急需伍尔夫评价夏洛蒂以及《简爱》的那段话

中文只能找到下面一段了，没有全文：

《简·爱》与《呼啸山庄》

伍尔夫

艾米莉·勃朗特，夏洛蒂·勃朗特，乔治·爱略特--没有一位生育过子女，其中有两位没有结过婚，这一事实具有重大的意义。

然而，虽然不准妇女写作的禁令已被取消，妇女要写小说似乎仍有相当巨大的压力。在天才和性格方面，再也没有比这四位妇女更加相异的了。简·奥斯丁与乔治·爱略特毫无共同之处；乔治·爱略特又与艾米莉·勃朗特截然相反。然而，她们所受的生活训练却使她们从事相同的职业；当她们写作之时，她们都写了小说。

小说过去是，现在仍然是，妇女最容易写作的东西。其原因并不难找。小说是最不集中的艺术形式。一部小说比一出戏或一首诗更容易时作时辍。乔治·爱略特丢下了她的工作，去护理她的父亲。夏洛蒂·勃朗特放下了她的笔，去削马铃薯。虽然她生活在普通的客厅里，被人们包围着，一位妇女所受到的训练，就是运用她的心灵去观察并且分析她的人物。她所受的训练，使她成为一位小说家，而不是一位诗人。

甚至在19世纪，妇女也几乎仅仅在她的家庭和情感之中生活。而那些19世纪的小说，虽然它们是杰出的，却受到这个事实的深刻影响：写作它们的妇女，由于她们的性别，而被排除在某些种类的人生经历之外。而人生经历对于小说有重大的影响，这是无可争辩的事实。例如，康拉德如果不能当上一名水手，他最好的一部分小说就会毁灭。如果剥夺了托尔斯泰作为一名士兵所获得的关于战争的知识，剥夺了他作为一个富家公子所受的教育给予他的各种经历，以及由此所获得的关于人生和社会的知识，《战争与和平》就会变得令人难以置信的贫乏无味。

然而，《傲慢与偏见》、《呼啸山庄》、《维列蒂》和《米德尔马奇》是妇女写作的。她们被强行剥夺了在中产阶级的客厅内所能遇到的事情之外的一切经历。对她们而言，关于战争、航海、政治或商业的任何第一手经验，都无从获得。甚至她们的感情生活，亦受到法律与习惯的严格限制。乔治·爱略特没有结婚，就甘冒天下之大不韪与路易士先生同居，公众舆论为之哗然。在此压力之下，乔治·爱略特退避郊区，离群索居，这就不可避免地给她的创作带来了最不利的影响。她写道：除非人们自动要求来拜访她，她从不邀请他们。与此同时，在欧洲的另一边，托尔斯泰作为一名军人，过着自由自在的生活，与各阶层的男女交往，对此无人加以非议，而他的小说却从其中获得了惊人的广度和活力。 但是，妇女所写的小说，不仅仅是受到女作家必然狭窄的生活经验的影响。至少在19世纪，它们显示出可能归因于作家性别的另一个特征。在《米德尔马奇》和《简·爱》中，我们不仅意识到作者的性格，正如我们在狄更斯的作品中意识到他的性格，我们还意识到有一位女性在场--有人在谴责她的性别所带来的不公正待遇，并且为她应有的权利而呼吁。这就在妇女的作品中注入了一种在男性的作品中完全没有的因素。除非他碰巧确实是一位工人、黑人或者由于某种其他原因意识到自己软弱无能的人。它引起了对现实的歪曲，并且往往导致某种缺陷。

Virginia Woolf on Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre

(Excerpted from The Common Reader, First Series: "'Jane Eyre' and 'Wuthering Heights'")

Of the hundred years that have passed since Charlotte Bronte was born, she, the centre now of so much legend, devotion, and literature, lived but thirty-nine It is strange to reflect how different those legends might have been had her life reached the ordinary human span She might have become, like some of her famous contemporaries, a figure familiarly met with in London and elsewhere, the subject of pictures and anecdotes innumerable, the writer of many novels, of memoirs possibly, removed from us well within the memory of the middle-aged in all the splendour of established fame She might have been wealthy, she might have been prosperous But it is not so When we think of her we have to imagine some one who had no lot in our modern world; we have to cast our minds back to the 'fifties of the last century, to a remote parsonage upon the wild Yorkshire moors In that parsonage, and on those moors, unhappy and lonely, in her poverty and her exaltation, she remains for ever

These circumstances, as they affected her character, may have left their traces on her work A novelist, we reflect, is bound to build up his structure with much very perishable material which begins by lending it reality and ends by cumbering it with rubbish As we open Jane Eyre once more we cannot stifle the suspicion that we shall find her world of imagination as antiquated, mid-Victorian, and out of date as the parsonage on the moor, a place only to be visited by the curious, only preserved by the pious So we open Jane Eyre; and in two pages every doubt is swept clean from our minds

Folds of scarlet drapery shut in my view to the right hand; to the left were the clear panes of glass, protecting, but not separating me from the drear November day At intervals, while turning over the leaves of my book, I studied the aspect of that winter afternoon Afar, it offered a pale blank of mist and cloud; near, a scene of wet lawn and storm-beat shrub, with ceaseless rain sweeping away wildly before a long and lamentable blast

There is nothing there more perishable than the moor itself, or more subject to the sway of fashion than the "long and lamentable blast" Nor is this exhilaration short-lived It rushes us through the entire volume, without giving us time to think, without letting us lift our eyes from the page So intense is our absorption that if some one moves in the room the movement seems to take place not there but up in Yorkshire The writer has us by the hand, forces us along her road, makes us see what she sees, never leaves us for a moment or allows us to forget her At the end we are steeped through and through with the genius, the vehemence, the indignation of Charlotte Bronte Remarkable faces, figures of strong outline and gnarled feature have flashed upon us in passing; but it is through her eyes that we have seen them Once she is gone, we seek for them in vain Think of Rochester and we have to think of Jane Eyre Think of the moor, and again there is Jane Eyre Think of the drawing-room, even, those "white carpets on which seemed laid brilliant garlands of flowers", that "pale Parian mantelpiece" with its Bohemia glass of "ruby red" and the "general blending of snow and fire"—what is all that except Jane Eyre

The drawbacks of being Jane Eyre are not far to seek Always to be a governess and always to be in love is a serious limitation in a world which is full, after all, of people who are neither one nor the other The characters of a Jane Austen or of a Tolstoi have a million facets compared with these They live and are complex by means of their effect upon many different people who serve to mirror them in the round They move hither and thither whether their creators watch them or not, and the world in which they live seems to us an independent world which we can visit, now that they have created it, by ourselves Thomas Hardy is more akin to Charlotte Bronte in the power of his personality and the narrowness of his vision But the differences are vast As we read Jude the Obscure we are not rushed to a finish; we brood and ponder and drift away from the text in plethoric trains of thought which build up round the characters an atmosphere of question and suggestion of which they are themselves, as often as not, unconscious Simple peasants as they are, we are forced to confront them with destinies and questionings of the hugest import, so that often it seems as if the most important characters in a Hardy novel are those which have no names Of this power, of this speculative curiosity, Charlotte Brontë has no trace She does not attempt to solve the problems of human life; she is even unaware that such problems exist; all her force, and it is the more tremendous for being constricted, goes into the assertion, "I love,""I hate,""I suffer"

For the self-centred and self-limited writers have a power denied the more catholic and broad-minded Their impressions are close packed and strongly stamped between their narrow walls Nothing issues from their minds which has not been marked with their own impress They learn little from other writers, and what they adopt they cannot assimilate Both Hardy and Charlotte Brontë appear to have founded their styles upon a stiff and decorous journalism The staple of their prose is awkward and unyielding But both with labour and the most obstinate integrity, by thinking every thought until it has subdued words to itself, have forged for themselves a prose which takes the mould of their minds entire; which has, into the bargain, a beauty, a power, a swiftness of its own Charlotte Brontë, at least, owed nothing to the reading of many books She never learnt the smoothness of the professional writer, or acquired his ability to stuff and sway his language as he chooses "I could never rest in communication with strong, discreet, and refined minds, whether male or female," she writes, as any leader-writer in a provincial journal might have written; but gathering fire and speed goes on in her own authentic voice "till I had passed the outworks of conventional reserve and crossed the threshold of confidence, and won a place by their hearts' very hearthstone" It is there that she takes her seat; it is the red and fitful glow of the heart's fire which illumines her page In other words, we read Charlotte Brontë not for exquisite observation of character—her characters are vigorous and elementary; not for comedy—hers is grim and crude; not for a philosophic view of life—hers is that of a country parson's daughter; but for her poetry Probably that is so with all writers who have, as she has, an overpowering personality, so that, as we say in real life, they have only to open the door to make themselves felt There is in them some untamed ferocity perpetually at war with the accepted order of things which makes them desire to create instantly rather than to observe patiently This very ardour, rejecting half shades and other minor impediments, wings its way past the daily conduct of ordinary people and allies itself with their more inarticulate passions It makes them poets, or, if they choose to write in prose, intolerant of its restrictions Hence it is that both Emily and Charlotte are always invoking the help of nature They both feel the need of some more powerful symbol of the vast and slumbering passions in human nature than words or actions can convey It is with a description of a storm that Charlotte ends her finest novel Villette "The skies hang full and dark—a wrack sails from the west; the clouds cast themselves into strange forms" So she calls in nature to describe a state of mind which could not otherwise be expressed But neither of the sisters observed nature accurately as Dorothy Wordsworth observed it, or painted it minutely as Tennyson painted it They seized those aspects of the earth which were most akin to what they themselves felt or imputed to their characters, and so their storms, their moors, their lovely spaces of summer weather are not ornaments applied to decorate a dull page or display the writer's powers of observation—they carry on the emotion and light up the meaning of the book

（以下可不看）

The meaning of a book, which lies so often apart from what happens and what is said and consists rather in some connection which things in themselves different have had for the writer, is necessarily hard to grasp Especially this is so when, like the Brontës, the writer is poetic, and his meaning inseparable from his language, and itself rather a mood than a particular observation Wuthering Heights is a more difficult book to understand than Jane Eyre, because Emily was a greater poet than Charlotte When Charlotte wrote she said with eloquence and splendour and passion “I love”, “I hate”, “I suffer” Her experience, though more intense, is on a level with our own But there is no “I” in Wuthering Heights There are no governesses There are no employers There is love, but it is not the love of men and women Emily was inspired by some more general conception The impulse which urged her to create was not her own suffering or her own injuries She looked out upon a world cleft into gigantic disorder and felt within her the power to unite it in a book That gigantic ambition is to be felt throughout the novel—a struggle, half thwarted but of superb conviction, to say something through the mouths of her characters which is not merely “I love” or “I hate”, but “we, the whole human race” and “you, the eternal powers ” the sentence remains unfinished It is not strange that it should be so; rather it is astonishing that she can make us feel what she had it in her to say at all It surges up in the half-articulate words of Catherine Earnshaw, “If all else perished and HE remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else remained and he were annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger; I should not seem part of it” It breaks out again in the presence of the dead “I see a repose that neither earth nor hell can break, and I feel an assurance of the endless and shadowless hereafter—the eternity they have entered—where life is boundless in its duration, and love in its sympathy and joy in its fulness” It is this suggestion of power underlying the apparitions of human nature and lifting them up into the presence of greatness that gives the book its huge stature among other novels But it was not enough for Emily Brontë to write a few lyrics, to utter a cry, to express a creed In her poems she did this once and for all, and her poems will perhaps outlast her novel But she was novelist as well as poet She must take upon herself a more laborious and a more ungrateful task She must face the fact of other existences, grapple with the mechanism of external things, build up, in recognisable shape, farms and houses and report the speeches of men and women who existed independently of herself And so we reach these summits of emotion not by rant or rhapsody but by hearing a girl sing old songs to herself as she rocks in the branches of a tree; by watching the moor sheep crop the turf; by listening to the soft wind breathing through the grass The life at the farm with all its absurdities and its improbability is laid open to us We are given every opportunity of comparing Wuthering Heights with a real farm and Heathcliff with a real man How, we are allowed to ask, can there be truth or insight or the finer shades of emotion in men and women who so little resemble what we have seen ourselves But even as we ask it we see in Heathcliff the brother that a sister of genius might have seen; he is impossible we say, but nevertheless no boy in literature has a more vivid existence than his So it is with the two Catherines; never could women feel as they do or act in their manner, we say All the same, they are the most lovable women in English fiction It is as if she could tear up all that we know human beings by, and fill these unrecognisable transparences with such a gust of life that they transcend reality Hers, then, is the rarest of all powers She could free life from its dependence on facts; with a few touches indicate the spirit of a face so that it needs no body; by speaking of the moor make the wind blow and the thunder roar

参考资料：

http://ebooksadelaideeduau/w/woolf/virginia/w91c/chapter14html

http://wwwfacstaffbucknelledu/rickard/VWBrontehtml

　　弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙

　　弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙（Virginia Woolf‎1882年1月25日—1941年3月28日）。英国女作家，被认为是二十世纪现代主义与女性主义的先锋之一。在两次世界大战期间，吴尔芙是伦敦文学界的核心人物，她同时也是布卢姆茨伯里派（Bloomsbury Group‎）的成员之一。其最知名的小说包括《戴洛维夫人》（Mrs Dalloway‎）、《灯塔行》（To the Lighthouse‎）、《雅各的房间》（Jakob's Room‎）。

　　生平以及著作

　　出生于伦敦的伍尔芙是在家中接受教育的。结婚以前她的名字是艾德琳·弗吉尼亚·斯蒂芬（Adeline Virginia Stephen‎）。1895年母亲去世之后，她第一次精神崩溃。后来她在自传《存在的瞬间》（Moments of Being‎）中道出她和姐姐瓦内萨·贝尔（Vanessa Bell‎）曾遭受同母异父的哥哥乔治和杰瑞德·杜克沃斯（Gerald Duckworth‎）的性侵犯。1904年她父亲莱斯利·斯蒂芬爵士（Sir Leslie Stephen‎，著名的编辑和文学批评家）去世之后，她和瓦内萨迁居到了布卢姆斯伯里（Bloomsbury‎）。后来以她们和几位朋友为中心创立了布卢姆茨伯里派文人团体。她在1905年开始职业写作生涯，刚开始是为《泰晤士报文学增刊》撰稿。

　　1912年和雷纳德·伍尔夫（Leonard Woolf）结婚，丈夫是一位公务员、政治理论家。对于自己的婚姻，弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫曾大犯踌躇。她就像自己的小说《到灯塔去》里的莉丽，尽管认为爱情宛如壮丽的火焰，但因为必须以焚弃个性的“珍宝”为代价，因此视婚姻为“丧失自我身份的灾难”。一个女人抱持这样悲观的看法，又是在三十岁的“高龄”上才开始构筑“二人空间”，其困难是可想而知的。然而事后证明，弗吉尼亚的忧虑纯属多余，倒是她的心理症结落下的性恐惧和性冷淡，使婚姻生活从一开始就走上了歧路。 伦纳德毕业于剑桥大学，饶有文才，深具眼力，与其说他欣赏弗吉尼亚的娴雅风度，毋宁说他倾慕弗吉尼亚的超凡智慧。在他眼里，弗吉尼亚是只可远观不可亵玩的“智慧的童贞女”，在她身上完全不粘附世俗的肉欲色彩。应该说，起初，伦纳德心有不甘，他抱着幻想，认为自己能像王子唤醒睡美人那样唤醒弗吉尼亚体内的性意识。几经努力，徒劳无功之后，他创作小说《智慧的童贞女》，借用男主人公哈里·大卫的口吻谴责了冷血的女人，认为“那些长着白皮肤和金色头发的苍白的女人……是冰冷的，同时也使人冰冷”，他的这些心怀不忿的说辞（近乎指桑骂槐）无疑对弗吉尼亚的自尊构成了深深的伤害。弗吉尼亚婚后的“精神雪崩”给伦纳德适时地敲响了警钟，他决定从此认命，转而追求精神之爱这一更高远的境界。他这样做，仅需一条理由——“她是个天才”——就足够了。弗吉尼亚的感激之情也溢于言表，她明确地宣布伦纳德是自己生命中隐藏的核心，是她创造力的源泉。1930年，弗吉尼亚告诉一位朋友，没有伦纳德，她可能早就开枪自杀了。弗吉尼亚能以多病之身取得非凡的文学成就，伦纳德可谓居功至伟。

　　1915年，她的第一部小说《远航》出版，其后的作品都深受评论界和读者喜爱。大部分作品都是由自己成立的“贺加斯岀版”推岀。

　　伍尔芙被誉为20世纪最伟大的小说家之一，现代主义文学潮流的先锋；不过她本人并不喜欢某些现代主义作者，如乔伊斯。她对英语语言革新良多，在小说中尝试意识流的写作方法，试图去描绘在人们心底的潜意识。爱德华·摩根·福斯特称她将英语“朝着光明的方向推进了一小步”。她在文学上的成就和创新性至今仍然产生著影响。二战后她的声望有所下降，但随著70年代女权主义的兴起，她又成为文学界关注的对象。

　　伍尔芙患有严重的抑郁症，她曾在1936年写给朋友的信中提及:

　　"never trust a letter of mine not to exaggerate that's written after a night lying awake looking at a bottle of chloral and saying, No, no no, you shall not take it It's odd how sleeplessness, even of a modified kind, has the power to frighten me It's connected I think with these awful times when I couldn't control myself"

　　写作于一九四二年的《幕间》，是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫辞世之前的最后一部作品。当这部小说进展到约前五分之一的部分时，作家在让波因茨宅一个干粗活的女仆到清凉的睡莲池旁喘息片刻时顺便交待，十年前曾经有一位贵妇人在该处投水溺亡。那是一片浓绿的水，其间有无数鱼儿“遨游在以自我为中心的世界里，闪着亮光。”

　　这真是一个不详之兆：仅在小说完成又过了一个月之后，也就是1941年3月28日，举世无双的伍尔夫在自己的口袋里装满了石头，投入了位于罗德麦尔（Rodmell）她家附近的欧塞河（River Ouse）自尽。她在给丈夫的遗书中写道：

　　最亲爱的：

　　我感到我一定又要发狂了。我觉得我们无法再一次经受那种可怕的时刻。而且这一次我也不会再痊愈。我开始听见种种幻声，我的心神无法集中。因此我就要采取那种看来算是最恰当的行动。你已给予我最大可能的幸福。你在每一个方面都做到了任何人所能做到的一切。我相信，在这种可怕的疾病来临之前，没有哪两个人能像我们这样幸福。我无力再奋斗下去了。我知道我是在糟蹋你的生命；没有我，你才能工作。我知道，事情就是如此。你看，我连这张字条也写不好。我也不能看书。我要说的是：我生活中的全部幸福都归功于你。你对我一直十分耐心，你是难以置信地善良。这一点，我要说----人人也都知道。假如还有任何人能挽救我，那也只有你了。现在，一切都离我而去，剩下的只有确信你的善良。我不能再继续糟蹋你的生命。

　　我相信，再没有哪两个人像我们在一起时这样幸福。维

　　（据昆丁·贝尔（Quentin Bell：伍尔夫的侄子）所写的传记中原文译出）

　　现代研究

　　最近关于伍尔芙的研究大多关注于三个方向：女权主义、同性恋倾向及抑郁症病史。这方面的一个例子是1997年Eileen Barrett和Patricia Cramer所著的一系列文学批评：《Virginia Woolf: Lesbian Readings》。

　　1966年伊丽莎白·泰勒曾主演的**《灵欲春宵》（Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf？），但这部影片的名字，却和Virginia Woolf没有丝毫关系，而是套用了一曲英国童谣，名为“Who's afraid of the big，bad wolf？”

　　在2002年，出现了一部以伍尔芙在写《达洛维夫人》期间故事为题材的**《时时刻刻》（The Hours）。这部**获得了奥斯卡最佳影片奖的提名，但是没有获奖。但是影片的主角妮可·基德曼（Nicole Kidman）获得了最佳女演员奖。这部**取材于普利策奖得主麦克尔·坎宁安（Michael Cunningham）1998年的同名小说。其中“The Hours”是伍尔芙在创作期间为《达洛维夫人》所起的名字。不过从事伍尔芙研究的学者对影片所描绘的伍尔芙的形象非常不满。

　　出航（The Voyage Out） (1915年)

　　夜与日（Night and Day） (1919年)

　　雅各的房间（Jacob's Room） (1920年)

　　达洛维夫人（Mrs Dalloway） (1925年)

　　到灯塔去（To the Lighthouse） (1927年)

　　奥兰多（Orlando: a Biography） (1928年)

　　海浪（The Waves） (1931年)

　　岁月（The Years） (1937年)

　　幕间（Between the Acts） (1941年)

　　鬼屋及其他（The Haunted House and Others）（短篇小说集）

　　随笔

　　一间自己的房间（A Room of One's Own ）(1929年)

　　普通读者I(The Common Reader)(1925年)

　　普通读者II(The Second Common Reader)(1933年)

　　三个畿尼(Three Guineas)(1938年)

　　罗杰弗莱传记Roger Fry: A Biography (1940年)

　　飞蛾之死及其它The Death of the Moth and Other Essays (1942年)

　　瞬间及其它随笔The Moment and Other Essays (1948年)

　　存在的瞬间Moments of Being

　　现代小说Modern Fiction (1919年)

　　1992年9月16日在加拿大多伦多**节，一部以基于Virginia Woolf‎的小说《Orlando》的同名**上映。

　　因为亲密的女朋友离家出走而备感思念，为了表达思念之情，伍尔芙便以她为原型，创作了被称为“世界上最长，最动人的情书”的传奇小说《奥兰多》。

　　有评论家把伍尔芙的小说分为戏剧小说和实验小说两类，认为戏剧小说是其社会评论的戏剧化移植，使她能通过作品中的人物曲折地表达自己对社会问题的种种看法。《奥兰多》当在此列。小说突破年龄，性别的限制，追随主人公三百年间的传奇经历，在轻松幽默的表面情节下，以滑稽模仿的方式重审英国文学史，提出了将在同期出版的评论《一间自己的屋子》里将正式讨论的男女性差，妇女与文学等严肃问题。因此，这部关于同性恋，换装癖和双性同体的小说对女性主义批评含义无穷。而后殖民主义则十分关注奥兰多出使东方的经历。小说出版的年代，同性恋、种族等问题正一起困扰英国，成为公众热点话题。由此看来小说又不乏讽世之社会意义。

　　在女性主义尚未兴起之前，《奥兰多》一度被忽略。伍尔芙自己也戏称其为一个“玩笑”。近年来，随着女性主义文学理论的深入发展和后现代主义重读现代主义话题的提及，《奥兰多》愈来愈受到评论关注，成为女性主义批评的典范作家的精华作品。

倘若你尽可能的打开自己的心扉，那么，一打开书，你便会从那隐晦曲折的字里行间，从那些难以察觉的细微迹象和暗示中，看到一个与众不同的人。

——费吉尼亚伍尔夫

读这样的文字，需要一定的耐心，但最简单的读法，就是将里面打动人内心的部分记录下来。

《读书的自有和限制》

关于读书，一个人可以对别人提出的唯一指导，就是不必听什么指导，你只要凭自己的天性、凭自己的头脑得出结论就可以了。

《怎样读小说》

“一部三十二章的小说就像一幢建筑，是一种被赋予形式和受到控制的东西；不过，语词不像砖块那样容易触摸；读一部小说要比看一幢建筑更需要时间，也更为复杂。要了解小说家创作过程中的细枝末节，也许最简便的办法不是读，而是写；亲自去尝试一下把握语词有多么艰险。”

“当你想用语词来重现这已景象时，就会发现它已散乱成了千百个相互矛盾的印象片断。这些片断，有些需要淡化，有些需要强化；而在写的过程中，你还有可能根本就把握不住情感本身。”

“（好的作家）不会像二三流作家那样，常把两种不同的现实引入同一本书，弄得我们无所适从。”

《怎样读传记和回忆录》

“作者的生活经历对他的写作到底有多大影响？把一部书的作者还原成生活中的某个人，这到底有多大的可靠性？”

“既然语言是一种非常敏感的东西，非常容易受作者性格的影响，那么我们对于作者用语言在我们心中唤起同情或者反感，到底在何种程度上应该予以接受，在何种程度上应该加以拒绝？这些问题，我们只能自己去回答。”

“当然，我们也可以抱着另一种目的来读这一类书。就在书架的右边，不是有一扇窗正打开着吗？那就放下书朝窗外看看，那才令人愉快哩！你看那些景物：小马驹在田野里蹦跳，一个农妇在水槽边静静地往水桶里装水，一只驴子仰着头发出一声声哀鸣。它们是无意识的，互不想干的，又是永远变动不居的，而正因为这样，它们才令人欢欣鼓舞。”

“任何文学，一旦过时，就会变成一大堆旧书，变成一种用老旧而陈腐的语言对业已消逝的时代和被人遗忘的世事所作的记录。然而，那里记录的人世生活有时也会使你感到震惊，甚至为之折服。”

《怎样读诗歌》

“读陈旧的传记和回忆录，终究会使我们感到厌倦……于是，我们就会有一种愿望，要想结束这种只注意真人真事和近似于猜测的琐碎阅读，同时希望获得更大的自由空间，从而领略到文学中更为纯粹的真实。于是我们不想注意事物的细节，只想沉浸在某种意境中，随某种有规律的、反复出现的节奏而漂浮――这种心理状态的自然表现形式，就是诗歌。换句话说，只有当我们自己似乎也想写诗的时候，才是读诗的最佳时机。”

“诗歌的感染力诗直截了当的、强烈的，我们在片刻之间，除了为诗句所感动，再也不会有其他的感觉。我们一下子就投了进去。而那里有时何等深邃啊！我们一落千丈，没有任何东西可供攀挽，也没有任何东西来阻挡我们。小说也给人以幻觉，但那是逐渐形成的；小说制造效果时总会给人心理准备；然而诗歌却不同。”

“刚开始读诗的时候，我们往往会注意力集中，会感到紧张，就像突然受到某种心理冲击一样；但是，渐渐地，这种感觉会像水中的涟漪那样，乙醛一圈地向远处舒展，延伸。我们会越来越冷静、理智，同时会接收到意识的回声和反射。这时，我们才能对诗加以探讨和评论。”

《怎样评判书的优劣》

“以自己的感受力尽可能地从书中获取印象――这是读书时首先要做的，但这样只完成了一半。如果想获得读书的全部乐趣，就必须完成读书的全过程。我们必须对自己从书中获取的各种印象作出判断，必须使那些闪闪烁烁的印象凝固，形成持久的形象。这不能着急，要等尘埃落定、疑问平息之后才行。这期间不妨去散散步，聊聊天，或者撕撕玫瑰花干枯的花瓣；要不然，干脆去睡一觉也可以。这以后，可能你自己也不会想到――自然的变化往往就是这样――你读过的那本书又突然回来了，但完全变了样；她完整地浮现在你的脑海里，和当初从分散的词句中所获取德那些零星印象已大不一样。”

“我们可以把书和书加以比较，这意味这我们对书的态度已经改变：我们不再是作者的同伙，而成了他的审判官。”

《读书的价值与目的》

“我有时会这样的想象：到了最后审判时，上帝会奖赏人类历史上那些伟大的征服者、伟大的立法者和伟大的政治家――他们会得到上帝赏赐的桂冠，他们的名字会被刻在大理石上而永垂不朽；而我们，当我们每人手里夹着一本书走到上帝面前时，万能的上帝会看看我们，然后转过身去，耸耸肩膀对旁边的圣彼得说：“你看，这些人不需要我的奖赏。我们这里也没有他们想要的东西。他们只喜欢读书。”