英国积极浪漫主义诗人有哪些

雪莱,华兹华斯,济慈,拜论我最喜欢的是雪莱

以下是雪莱的诗,请欣赏:

《On A Faded Violet 一朵枯萎的紫罗兰 》

The odor from the flower is gone, 花的香气已散失，

Which like thy kisses breathed on me; 如你的吻对我吐露过的气息；

The color from the flower is flown, 花的颜色已经退去，

Which glowed of thee, and only thee! 如你曾焕发过的明亮，只有你！

A shriveled, lifeless, vacant form, 一个萎缩、无生气的、空虚的形体，

It lies on my abandoned breast, 茫然于我胸前

And mocks the heart, which yet is warm,

With cold and silent rest

以它冷漠和无声的安息嘲弄我那仍炽热的心。

I weep ---- my tears revive it not; 我哭泣，泪水无法复活它；

I sigh ---- it breathes no more on me; 我叹息，它的气息永远不再；

Its mute and uncomplaining lot 它沉默、无怨的命运，

Is such as mine should be 正是我所应得的。

珀西·比西·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）

生卒：1792年8月4日-1822年7月8日

一般译作雪莱，英国浪漫主义诗人，出生于英格兰萨塞克斯郡霍舍姆附近的沃恩汉，其祖父是受封的男爵，其父是议员。

生平

8岁时雪莱就开始尝试写作诗歌，在伊顿的几年里，雪莱与其表兄托马斯合作了诗《流浪的犹太人》并出版了讽刺小说《扎斯特罗奇》。

12岁那年，雪莱进入伊顿公学，在那里他受到学长及教师的虐待，在当时的学校里这种现象十分普遍，但是雪莱并不象一般新生那样忍气吞声，他公然的反抗这些，而这种反抗的个性如火燃尽了他短暂的一生。

1810年，18岁的雪莱进入牛津大学，深受英国自由思想家休谟以及葛德文等人著作的影响，雪莱习惯性的将他关于上帝、政治和社会等问题的想法写成小册子散发给一些素不相识的人，并询问他们看后的意见。

1811年3月25日，由于散发《无神论的必然》，入学不足一年的雪莱被牛津大学开除。雪莱的父亲是一位墨守成规的乡绅，他要求雪莱公开声明自己与《无神论的必然》毫无关系，而雪莱拒绝了，他因此被逐出家门。被切断经济支持的雪莱在两个妹妹的帮助下过了一段独居的生活，这一时期，他认识了赫利埃特·委斯特布洛克，他妹妹的同学，一个小旅店店主的女儿。雪莱与这个十六岁的少女仅见了几次面，她是可爱的，又是可怜的，当雪莱在威尔士看到她来信称自己在家中受父亲虐待后便毅然赶回伦敦，带着这一身世可怜且恋慕他的少女踏上私奔的道路。他们在爱丁堡结婚，婚后住在约克。

1812年2月12日，同情被英国强行合并的爱尔兰的雪莱携妻子前往都柏林为了支持爱尔兰天主教徒的解放事业，在那里雪莱发表了慷慨激昂的演说，并散发《告爱尔兰人民书》以及《成立博爱主义者协会倡议书》。在政治热情的驱使下，此后的一年里雪莱在英国各地旅行，散发他自由思想的小册子。同年11月完成叙事长诗《麦布女王》，这首诗富于哲理，抨击宗教的伪善、封建阶级与劳动阶级当中存在的所有的不平等。

1815年，雪莱的祖父逝世，按照当时的长子继承法当时在经济上十分贫困的雪莱获得了一笔年金，但他拒绝独享，而将所得财产与妹妹分享。这一年除了《阿拉斯特》之外，雪莱较多创作的是一些涉及哲学以及政治的短文。

次年五月，携玛丽再度同游欧洲，在日内瓦湖畔与拜伦交往密切，这两位同代伟大诗人的友谊一直保持到雪莱逝世，雪莱后来的作品《朱利安和马达洛》便是以拜伦与自己作为原型来创作的。同年11月，雪莱的妻子投河自尽，在法庭上，因为是《麦布女王》的作者，大法官将两个孩子教养权判给其岳父，为此，雪莱受到沉重的打击，就连他最亲的朋友都不敢在他的面前提及他的孩子，出于痛苦及愤怒，雪莱写就《致大法官》和《给威廉·雪莱》。雪莱与玛丽结婚，为了不致影响到他与玛丽所生孩子的教养权，雪莱携家永远离开英国。

1818年至1819年，雪莱完成了两部重要的长诗《解放了的普罗米修斯》和《倩契》，以极其不朽的名作《西风颂》。《解放了的普罗米修斯》与《麦布女王》相同，无法公开出版，而雪莱最成熟、结构最完美的作品《倩契》则被英国的评论家称为“当代最恶劣的作品，似出于恶魔之手”。

1821年2月23日，约翰·济慈逝世，6月，雪莱写就《阿多尼》来抒发自己对济慈的悼念之情，并控诉造成济慈早逝的英国文坛以及当时社会现状。

1822年7月8日，雪莱乘坐自己建造的小船“唐璜”号从莱杭度海返回勒瑞奇途中遇风暴，舟覆，雪莱以及同船的两人无一幸免。按托斯卡纳当地法律规定，任何海上漂来的物体都必须付之一炬，雪莱的遗体由他生前的好友拜伦及特列劳尼以希腊式的仪式来安排火化，他们将乳香抹在尸体上，在火中洒盐。次年1月，雪莱的骨灰被带回罗马，葬于一处他生前认为最理想的安息场所。

婚姻

雪莱的婚姻一开始就被他的敌人当作最好的武器来攻击他，当那些富于浪漫的骑士精神经过理性的冷却，他那场仓猝的婚姻中较为真实的一面随着两个人的成长开始显现。雪莱不得不承认婚姻并没有救助他的妻子，婚姻只是将两个人绑在一起来承受另一种折磨。在精神上，感情上，两个人之间的差异越来越大。这一时期，雪莱结识了葛德文的女儿玛丽·葛德文（Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin，1797年-1851年），他们相爱了，出走至欧洲大陆同游，他们对于爱情和婚姻的理想纯洁到连最严苛的批评家也无法致词。雪莱死后，玛丽为他的诗全集编注。

主要作品

诗歌

爱尔兰人之歌（The Irishman`s Song，1809）

战争（War，1810）

魔鬼出行（The Devil`s Walk，1812）

麦布女王（Queen Mab，1813）

一个共和主义者有感于波拿巴的倾覆（Feelings Of A Republican On The Fall Of Bonaparte，1816）

玛丽安妮的梦（Marianne`s` Dream，1817）

致大法官（To The Lord Chancellor，1817）

奥西曼迭斯（Ozymandias，1817）

逝（The Past，1818）

一朵枯萎的紫罗兰（On A Faded Violet，1818）

召苦难（Invocation To Misery，1818）

致玛丽（To Mary，1818）

伊斯兰的反叛（The Revolt of Islam，1818）

西风颂（Ode To The West Wind，1819）

饥饿的母亲（A Starving Mother，1819）

罗萨林和海伦（Rosalind and Helen，1819）

含羞草（The Sensitive Plant，1820）

云（The Cloud，1820）

致云雀（To A Skylark，1820）

自由颂（Ode To Liberty，1820）

解放的普罗米修斯（Prometheus Unbound，1820）

阿多尼（Adonais，1821）

一盏破碎的明灯（Lines，1822）

剧本

倩契（The Cenci，1819，五幕悲剧）

暴虐的俄狄浦斯（Oedipus Tyrannus，1820，诗剧）

希腊（Greece,1821,抒情诗剧）

论文及散文 无神论的必然（1811）

自然神论之驳斥（1814）

关于把改革付诸全国投票的建议（1817）

诗的辩护（1821）

译著

柏拉图《会饮篇》

荷马《维纳斯赞》等

旦丁《地狱》篇部分

歌德《浮士德》部分

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Romanticism (literature)

I INTRODUCTION

Romanticism (literature), a movement in the literature of virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to about 1870, characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature The term romantic first appeared in 18th-century English and originally meant “romancelike”—that is, resembling the fanciful character of medieval romances

II ORIGINS AND INSPIRATION

By the late 18th century in France and Germany, literary taste began to turn from classical and neoclassical conventions (see Classic, Classical, and Classicism) Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

A The Romantic Spirit

Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit; his famous announcement was “I felt before I thought” Goethe and his compatriots, philosopher and critic Johann Gottfried von Herder and historian Justus Möser, provided more formal precepts and collaborated on a group of essays entitled Von deutscher Art und Kunst (Of German Style and Art, 1773) In this work the authors extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Shakespeare Goethe sought to imitate Shakespeare's free and untrammeled style in his Götz von Berlichingen (1773; translated 1799), a historical drama about a 16th-century robber knight The play, which justifies revolt against political authority, inaugurated the Sturm und Drang (storm and stress) movement, a forerunner of German romanticism Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774; translated 1779) was also in this tradition One of the great influential documents of romanticism, this work exalts sentiment, even to the point of justifying committing suicide because of unrequited love The book set a tone and mood much copied by the romantics in their works and often in their personal lives: a fashionable tendency to frenzy, melancholy, world-weariness, and even self-destruction

B The Romantic Style

The preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads (1800), by English poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge was also of prime importance as a manifesto of literary romanticism Here, the two poets affirmed the importance of feeling and imagination to poetic creation and disclaimed conventional literary forms and subjects Thus, as romantic literature everywhere developed, imagination was praised over reason, emotions over logic, and intuition over science—making way for a vast body of literature of great sensibility and passion This literature emphasized a new flexibility of form adapted to varying content, encouraged the development of complex and fast-moving plots, and allowed mixed genres (tragicomedy and the mingling of the grotesque and the sublime) and freer style

No longer tolerated, for example, were the fixed classical conventions, such as the famous three unities (time, place, and action) of tragedy An increasing demand for spontaneity and lyricism—qualities that the adherents of romanticism found in folk poetry and in medieval romance—led to a rejection of regular meters, strict forms, and other conventions of the classical tradition In English poetry, for example, blank verse largely superseded the rhymed couplet that dominated 18th-century poetry The opening lines of the swashbuckling melodrama Hernani (1830; translated 1830), by the great French romantic writer Victor Hugo, are a departure from the conventional 18th-century rules of French versification; and in the preface to his drama Cromwell (1827; translated 1896), a famous critical document in its own right, Hugo not only defended his break from traditional dramatic structure but also justified the introduction of the grotesque into art In their choice of heroes, also, the romantic writers replaced the static universal types of classical 18th-century literature with more complex, idiosyncratic characters; and a great deal of drama, fiction, and poetry was devoted to a celebration of Rousseau's “common man”

III THE GREAT ROMANTIC THEMES

As the romantic movement spread from France and Germany to England and then to the rest of Europe and across to the western hemisphere, certain themes and moods, often intertwined, became the concern of almost all 19th-century writers

A Libertarianism

Many of the libertarian (see Libertarianism) and abolitionist movements of the late 18th and early 19th centuries were engendered by the romantic philosophy—the desire to be free of convention and tyranny, and the new emphasis on the rights and dignity of the individual Just as the insistence on rational, formal, and conventional subject matter that had typified neoclassicism was reversed, the authoritarian regimes that had encouraged and sustained neoclassicism in the arts were inevitably subjected to popular revolutions Political and social causes became dominant themes in romantic poetry and prose throughout the Western world, producing many vital human documents that are still pertinent The year 1848, in which Europe was wracked by political upheaval, marked the flood tide of romanticism in Italy, Austria, Germany, and France

In William Tell (1804; translated 1825), by German dramatist Friedrich von Schiller, an obscure medieval mountaineer becomes an immortal symbol of opposition to tyranny and foreign rule In the novel The Betrothed (1825-1827; translated 1834), by Italian writer Alessandro Manzoni, a peasant couple become instruments in the final crushing of feudalism in northern Italy Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who for some most typify the romantic poet (in their personal lives as well as in their work), wrote resoundingly in protest against social and political wrongs and in defense of the struggles for liberty in Italy and Greece Russian poet Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, whose admiration for the work of Byron is clearly manifested, attracted notoriety for his “Ode to Liberty” (1820); like many other romanticists, he was persecuted for political subversion

The general romantic dissatisfaction with the organization of society was often channeled into specific criticism of urban society La maison du berger (The Shepherd's Hut, 1844), by French poet Alfred Victor de Vigny, expresses the view that such an abode has more nobility than a palace Earlier, Rousseau had written that people were born free but that everywhere civilization put them in chains This feeling of oppression was frequently expressed in poetry—for example, in the work of English visionary William Blake, writing in the poem “Milton” (about 1804-1808) of the “dark Satanic mills” that were beginning to deface the English countryside; or in Wordsworth's long poem The Prelude (1850), which speaks of “ the close and overcrowded haunts/Of cities, where the human heart is sick”

B Nature

Basic to such sentiments was an interest central to the romantic movement: the concern with nature and natural surroundings Delight in unspoiled scenery and in the (presumably) innocent life of rural dwellers is perhaps first recognizable as a literary theme in such a work as “The Seasons” (1726-1730), by Scottish poet James Thomson The work is commonly cited as a formative influence on later English romantic poetry and on the nature tradition represented in English literature, most notably by Wordsworth Often combined with this feeling for rural life is a generalized romantic melancholy, a sense that change is imminent and that a way of life is being threatened Such intimations were early evinced in “Ode to Evening” (1747) by William Collins, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1751) by Thomas Gray, and The Borough (1810) by George Crabbe The melancholic strain later developed as a separate theme, as in “Ode on Melancholy” (1820) by John Keats, or—in a different time and place—in the works of American writers: the novels and tales of Nathaniel Hawthorne, which probe the depths of human nature in puritanical New England, or the macabre tales and melancholy poetry of Edgar Allan Poe

In another vein in American literature, the romantic interest in untrammeled nature is found in such writers as Washington Irving, whose Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent (1819-1820), a collection of descriptive stories about the Hudson River valley, reflects the author's knowledge of European folktales as well as contemporary romantic poetry and the Gothic novel The Leather-Stocking Tales by James Fenimore Cooper celebrate the beauty of the American wilderness and the simple frontier life; in romantic fashion they also idealize the Native American as (in Rousseau's phrase) the “noble savage” By the middle of the 19th century the nature tradition was absorbed by American literary transcendentalism, chiefly expressed in the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

C The Lure of the Exotic

In the spirit of their new freedom, romantic writers in all cultures expanded their imaginary horizons spatially and chronologically They turned back to the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century) for themes and settings and chose locales ranging from the awesome Hebrides of the Ossianic tradition, as in the work of Scottish poet James MacPherson (see Ossian and Ossianic Ballads), to the Asian setting of Xanadu evoked by Coleridge in his unfinished lyric “Kubla Khan” (1797) The compilation of old English and Scottish ballads by English poet Thomas Percy was a seminal work; his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) exerted a significant influence on the form and content of later romantic poetry The nostalgia for the Gothic past mingled with the tendency to the melancholic and produced a fondness for ruins, graveyards, and the supernatural as themes In English literature, representative works include Keats's “The Eve of St Agnes,” the Gothic novels of Matthew Gregory Lewis, and The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), by Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, and his historical novels, the Waverley series (1814-1825), combine these concerns: love of the picturesque, preoccupation with the heroic past, and delight in mystery and superstition

D The Supernatural

The trend toward the irrational and the supernatural was an important component of English and German romantic literature It was reinforced on the one hand by disillusion with 18th-century rationalism and on the other by the rediscovery of a body of older literature—folktales and ballads—collected by Percy and by German scholars Jacob and Wilhelm Karl Grimm (see Grimm Brothers) and Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen From such material comes, for example, the motif of the doppelgänger (German for “double”) Many romantic writers, especially in Germany, were fascinated with this concept, perhaps because of the general romantic concern with self-identity Poet Heinrich Heine wrote a lyric apocryphally titled “Der Doppelgänger” (1827; translated 1846); The Devil's Elixir (1815-1816; translated 1824), a short novel by E T A Hoffmann, is about a double; and Peter Schlemihl's Remarkable Story (1814; translated 1927), by Adelbert von Chamisso, the tale of a man who sells his shadow to the devil, can be considered a variation on the theme Later, Russian master Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky wrote his famous novel The Double (1846), an analysis of paranoia in a humble clerk

IV DECLINE OF THE TRADITION

By about the middle of the 19th century, romanticism began to give way to new literary movements: the Parnassians and the symbolist movement in poetry, and realism and naturalism in prose

See also American Literature: Poetry; American Literature: Prose; Brazilian Literature; Danish Literature; Dutch Literature; English Literature; French Literature; German Literature; Italian Literature; Latin American Literature; Polish Literature; Portuguese Literature; Russian Literature; Spanish Literature; Swedish Literature

Contributed By:

Robert J Clements

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