科技英语的特点与翻译
引导语:下面我为大家带来科技英语的特点与翻译,希望能够帮助到您。
一、大量使用名词化结构
《当代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary)在论述科技英语时提出,大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。
Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies
阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。
句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night
地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。
名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced
炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves
电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。
二、广泛使用被动语句
根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态,例如:Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine 你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外,如前所述,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance It is measured in farads
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
这一段短文中各句的主语分别为:
Electrical energy
Such a device
Its ability to store electrical energy
It (Capacitance )
它们都包含了较多的信息,并且处于句首的位置,非常醒目。四个主语完全不同,避免了单调重复,前后连贯,自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。
三、非限定动词
如前所述,科技文章要求行文简练,结构紧凑,为此,往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句;使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句;使用不定式短语代替各种从句;介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子,又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise
热量由地球辐射出来时,使得气流上升。
A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion
如果没有改变物体运动的原因,那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave
振动着的物体产生声波,每一次振动产生一个声波。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another
在通讯系统中,电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions
结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another
将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn, messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set
使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时,信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。
四、后置定语
大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种:
1、介词短语
The forces due to friction are called frictional forces
由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
A call for paper is now being issued
征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
2、形容词及形容词短语。
In this factory the only fuel available is coal
该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light
热能在辐射时,转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
3、副词
The air outside pressed the side in
外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level
向上的力与向下的力相等,所以气球就保持在这一高度。
4、单个分词,但仍保持校强的动词意义。
The results obtained must be cheeked
获得的`结果必须加以校核
The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted
产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
5、定语从句
During construction, problems often arise which require design changes
在施工过程中,常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them
分子相互间都存在着力的作用,该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。
Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention
(定语从句to which we pay little attention 修饰的是changes,这是一种分隔定语从句。)
我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。
To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission
制造原子弹,我们必须用铀235,因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。
五、常用句型
科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型,从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It---that---结构句型;被动态结构句型;结构句型,分词短语结构句型,省略句结构句型等。举例如下:
It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one
显然,润滑好的轴承,比不润滑的轴承容易转动。
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting
看来这两个科学分支是相互依存,相互作用的。
It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it
已经证明,感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。
It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy
直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。
Computers may be classified as analog and digital
计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。(或---缩短为三分之一。)
This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here
人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。
Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light
电磁波传送的速度和光速相同。
Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig5
如图5所示,微型计算机体积很小。
In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air
声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。
Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy
氧与氢比较,重量大约是它的十六倍。
The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was low
由于电阻很大,电路中通过的电流就小。
Ice keeps the same temperature while melting
冰在溶化时,其温度保持不变。
An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inertia
物体一旦运动,就会因惯性而持续运动。
All substances, whether gaseous, liquid or solid ,are made of atoms
一切物质,不论是气态、液态,还是固态,都由原子组成。
六、长句
为了表述一个复杂概念,使之逻辑严密,结构紧凑,科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词,以下即是一例。
The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations, and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis
为了解释光学现象,人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果,最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。
七、复合词与缩略词
大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一,复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合;缩略词趋向于任意构词,例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词,这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如:
full-enclosed 全封闭的(双词合成形容词)
feed-back反馈(双词合成名词)
work-harden 加工硬化(双词合成词)
criss-cross交叉着(双词合成副词)
on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的(多词合成形容词)
anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹(多词合成名词)
radiophotography无线电传真(无连字符复合词)
colorimeter色度计(无连字符复合词)
maths (mathematics)数学(裁减式缩略词)
lab (laboratory)实验室
ft (foot/feet)英尺
cpd (compound)化合物
FM(frequency modulation)调频(用首字母组成的缩略词)
PSI (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸
SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器
TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信卫星(混成法构成的缩略词)
根据上述的科技文章的物占,在翻译过程中就要注意各种不同的翻译技巧与方法。例如被动态的译法、长句的处理方法、倍数的译法等等。
;But more recently, neural stem cells derived from adult animals-which also differentiate into the three cell types-have caused problems
但是近期研究发现,来自成年动物的三个种类的神经干细胞会导致问题的产生。
As Christoph Hofstetter of the Karolinnska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, and his colleagues reported in Nature Neuroscience in March, neural stem cell treatments led to some recovery in rat’s paralyzed hind legs, but the animals also developed a chronic pain sensitivity in their forelegs, which had been unaffected by the injury
来自瑞典斯德哥尔摩Karolinnska研究机构的Christoph Hofstetter和他的同事三月份在Nature Neuroscience(注:应该是一本杂志,可以翻译成《自然神经系统科学》)上发表的报告声称,神经干细胞可以使老鼠瘫痪的后腿逐渐康复,但是被试验的动物的前腿也同样产生了非伤所导致的慢性疼痛的特征。
In other experiments, preventing the formation of astrocytes seemed to eliminate the side effect, thus highlighting the importance of proper differentiation, Svendsen says
Svendsen声称,在其他试验里,预防脑部星细胞的形成认为可以阻止药物副作用的产生,这样就明确了正确分类的重要性。
应该是一篇有关医学的报道,简单翻译了一下,仅供参考。
negative、positive、optimistic、pessimistic、mild等。
一、negative
英 ['neɡətɪv] 美 ['neɡətɪv]
adj 否定的;消极的;负面的;负的
n 否定;反面意见;底片;[数]负数
vt 否定
Now I am afraid of getting a negative response
现在真害怕收到否定的答复。
二、positive
英 ['pɒzətɪv] 美 ['pɑːzətɪv]
adj 积极的;肯定的;明确的;正面的;正数的;阳性的
n 正面;正数;正片;[语]原级
He has a positive attitude towards life
他对生活持有积极的态度。
三、optimistic
英 [ˌɒptɪ'mɪstɪk] 美 [ˌɑːptɪ'mɪstɪk]
adj 乐观的;乐观主义的
The stockholders are optimistic about the company's future
股东对公司的前景很乐观。
四、pessimistic
英 [ˌpesɪ'mɪstɪk] 美 [ˌpesɪ'mɪstɪk]
adj 悲观的;悲观主义的
Her pessimistic attitude turns him off
她那悲观的态度很令他不高兴。
五、mild
英 [maɪld] 美 [maɪld]
adj 温和的;柔和的;宽大的;清淡的
He gave a mild answer, in spite of his anger
尽管他十分恼火,他还是态度温和地回答了。
在英语的学习中,词汇量的积累无疑是很重要的,有关科技方面的 英语单词 你知道多少呢,下面是我整理的一些关于科技的英文单词, 希望对大家有帮助。
关于科技的英文单词
electric plate precipitator
电板除尘器, 板式电聚尘器
electric rod-curtain precipitator
棒帘式电聚尘器
permutite precipitator
砂滤沉淀器
rod-curtain precipitator
棒屏[静电]沉淀器, 电滤器
baghose precipitator
袋滤除尘器
Cottrell precipitator
科特雷尔除尘器, 静电除尘器
dust precipitator
除[吸]尘器
dynamic precipitator
动力沉淀[除尘]器
electric pipe precipitator
管型电极除尘[电滤]器
static precipitator
电气[静电]除尘器
thermal precipitator
热沉淀器
wet electrical dust precipitator
湿式电除尘器
科技相关英文单词Geology Rock debris transported and deposited by or from ice, especially by or from a glacier
地质学 冰碛:由或从冰,尤其是冰山,移动和沉积的碎屑
A general trend or tendency, as of opinionSee Synonyms at tendency
潮流:总的倾向,如指观点参见 tendency
General meaning or purport; tenor:
大意:大致的意思或要旨;目的:
caught the drift of the conversation
把握对话的要旨
A gradual change in position
位置的逐渐变化
A gradual deviation from an original course, model, method, or intention
逐渐越轨:从初始的路线、模式、方式或目的的逐渐偏离
Variation or random oscillation about a fixed setting, position, or mode of behavior
随意摇动:对固定环境、位置或行为模式的改变或任意摇摆
A gradual change in the output of a circuit or amplifier
逐渐改变:电路或放大器输出功率的逐渐改变
The rate of flow of a water current
水流的速度
A tool for ramming or driving something down
用来撞击的工具:将某物冲下或赶下去的工具
A tapered steel pin for enlarging and aligning holes
打孔器:用来扩大或调整孔洞的尖钢针
A horizontal or nearly horizontal passageway in a mine running through or parallel to a vein
水平巷道:穿过矿脉或与矿脉平行的矿井中水平或近似水平的巷道
A secondary mine passageway between two main shafts or tunnels
次要矿山甬道:矿井中连接两条大隧道的小巷道
科技相关英语词汇1matrix
[5meitriks]
n
(pl matrixes, -trices [5meitrisi:z] ①(生物形成生长的)母体, 母体组织;解子宫 ②发源地, 策源地 ③生细胞间质, 基质 ④矿母岩, 杂矿石, 基岩;地质脉石, 填质; (岩石中化石等的)痕印 ⑤冶(合金的)基体 ⑥刷纸型, 字模 ⑦唱片模子 ⑧数阵, 矩阵, 真值表, 母式;无矩阵变换电路; 语主句、独立句
matrix number
(唱片)复制模版编号
matrix sentence
(转换语法中的)主句, 母句
Rome was the matrix of Western civilization
罗马是西方文明之母。
absorption matrix
经济投入矩阵
accounting matrix
会计矩阵1-
adic matrix 1
进 (矩) 阵
adjacency matrix
邻接矩阵
adjoint matrix
伴随 (矩) 阵
admit-tance matrix
导纳矩阵
aggregation matrix
集结矩阵
almost triangular matrix
准三角形矩阵
alpha matrix of the sum of squares
α平方和矩阵
alternate matrix
交错 (矩) 阵
amplification matrix
放大矩阵
anti-Hermitian matrix
反埃尔米特矩阵
anti-symmetric matrix
反对称 (矩) 阵
associate matrix
数共轭转置 (矩) 阵
associated matrix
相伴 (矩) 阵
augmented matrix
增广矩阵
autocorrelation matrix
自相关矩阵
auxiliary matrix
辅助矩阵
band matrix
带状矩阵
basic generated matrix
基本生成矩阵
basis matrix
基矩阵
>>>下一页更多“科技相关英语词汇”1、相关阅读
2、富人靠科技,穷人靠变异。
3、科技引领时代,与时俱进。
4、科学本身就有诗意。——斯宾塞
5、科学是系统化了的知识。——斯宾塞
6、科学需要一个人的全部生命。——朱冼
7、Science and technology the rich and the poor by mutation
8、科学精神在于寻求事实,寻求真理。——胡适
9、Grasp the technology must grasp the education at the same time
10、人们喜欢猎奇,这就是科学的种子。——爱默生
11、进步不是什么事件,而是一种需要。——斯宾塞
12、什么知识最有价值?一致的答案就是科学。——斯宾塞
13、科学常是在千百次失败后最后一次成功的。——徐特立
14、科技越发达,人际关系越淡薄,这是社会的进步,还是倒退呢?
15、科学就是整理事实,以便从中得出普遍的规律和结论。——达尔文
16、对全人类来说,只有一种共同利益,那就是科学的进步。——圣西门
17、科学家的成要是全人类的财产,而科学是最无私的领域。——高尔基
18、我是一名科技人员,不是什么大官,那些官的待遇,我一样也不想要。
19、各种科学发现往往具有一个共同点,那就是勤奋和创新精神。——钱三强
20、I am a technical personnel, not e slaves, and the danger is that robots could become in the future
21、思想改变命运,科技创造财富。努力了不一定成功,但不努力永远也成不功。
22、现在的科技足以把一个垃圾伪装成一个人才,这就足以充当你奋斗的理由了。
23、科学是一种强大的智慧力量,它致力于破除禁锢着我的神秘的桎梏。——高尔基
24、Now technology is enough to put a garbage disguised as a man, this is reason enough to act as you struggle
25、我们永远为心中的未来进行设计,我们的员工永远跟着最新的硬件和软件科技走。
26、Leading the era of science and technology, advancing e I e from the evolution of the human spirit and imagination
27、真正成功的科技天才在于使人不再有求于他。只有庸才才拼命要让自己显得不可或缺。
28、The more advanced the science and technology, interpersonal relationship is e at the expense of emotional and moral
29、Thought change fate, science and technology to create wealth Efforts may not succeed, but dont never into hard work
30、We never to design for the future of the heart, our staff will always follow the latest hardware and software technology
31、Truly successful science and technology talent is to make people no longer a bitter of nature and natural disasters and disaster
32、在科学上没有平坦的大道,只有不畏劳苦沿着陡峭山路攀登的人,才能希望达到光辉的顶点。——马克思
33、科学在今天是我们的思维方式,也是我们的生活方式,是我们人类精神所发展到的最高阶段。——郭沫若
34、科学是没有国界的,因为她是属于全人类的财富,是照亮世界的火把,但学者是属于祖国的。——巴斯德
35、所谓科学,包括逻辑和数学在内,都是有关时代的函数,所有科学连同它的理想和成就统统都是如此。——穆尔
36、科学的不朽荣誉,在于它通过对人类心灵的作用,克服了人们在自己面前和在自然界面前的不安全感。——爱因斯坦
37、科学事物,必须不断研究,认真实验,得寸进尺地深入、扩展,通过韧性的战斗,才能可能获取光辉的成就。——陈佳洱
38、科学是我心中的温暖和愉快,你使我无所畏惧,视死如归。入狱者虽难得重见天日,你却能把锁链和铁窗粉碎。——布鲁诺
39、科学规律的本身是客观真理,是不会陈旧的。人们运用这些规律的方式和作出的相应设计方案,却是日新月异的。——王竹溪
40、科学、科学知识总是假设的:它是猜想的知识。科学的方法是批评的方法:寻求和消灭错误并服务于真理的方法。——卡尔波普尔
41、科学本身就具有伟大的美。一位从事研究工作的科学家,不仅是一个技术人员,并且他是一个小孩,在大自然的景色中,好像迷醉于神话故事一般。——居里夫人
42、励志的句子、正能量的句子、人生感悟的句子、唯美的句子、祝福语通通都是简短而优美,发人深省。多读读这些充满智慧,充满人生哲理的短句,会让您对人生有更多感司。抓科技必须同时抓教育。
1、抓科技必须同时抓教育。
Grasp the technology must grasp the education at the same time
2、富人靠科技,穷人靠变异。
Science and technology the rich and the poor by mutation
3、科技引领时代,与时俱进。
Leading the era of science and technology, advancing with The Times
4、科技就是,创造与毁灭的共生体。
Is the science and technology, creation and destruction of symbionts
5、虚拟的科技把我们心中的梦想实现。
Virtual technology to the dreams of our heart
6、高科技的发展又确实是一柄双刃剑。
The development of high-tech is both a blessing and a curse
7、一个尊重商业和科技的社会总是会进步的。
A respect for the business and technology will always progress of society
8、很多纯朴的东西,在科技更新的年代里淹没。
A lot of simple things, submerged in the science and technology update s
9、的科技让所有人情世故都像过眼烟云。
A new era of science and technology to let all the world is like the passing clouds
10、在这个高科技时代,人跟人之间几乎没有距离。
In the high-tech era, almost has no distance between people and people
11、知识是一宝库,而实践就是开启宝库大门的钥匙。
Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it
12、科技的光束照亮了你们的外表,却忽略了心的感受。
The beam light up your appearance of science and technology, but ignores the feeling of the heart
13、科技飞速发展,人类飞速脑残。是必然的得失过程。
The rapid development of science and technology, human rapid brain damage Is the inevitable process of gain and loss
14、我们的科技还不算先进,不然我怎么没有和你在一起。
Our technology is not advanced, otherwise how come I wasn't with you together
15、别让科技的进步,时代的改变,而丢弃最初,最珍贵的东西。
Don't let the progress of science and technology, the change of The Times, and cast it away at first, the most Pcious thing
16、未来科技进展的动力与方向,将来自人类灵性与想象力的进化。
The progress of science and technology power and future direction, will come from the evolution of the human spirit and imagination
17、科技越发达,人际关系越淡薄,这是社会的进步,还是倒退呢?
The more advanced the science and technology, interpersonal relationship is weak, this is the progress of the society, or backward
18、我很不适应,祖国人民一提办事就要提钱,科技是属于全人类的!
I'm not adapt, the motherland people mention business will make money, technology belongs to all mankind!
19、在这个科技进步得飞快的世界,你想要活下去,就要不断地学习。
In a world of science and technology progress fast, you want to survive, must keep learning
20、难道科技的进步。社会的发展。真的。要以感情和道德作为代价吗?
Is the progress of science and technology The development of the society Really To come at the expense of emotional and moral
21、我是一名科技人员,不是什么大官,那些官的待遇,我一样也不想要。
I am a technical personnel, not what big officer, the officer, I also don't want to
22、科学的本质是:问一个不恰当的问题,于是走上了通往恰当答案的路。
Is the essence of science: ask an inappropriate questions, and you are on the way to the pertinent answer
23、当发现的科技远超人类需求并运用于人类的时候,就是人类灭亡的时候。
When found far in excess of the human needs of science and technology and applied to the human, is a time when human perish
24、在过去人们面临的危险是变成奴隶,而在将来危险是人类可能变成机器人。
In the past, people are faced with the danger is become slaves, and the danger is that robots could become in the future
25、思想改变命运,科技创造财富。努力了不一定成功,但不努力永远也成不功。
Thought change fate, science and technology to create wealth Efforts may not succeed, but don't never into hard work
26、现在的科技足以把一个垃圾伪装成一个人才,这就足以充当你奋斗的理由了。
Now technology is enough to put a garbage disguised as a man, this is reason enough to act as you struggle
27、我们永远为心中的未来进行设计,我们的员工永远跟着最新的硬件和软件科技走。
We never to design for the future of the heart, our staff will always follow the latest hardware and software technology
28、真正成功的科技天才在于使人不再有求于他。只有庸才才拼命要让自己显得不可或缺。
Truly successful science and technology talent is to make people no longer want to him Only mediocre man desperately want to let oneself is indispensable
29、人类获得一项科技上的重大成就,人类就会又获得一次惨痛的非自然与自然的灾害和灾难。
Human beings in their won a major achievement in science and technology, human will get a bitter of nature and natural disasters and disaster ;
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