简述小腿三头肌的结构及其远动功能

小腿三头肌（triceps

surae）

　　形态：它的二个头，位于浅层称腓肠肌，另一个头位置较深是比目鱼肌。

　　起、止点：腓肠肌的内、外侧头起自股骨内、外侧髁；比目鱼肌起自胫腓骨上端的后面。三个头会合，在小腿的上部形成膨隆的小腿肚，向下续为跟腱，止于跟骨结节。

　　作用：屈小腿和上提足跟，在站立时，能固定踝关节和膝关节，以防止身体向前倾倒。

总论[Introduction]

•superior[上]

•inferior[下]

•Cranial[头侧]

•Caudal[尾侧]

•anterior[前]

•posterior[后]

•ventral[腹侧]

•dorsal[背侧]

•medial[内侧]

•lateral[外侧]

•internal[内]

•external[外]

•superficial[浅]

•profundal[深]

•proximal[近侧]

•distal[远侧]

•ulnar[尺侧]

•radial[桡侧]

•tibial[胫侧]

•fibular[腓侧]

2、运动系统[locomotor (kinetic) system]

•vertebrae[椎骨]

•cervical vevtebrae[颈椎]

•thoracic vertebrae[胸椎]

•lumbar vertebrae[腰椎]

•sacrum[骶骨]

•sternum[胸骨]

•rib[肋骨]

•thoracic cage[胸廓]

•skull[颅]

•frontal bone[额骨]

•parietal bone[顶骨]

•occipital bone[枕骨]

•temporal bone[颞骨]

•sphenoid bone[蝶骨]

•ethmoid bone[筛骨]

•mandible (submaxilla)[下颌骨]

•maxilla (supermaxilla)[上颌骨]

•nasal bone[鼻骨]

•coronal (sagital, lambdoid) suture [冠状（矢状，人字）缝]

•orbit[眶]

•clavicle[锁骨]

•scapula (shoulder blade)[肩胛骨]

•sternum (breast bone)[胸骨]

•manubrium sterni (presternum)[胸骨柄]

•midsternum[胸骨体]

•xiphoid[剑突]

•humerus[肱骨]

•radius[桡骨]

•ulna[尺骨]

•carpal bone[腕骨]

•metacarpal bone [掌骨]

•phalanges[指(趾)骨]

•hip bone[髋骨]

•ilium[髂骨]

•ischium [坐骨]

•pubis[耻骨]

•femur [股骨]

•patella[髌骨]

•tibia[胫骨]

•fibula [腓骨]

•articulation[关节]

•ligament[韧带]

•flexion[屈]

•extension[伸]

•adduction[收]

•abduction[展]

•medial rotation[旋内]

•lateral rotation[旋外]

•pronation[旋前]

•supination[旋后]

•circumductoin[环转]

•vertebral column[脊柱]

•intervertebral disc[椎间盘]

•temporal-mandibular joint[颞下颌关节]

•shoulder joint[肩关节]

•elbow joint[肘关节]

•radiocarpal joint[肩关节]

•radiocarpal joint[桡腕关节]

•pelvis[骨盆]

•hip joint[髋关节]

•knee joint[膝关节]

•ankle joint[踝关节]

•muscle [肌肉]

•tendon[肌腱]

•fascia[筋膜]

•tendinous sheath[腱鞘]

•trapezius[斜方肌]

•latissimus dorsi[背阔肌]

•sternocleidomastoid[胸锁乳突的]

•scalenus [斜角肌]

•pectoralis major[胸大肌]

•intercostales[肋间肌]

•diaphragm[膈肌]

•inguinal canal[腹股沟管]

•masseter[咬肌]

•temporalis[颞肌]

•deltoid[三角肌]

•biceps brachii[肱二头肌]

•triceps brachii[肱三头肌]

•axillary fossa [腑窝]

•gluteus maximus[臀大肌]

•piriformis[梨状肌]

•sartorius[缝匠肌]

•quadriceps femoris[股四头肌]

•triceps surae[小腿三头肌]

•femoral triangle[股三角]

3、内脏[Viscera]

•viscera[内脏]

•oral cavity[口腔]

•lip[唇]

•cheek[颊]

•palate[腭]

•tooth[牙]

•dentes[牙]

•tongue[舌]

•parotid gland[腮腺]

•pharynx[咽]

•esophagus[食管]

•stomach gaster[胃]

•duodenum[十二指肠]

•jejunum[空肠]

•ileum [回肠]

•large intestine[大肠]

•caecum[盲肠]

•vermiform (appendix)[阑尾]

•colon[结肠]

•rectum[直肠]

•anal canal[肛管]

•dentate line[齿状线]

•anus[肛门]

•liver (hepar)[肝]

•porta hepatis[肝门]

•gallblader[胆囊]

•pancreas[胰]

•nose[鼻]

•nasal cavity[鼻腔]

•paranasal sinus[鼻旁窦]

•larynx[喉]

•laryngeal cavity[喉腔]

•vocal cord[声带]

•trachea[气管]

•bronchi[支气管]

•lung [肺]

•pulmonary[肺的]

•pleura[胸膜]

•mediastinum[纵隔]

•kidney[肾]

•renal pilvis[肾盂]

•ureter[输尿管]

•urinary bladder[膀胱]

•urethra[尿道]

•testis[睾丸]

•epididymis[附睾]

•ductus deferens[输精管]

•spermatic cord[精索]

•prostate[前列腺]

•scrotum[阴囊]

•penis[阴茎]

•ovary[卵巢]

•uterine tube[输卵管]

•uterus[子宫]

•vagina[阴道]

•clitoris[阴蒂]

•mamma (breast)[乳房]

•mammary papilla (nipple)[乳头]

•perineum[会阴]

•pelvic diaphragm[盆膈]

•peritoneum[腹膜]

•omentum[网膜]

4、心血管系统[Cardiovascular system]

•heart[心]

•artery[动脉]

•vein[静脉]

•capillary[毛细血管]

•atrium[心房]

•ventricle[心室]

•tricuspid valve[三尖瓣]

•bicuspid valve[二尖瓣]

•aortic valve[主动脉瓣]

•pulmonary valve[肺动脉瓣]

•sinuatrial node[窦房结]

•atrioventricular node[房室结]

•atrioventricular bundle[房室束]

•right/left bundle branch[右/左束支]

•coronary artery[冠状动脉]

•coronary sinus[冠状窦]

•pericardium[心包]

•aorta[主动脉]

•innominate artery[无名动脉(头臂干)]

•common carotid artery[颈总动脉]

•carotid sinus [颈动脉窦]

•internal(external) carotid artery[颈内(外)动脉]

•facial artery[面动脉]

•subclavian artery[锁骨下动脉]

•mesenteric artery[肠系膜动脉]

•common iliac artery[髂总动脉]

•popliteal artery [腘动脉]

•vena cava [腔静脉]

•internal jugular vein[颈内静脉]

•cephalic vein[头静脉]

•basilic vein[贵要静脉]

•saphenous vein[隐静脉]

•lymphatic duct[淋巴导管]

•thoracic duct[胸导管]

•lymph node[淋巴结]

•spleen[脾]

•thymus[胸腺]

5、感觉器[sense organs]

•sensory organ[感觉器]

•receptor[感受器]

•visual organ[视器]

•eyeball [眼球]

•cornea[角膜]

•sclera[巩膜]

•choroid [脉络膜]

•ciliary body[睫状体]

•iris[虹膜]

•retina[视网膜]

•optic disc[视神经盘]

•macula lutea[黄斑]

•aqueous humor[房水]

•lens[晶状体]

•vitreous body[玻璃体]

•eyelid [眼睑]

•conjunctiva[结膜]

•lacrimal gland[泪腺]

•vestibulocochlear organ[前庭蜗器]

•ear( auris) [耳]

•auricle[耳廓]

•acoustic meatus[耳道]

•tympanic cavity[鼓室]

•tympanic membrane[鼓膜]

•pharyngotympanic tube [咽鼓管]

•bony(membranous) labyrinth[骨(膜)迷路]

•vestibule [前庭]

•semicircular canal[半规管]

•cochlea[耳蜗]

•cochlear duct[蜗管]

•olfactory organ[嗅器]

•gustatory organ[味器]

•taste bud[味蕾]

•skin[皮肤]

6、神经系统[Nervous system]

•central nervous system[中枢神经系统]

•peripheral nervous system[周围神经系统]

•visceral nerve[内脏神经]

•afferent nerve[传入神经]

•efferent nerve[传出神经]

•neuron[神经元]

•axon [轴突]

•dendrite[树突]

•glia [神经胶质]

•gray matter [灰质]

•white matter[白质]

•cortex[皮质]

•madulla[髓质]

•nucleus[神经质]

•ganglion[神经节]

•fasciculus[神经束]

•nerve[神经]

•spinal nerve[脊神经]

•cervical plexus[颈丛]

•brachial plexus[臂丛]

•lumbar plexus[腰丛]

•sacral plexus [骶丛]

•phrenic nerve[膈神经]

•median nerve[正中神经]

•ulnar nerve[尺神经]

•radial nerve[桡神经]

•femoral nerve[股神经]

•ischiatic nerve[坐骨神经]

•common peroneal nerve[腓总神经]

•cranial nerve[颅(脑)神经]

•olfactory nerve[嗅神经]

•optic nerve[视神经]

•oculomotor nerve[动眼神经]

•trochlear nerve[滑车神经]

•trigeminal verve[三叉神经]

•abducent nerve[展神经]

•facial nerve[面神经]

•vestibulocochlear nerve[前庭蜗神经]

•glossopharyngeal nerve[舌咽神经]

•vagus nerve[迷走神经]

•accessary nerve[副神经]

•hypoglossal nerve[舌下神经]

•autonomic nervous system[自主神经]

•vegetative nervous system[植物神经]

•sympathetic nerve[交感神经]

•parasympathetic nerve[副交感神经]

•spinal cord[脊髓]

•encephalon (brain)[脑]

•brain stem[脑干]

•medulla oblongata[延髓]

•pons [脑桥]

•mesencephalon[中脑]

•midbrain[中脑]

•cerebellum[小脑]

•diencephalon[间脑]

•thalamus[丘脑]

•hypothalamus[下丘脑]

•hypophysis[垂体]

•telencephalon[端脑]

•cerebrum[大脑]

•cerebral cortex[大脑皮质]

•corpus striatum[纹状体]

•internal capsule[内囊]

•spinothalamic tract[皮质脊髓束]

•medial lemniscus[内侧丘系]

•lateral lemniscus[外侧丘系]

•spinal lemniscus[脊髓丘系]

•trigeminal lemniscus[三叉丘系]

7、体表标记[Anatomic marks]

•naso-labial groove[鼻唇沟]

•suprasternal fossa[胸骨上窝]

•supraclavicular fossa[锁骨上窝]

•infraclavicular fossa[锁骨下窝]

•armpit (axillary fossa)[腋窝]

•midsternal (midian) line[胸骨中线（正中线）]

•anterior midian line[前正中线]

•parasternal line[胸骨旁线]

•midclavicular line[锁骨中线]

•mammillary (nipple, milk) line[乳线]

•posterior (mid-, anterior) axillary line[腋后（中，前）线]

•scapular line[肩胛线]

•midspinal line[脊柱中线]

•dorsomedian line[后正中线]

•linea paravertebralis [脊椎旁线]

•the left (right) upper abdomen (quadrant)[左（右）上腹]

•epigastrium[上腹部]

•the middle abdomen[中腹部]

•the lower abdomen[下腹部]

•linea pararectalis[腹直肌旁线]

•anterior superior spine[髂前上棘]

•symphysis pubis (symphysion)[耻骨联合]

•ischial tuberosity[坐骨结节]

•groin (inguen)[腹股沟]

•popliteal fossa[腘窝]

•upper extremity(limb)[上肢]

•lower extremity(limb)[下肢]

•posterior superior spine[髂后上嵴]

•anterior (dorsal) part of chest(前（后）胸部)

•scapular region[肩胛区]

•anterior (posterior) fontanelle[前（后）囱]

位置：小腿后群。

作用：

1、维持人直立姿势和行走、跑步时的提跟运动。

2、屈小腿和上提足跟，在站立时，能固定踝关节和膝关节，以防止身体向前倾倒。

形态：它的二个头，位于浅层称腓肠肌，另一个头位置较深是比目鱼肌。

扩展资料：

小腿三头肌的筑构学研究：

腓肠肌内侧头的肌重是外侧头的15倍，生理横切面积近17倍。表明内侧头产生的张力比外侧头大。生理横切面积/肌重比率反映腓肠肌两头均属力量型肌，但内侧头的肌纤维长仅及外侧头的5/6，前者缩短速度的潜力应比后者低。

比目鱼肌的肌重大于腓肠肌，但肌纤维长仅及后者的70%。因而，比目鱼肌的生理横切面积是膝肠肌的14倍。生理横切面积/肌重比率也比腓肠肌高。但肌纤维长/生理横切面积比率仅及腓肠肌的1/4，这证明比目鱼肌是最典型的力量型肌。

小腿三头肌是维持人直立姿势和行走、跑步时的提跟运动。比目鱼肌是维持姿势平衡的主要机，只有当运动需要更多的力量和速度时，才有腓肠肌的参与。本文结果与肌纤维型和肌电研究的结果一致。

外侧头肌质亚部的肌纤维长和肌纤维长/生理横切面积比率比其他两个亚部大。这提示该亚部是已分化为速度型的肌。在肌纤维型的研究中发现，某些个体此亚部快缩纤维比例可高达607%。

-小腿三头肌

-三头肌