (本义)乐土
to have fallen asleep (本义)入睡了
to have found rest (本义)得到安息
to have gone to a better place(land,world,life)到一个更好得地方去了
in heaven (本义)在天堂
to join one's ancestors (本义)加入先人的行列
join the Great majority (本义)加入大多数
to leave this world (本义)离开今世
to pay one's fee (本义)付费
to rest (本义)休息
to rest in peace (本义)安息
to return to dust (本义)归之尘土
to sleep (本义)长眠
with God (本义)和上帝在一起
with their Father (本义)与圣父在一起
to fall (本义)倒下了
to do one's bit (本义)尽职了
to lay down one's life (本义)放下自己的生命
to be no longer with us (本义)不再与我们在一起了
to be out of pain (本义)摆脱痛苦
to breathe one's last (本义)呼了最后一口气
to cancel one's account (本义)销帐
pay one's last debt (本义)付最后一笔债
to fade away (本义)消失
to make one's exit (本义)退场
to kick off (本义)开球
to be free (本义)解脱了
to be gone (本义)去了
to be no more (本义)不复存在
to close one's eyes (本义)瞑目
to come to an end (本义)结束
to go beyond (本义)到远方去
to expire (本义)呼气
to go off (本义)离去
to go one's last (本义)走到自己的终点
to go one's place (本义)回老家
to go to one's resting place (本义)到休息地去
to go to west (本义)西去
to kick the bucket (本义)踢翻水桶
to lose one's life (本义)失去了生命
to pass away (本义)离去
to stop living (本义)停止生存
to take one's rest (本义)休息
to shut up the shop (本义)关门
呵呵,朋友,这本是一本书才能解决的问题。
我这里给你起个头,供朋友参考。
从文体学来说,广义的英语成语(idiom)包括谚语(proverb)、俚语(slang)、俗语(colloquial)、成对词(twin words)、三词词组(trinomials)、熟语(catchphrase, lexical phrase )和习惯搭(habitual collocation, restricted collocation)等。现举例如下:
1 谚语、格言(proverb),警句(sentence idiom)
英语谚语常有缩写形式,类似汉语的歇后语。例如:
Proverbs are children of experience
谚语是经验的产物。
It’ s no use crying over spilt milk
倒翻牛奶,哭也没用。缩写形式:Cry over spilt milk 含义:覆水难收。
2 俚语(slang)
俚语为某些人群和地区所特有,适用范围有严格限制,使用时要注意其场合。例如:
screw up 弄糟、一塌胡涂
He screwed the whole thing up from start to finish 他自始至终一塌胡涂。
Pay off 贿赂
chat up 与异性搭讪
3 口语(colloquial)。例如:
snake in the grass 暗箭
hit below the belt \ stab in the back 暗箭伤人
cut the ground from under sb 在某人背后搞鬼
4 成对词(twin words, irreversible binomials 或 words in pairs)。例如:
beer and skittles 吃喝玩乐
wax and wane 盛衰
weal and woe祸福
5 三词词组(trinomials)
有些固定的三词词组也被归为成语,因为它们大都也是一些固定的讲法。例如:
sun, moon and stars 日月星
on land, on sea, and in the sky 海陆空
Eat, drink and be merry 及时行乐
Wine, woman, and song 吃喝玩乐
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